Optimal Retention Research Articles

Sulfur-pyrite-limestone biological filter for simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater treatment plant effluent: Interaction mechanisms of autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification

To efficiently remove nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) from wastewater treatment plant effluent (WWTPE) with insufficient carbon, sulfur-pyrite-limestone autotrophic denitrification (SPLAD) reactor and gravel heterotrophic denitrification (GHD) reactor were constructed. Results showed that SPLAD was successfully started after 8 days and was faster than GHD. Under optimal hydraulic retention time (30 min) and backwash cycle (2 d), SPLAD achieved higher removal rates for TP, TN, NO3−-N, NH4+-N at 70.49 %, 90.35 %, 92.82 %, 79.66 %, respectively, surpassing those of GHD. The N removal primarily occurred through nitrification and denitrification with a proportion of 2.42–2.51 between heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrification, while P removal predominantly relied on the combination with Fe2+/Fe3+ generated by FeS2 autotrophic denitrification. Microbial community analysis revealed that Thiobacillus (17.86 %), Thioalbus (7.30 %) and Geothrix (0.81 %), belonging to autotrophic denitrification bacteria using S0/FeS2 as electron donors to reduce NO3−-N, were existed exclusively in SPLAD. Besides, the denitrification genes, such as nitrate reduction (narG, narZ, nxrA, and narH, narY, nxrB) and nitrite reduction (nirB and nirD), were higher in PSLAD than that in GHD. High abundance of sulfur oxidation genes (soxA, soxX, soxB, soxY and soxZ) and iron oxidation gene (ccoN) for autotrophic denitrification were also found in SPLAD. This study highlights the practical engineering application potential of the sulfur/pyrite/limestone involved mixotrophic denitrification process due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and efficient N and P removal.

Water supply sludge-based ceramsite denitrification filter: Pollutant removal and microbial community characteristics

Using water supply sludge to prepare ceramsite for sewage treatment is one of the methods to realize resource utilization. In this study, water supply sludge-based ceramsite was prepared, and analyzed the preparation conditions, reaction conditions, and characterization of water supply sludge-based ceramsite. The results showed that water supply sludge-based ceramsite had the best adsorption performance (for NO3−-N and PO43−-P were 31.2 % and 64.5 %) when the mass ratio of water supply sludge to kaolin was 85:15, the firing temperature was 1150 °C, and the firing time was 10 min. The removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) were 67.0 % and 79.9 %, respectively, with the water supply sludge-based ceramsite as denitrification biofilter carrier, when the optimal hydraulic retention time (HRT) and carbon‑nitrogen ratio (C/N) were 0.5 h and 2:1. However, the removal efficiency of total phosphorus (TP) gradually decreased. During the biofilm formation of denitrification biofilter, the microbial community richness remained basically stable, but the microbial diversity decreased in the later stage of biofilm formation. The main dominant microbial communities were Acinetobacter and Methylophilaceae; and the relative abundance of amino acid metabolism genes increased, with the extension of biofilm formation time.

Biomimetic liposomes as a pH/ROS cascade-responsive nanoagent with high selectivity for breast carcinoma in photothermal therapy

With the recent advances in nanomaterials, photothermal therapies (PTT) enabled by deep-tissue penetration with novel nanoagents have offered a new hope for treating cancers. Nevertheless, PTT applications in conventional approaches remain translationally restricted due to their non-specificity and collateral pro-inflammatory effects during implementation. To address these drawbacks, we here report Lipo-PTO as the prototype of a new class of liposome-functionalized photothermal theragnostic agents, which can eradicate cancer cells in vivo with high selectivity. Lipo-PTO is activated by low pH and superoxide (O2•–) to specifically deliver and convert preloaded cyanine molecules to release Cy-NH in the tumour microenvironments, eventually enabling the activation of photothermal properties to induce tumour ablation. In further studies on Lipo-PTO for treating breast cancer (BC) in mouse models, Lipo-PTO usage was characterized by a high degree of biocompatibility, optimal retention time pharmacokinetics and tumour regression with minimal collateral damages. This study here thus illustrates an innovative strategy to target intrinsic attributes of tumour microenvironments for improved therapeutic precision and efficacy in PTT applications.

Assessment of solar photocatalytic degradation of textile wastewater by ZnO-based reactors

Abstract The present study deals with treating the textile wastewater of Jodhpur city in Rajasthan, India employing a photocatalysis technique. Jodhpur has a number of textile industries and efficient treatment of its effluents has been a major problem in the region. An effort has been made to resolve this issue through this study. A wastewater treatment unit was setup which involved coagulation and flocculation, sand filter, photoreactor, and activated carbon filter processes. ZnO-based semiconductor, coated on galvanized iron (GI) plates, served as a photoreactor. The water quality parameters removal efficiency at the end of each process operation was recorded for different detention periods in the photoreactor. Water quality parameters analyzed were biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), and pH. The optimal retention time for the photoreactor was found and the BOD of the wastewater reduced to 25 from 740 mg/l (97% reduction), and TSS from 1,430 to 12 mg/l (99% reduction) for the corresponding retention time. TDS reduction efficiency was 25% and pH changed from 9.2 in raw wastewater to 8.4 in treated wastewater. Results show that the pilot treatment plant was efficient for BOD and TSS removal from the textile wastewater.

Effect of different drying techniques on drying characteristics, physical quality, and active components of Citri reticulatae pericarpium, and the correlation between physiochemical quality

Drying characteristics and various quality attributes were investigated to assess the adaptability of four different drying techniques (hot air impingement drying (HAID), medium- and short-wave infrared drying (MSWID), hot air drying with temperature and humidity process control (HAD-THPC), and freeze drying (FD)) for Citri reticulatae pericarpium (CRP). HAID and MSWID had higher drying rate, total flavonoid content (TFC), total volatile oil content (TVOC), aldehydes, and alkenes than those of the other drying methods, among which HAID consumed the lowest energy. FD had the highest thickness, frangibility, and larger cavities of CRP due to the optimal structure retention as compared to the thermal drying methods. According to the fingerprints and principal component analysis (PCA), the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) differed between dried and fresh samples, as well as FD and thermal dried ones. Furthermore, the oil cell number can be used to forecast and determine the TVOC and various volatile components. The findings indicate HAID would be a promising drying method for CRP with better quality, shorter drying time, and lower energy consumption.

Management of the Flabby Ridge Using a Special Impression Technique

The flabby ridge is commonly observed in the anterior region of the maxillary arch in fully edentulous patients. It is characterised by non-adherent hypertrophic mucosal lesions overlying the underlying bone, often with excessive bone resorption. Management of the flabby ridge is essential prior to the placement of a definitive prosthesis, whether by surgical resection or the use of specific prosthetic methods. This management aims to ensure stability and optimal retention of the prosthesis. In order to determine the type of intervention to be chosen, a thorough interview and clinical examination are carried out. Several parameters are considered, such as the volume of the flabby ridge, the degree of underlying bone resorption, the type of prosthetic rehabilitation planned and the presence of any contraindications to surgery. These factors will guide the decision on the most appropriate treatment. In this article, we focus on a non-surgical approach to the management of the flabby ridge, which involves the selection of a specific type of impression. This impression technique aims to record the ridge in its static state, without compression or displacement, while ensuring precise muco-dynamic recording of the adjacent tissues.

Inventory Management Model Integrating Lean and FLD to Increase Service Level in an Automotive Retail: An Empirical Research in Peru

The automotive industry has had large participation in the Peruvian economy, as well as a large market penetration; however, there is not optimal retention of these customers, since there is a knowledge gap regarding loyalty strategies, which could impact the level of service offered. It is essential to have good inventory planning and a good distribution of the workshop to meet agreed dates. Also, correct execution of the service, which integrates quality control to avoid problems attributed to defects. This case study proposes a model that integrates Lean Manufacturing, Facility Layout Design, and ABC inventory management, intending to achieve an improvement in the current service. After the implementation of the model, on-time service was increased by 30.55%, reprocessed vehicles were reduced by 6.50%, labor efficiency was increased by 16.66%, open work orders were reduced by 13.79%, and transfer times were reduced by 20.90%.

Calcium Reduction Using Variations of Thickness and Retention Time of Cocoa Shell Activated Carbon

High levels of hardness can lead to increased cases of kidney stones. Hardness levels can be reduced by using activated carbon from the cocoa rind as an adsorbent. The purpose of this research was to determine the variation of activated carbon thickness and optimum retention time in reducing the calcium content of dug well water, to determine the percent decrease in calcium ion levels at the optimum variation, and to determine the significance of the difference in the decreased in calcium levels between the treatment groups. The research method used the principle of adsorption of activated carbon from cocoa shells to calcium ions, which are activated by KOH. There were ten treatment samples with different variations of activated carbon thickness and retention time. The results showed that the thickness of activated carbon of 60 cm with a retention time of 50 minutes had the optimum ability to reduce the calcium content of dug well water. The percentage decrease in calcium levels reached 89,041 % with a decreased concentration of 234 ppm. The result of the statistical test showed a significance value of 0,05. The conclusion of the research is that activated carbon of cocoa shells can reduce calcium levels to the levels of soft water hardness, with variations in activated carbon thickness and retention time having a significant effect.

Addressing ambiguity in randomized reinsurance stop-loss treaties using belief functions

The aim of the paper is to model ambiguity in a randomized reinsurance stop-loss treaty. For this, we consider the lower envelope of the set of bivariate joint probability distributions having a precise discrete marginal and an ambiguous Bernoulli marginal. Under an independence assumption, since the lower envelope fails 2-monotonicity, inner/outer Dempster-Shafer approximations are considered, so as to select the optimal retention level by maximizing the lower expected insurer's annual profit under reinsurance. We show that the inner approximation is not suitable in the reinsurance problem, while the outer approximation preserves the given marginal information, weakens the independence assumption, and does not introduce spurious information in the retention level selection problem. Finally, we provide a characterization of the optimal retention level.

A simplified technique of mandibular complete denture fabrication for a condition of ankyloglossia – A case report

ABSTRACT Rationale: During the construction of a complete denture, obtaining adequate retention is always a problem in the mandibular denture. In the case of ankyloglossia, the retention of mandibular denture is severely compromised due to a decrease in neutral zone space and thick musculature of the tongue web attached to the mouth’s anatomical floor. Diagnosis: The patient was diagnosed as completely edentulous with ankyloglossia. Intervention: The intervention that was done to this condition was a modification of the master cast before the final wax-up and processing of the denture. Outcomes: Through the modification that was done to the master cast, an acceptable level of retention was attained. Lessons: This case report describes a simple modification that is done to achieve optimal retention for a patient with ankyloglossia and to maintain that retention during function.

The feasibility of sodium hydroxide pretreatment of rice straw for solid substrate preparation to enhance laccase production by solid state fermentation

BackgroundCurrently, broad industrial application of laccases is commonly restricted by the high-cost related production. Solid state fermentation (SSF) using agricultural waste is an attractively economic strategy for laccase production, yet its efficiency is low. Pretreatment of cellulosic substrate might be a vital breakpoint to solve the problem in solid state fermentation (SSF). In this study, sodium hydroxide pretreatment was involved to prepare solid substrates from rice straw. Fermentability of solid substrates in terms of carbon resource supply, accessibility and water retention value, and their influence on performance of SSF were analyzed.ResultsThe results showed that sodium hydroxide pretreatment provided desirable solid substrates with higher enzymatic digestibility and optimal water retention value, which further facilitated the homogeneity of mycelium growth, laccase distribution and nutrition utilization during SSF. The pretreated rice straw (1 h) with diameter less than 0.085 cm gave the maximum laccase production of 2912.34 U/g, which was 7.72 times higher than the control.ConclusionHence, we proposed that enough balance between nutrition accessibility and structure support was a must for rational design and preparation of solid substrate. Additionally, sodium hydroxide pretreatment of lignocellulosic waste might be an ideal step to enhance the efficiency and lower the production cost in SSF.

Particles of Different Sizes Affect the Retention Pattern of the Fat Grafts in a Mouse Model.

Autologous fat grafting is an effective form of soft tissue regeneration. However, the optimal fat particle size and graft retention pattern need more research. The mouse inguinal fat pad was harvested and cut into fat particles of different diameters: ≥ 5 mm, 3-4 mm, 2-3 mm, 1-2 mm and 1 mm (micro-fat). A volume of0.2 ml fat was transplanted into another mouse dorsum. Volume and retention rate were measured at 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Histology analysis was performed. Immunofluorescence staining was used to evaluate M1 and M2 macrophage infiltration and graft angiogenesis. Fat retention was highest in the "> 5 mm" group and lowest in the "micro-fat" group. Large vacuoles were more common in larger-diametered fat particles. There was less collagen accumulation in the well-vascularized connective tissue in the "1-2 mm" group. The infiltrated nucleated cells peak at week 4 in groups of fat particles under 3 mm and at week 8 in in groups with fat particles above 3 mm. The number of M1 macrophages peaked at week 1 and then declined in all groups except for the "5 mm" group. The number of M2 macrophages peaked at week 4 and gradually decreased through 12 weeks in the groups below 3 mm, but increased through 12 weeks in the groups above 3 mm. Vascular intensity was similar to M2 macrophage prevalence. Fat particles of different sizes may posses different retention patterns. Larger grafts have higher retention rate but worse quality. Meanwhile, smaller grafts have better quality with lower retention rate. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Microsensors in the retention treatment of orthodontic patients - literature review

Introduction
 Removable retainers have been successfully used for many years as an independent or additional form of retention in patients after orthodontic treatment. Unfortunately, it has been proven that most patients do not follow the orthodontist's recommendations and do not use the braces for the number of hours necessary to stabilize the treatment effects. It has therefore become necessary to look for solutions and devices that are able to objectively record the actual time of retainers use.
 Aim of the study
 The aim of the study was to assess the usefulness of electronic microsensors in monitoring wear time of removable retainers.
 Materials and methods
 A search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate databases. Articles were searched in English using the following key words: “microsensors”, “retention”, “orthodontic”, “TheraMon”, “Smart Retainer”.
 Results
 The results of the literature review show that microsensors embedded in the elements of removable retainers are a valuable tool for monitoring the time of their use. Awareness of the presence of electronic sensors increases patient discipline. In addition, they provide data that, apart from objectively documenting the course of retention treatment, may be used in the future to determine optimal retention protocols.
 Conclusions
 The retention stage is an indispensable element of orthodontic treatment. The use of microsensors built into removable retainers can help to improve the stability of treatment results. However, further research and work are needed to improve the performance and reliability of this type of electronic sensors.

Improving retention and HIV viral load suppression among adolescents living with HIV in TASO Soroti and TASO Mbale centers of excellence using Operation Triple Zero model: a before and after study protocol

BackgroundRetention in care and HIV viral load suppression remains sub-optimal among HIV positive adolescents in many settings including TASO Uganda, despite the implementation of interventions such as regimen optimization and community-based approaches like multi-month drug dispensing. To this end, the implementation of additional intervention is urgently required to address gaps in current programming which include inadequate centralization of the HIV positive adolescents and their caregivers in the designs. This study, thus, proposes to adapt and implement the Operation Triple Zero (OTZ) model in TASO Soroti and Mbale centers to improve both retention and viral load suppression among the adolescents living with HIV.MethodologyA before and after study design is preferred, employing both qualitative and quantitative approaches. To identify barriers and facilitators to retention and HIV viral load suppression among the HIV positive adolescents, secondary data, focused group discussions, and key informant interviews will be used to understand perspectives of the adolescents, their caregivers, and the health-workers. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) will help in designing the intervention, while Knowledge to Action (K2A) will support the adaptation process. To test the intervention, Reach, Effectiveness, Adaption, Implementation and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework will be used. A paired t-test will be used to compare means of retention and viral load suppression in the before and after study periods.DiscussionThis study aims at adapting and implementing the OTZ model in TASO Soroti and Mbale Centers of Excellence (COEs) to attain optimal retention and HIV viral load suppression rates among the HIV positive adolescents in care. Uganda is yet to adapt the touted OTZ model and findings from this study will be important in providing the necessary lessons to inform a policy shift for potential scale up of the model. Furthermore, results of this study could provide additional evidence for the effectiveness of OTZ in attaining optimal HIV treatment outcomes among the adolescents living with HIV.

Promoting Circular Economy in the Palm Oil Industry through Biogas Codigestion of Palm Oil Mill Effluent and Empty Fruit Bunch Pressed Wastewater

This research aimed to investigate the biogas production and circular economy perspective in the palm oil industry through codigestion of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) pressing wastewater and palm oil mill effluent (POME). The EFB pressing method constitutes an alternative new technology used to extract the remaining oil, increasing palm oil product; however, it produces highly polluted wastewater. Batch experiments were carried out at 35 °C to investigate the optimal ratios of EFB wastewater, inoculums, and POME. The optimal condition was 45% POME + 50% seed + 5% EFB wastewater. This condition was then used in semicontinuous fermentation where the optimal hydraulic retention time (HRT) totaled 25 days. The accumulated biogas was 18,679 mL/L while the accumulated methane totaled 6778 mL/L. The methane content was 62%, and the COD removal efficiency was 67%. The sludge produced from the HRT 25-days digester complied with the organic compost standard which could be further used to nourish the soil. An economic analysis of the EFB pressing project revealed a higher internal rate ratio with shorter payback compared with the conventional process. These results provide information on the circular economic approach to promote sustainable palm oil processing.

Optimal Straw Retention Strategies for Low-Carbon Rice Production: 5 Year Results of an In Situ Trial in Eastern China

Crop straw retention in the rice-based rotation cropland has been widely accepted as an effective method to improve soil quality in China. Rice–wheat rotation cropland is one the most prevalent rice-based rotation patterns, where it only exploits a small proportion of the total agricultural land yet feeds the majority of the Chinese population. Previous studies indicated that the incorporation of fore-rotating crop straw can effectively facilitate soil carbon sequestration in rice paddy fields. However, the application of crop straw may increase methane (CH4) emissions from rice paddies due to the anaerobic soil condition. To mitigate CH4 emissions from rice paddies while still preserving their soil carbon sequestration ability, a field experiment was conducted in the 2012–2016 rice growing seasons to determine the optimal low-carbon crop straw retention strategy. Five treatments with different wheat straw retention strategies were employed in this study, including non-fertilization and non-straw (Control), conventional fertilization without straw incorporation (CF), conventional fertilization with wheat straw incorporation (FS), slow-release fertilizer combined with wheat straw (SFS), and conventional fertilization with wheat-straw-derived biochar (FB). The results indicated that FS, SFS, and FB treatments significantly increased soil carbon sequestration in comparison with CF treatment. However, the increment of soil carbon sequestration was offset by raw wheat straw induced excess CH4 emissions under FS and SFS treatments. In contrast, the application of wheat-straw-derived biochar significantly promoted soil carbon sequestration, but showed no significant effect on CH4 emissions. Collectively, to the farmers, who aim to achieve agricultural carbon neutrality, the application of straw-derived biochar is worthy of consideration in rice cultivation processes.

Study on collection and retention efficiencies of a new integrated collector storage solar water heating system using a planar thermal diode: an experimental study.

Thermal diodes are a novel method to rectify the heat transfer mechanism and help reduce heat losses in solar thermal collectors during non-collection periods. The current study introduces and analyzes a new planar thermal diode integrated collector storage (ICS) solar water heating system using an experimental approach. This thermal diode ICS system has a simple, affordable structure composed of two parallel plates. Water serves as a phase change material to transfer heat through evaporation and condensation inside the diode. Three scenarios were considered to assess the dynamics of the thermal diode ICS: atmospheric pressure, depressurized thermal diodes, and Ppartial = 0, - 0.2, and - 0.4bar. The water temperature reached 40°C, 46°C, and 42°C in Ppartial = 0, - 0.2, and - 0.4bar, respectively. The heat gain coefficients are 38.61, 40.65, and 39.26 W/K, while the heat loss coefficients are 9.56, 5.16, and 7.03 W/K in Ppartial = 0, - 0.2, and - 0.4bar, respectively. The optimum heat collection and retention efficiencies are 45.3% and 33.5% in Ppartial = - 0.2bar. Hence, there is an optimum partial pressure to achieve the best performance, equal to - 0.2bar. The acquired results illustrate the robustness of the planar thermal diode in reducing heat losses and rectifying the heat transfer mechanism. Furthermore, despite the simple structure of the planar thermal diode, its efficiency is as high as that of other types of thermal diodes analyzed in recent studies.

Plant water use related to leaf traits and CSR strategies of 10 common European green roof species

The vegetation layer contributes to multiple functions of green roofs including their hydrological function as plants remove water from substrates between rainfall events through evapotranspiration, restoring the green roofs storage capacity for rainfall retention. While individual traits have been related to water use strategies of green roof plants, these traits are inconsistent, suggesting the importance of trait combinations which may be reflected in CSR (competitor, stress tolerator, ruderal) strategies. Therefore, relating plant water use to leaf traits and CSR strategies could help facilitate green roof plant selection into new geographical regions where green roof technology is developing. For example, in high latitude northern European regions with long daylight during the growing season. Growth (shoot biomass, relative growth rate and leaf area), leaf traits (leaf dry matter content, specific leaf area and succulence) and CSR strategies were determined of 10 common European green roof plants and related to their water use under well-watered (WW) and water-deficit (WD) conditions. All three succulent species included in the experiment showed mostly stress tolerant traits and their water loss was less than the bare unplanted substrate, likely due to mulching of the substrate surface. Plants with greater water use under WW conditions had more ruderal and competitive strategies, and greater leaf area and shoot biomass, than species with lower WW water use. However, the four species with the highest water use under WW conditions were able to downregulate their water use under WD, indicating that they could both retain rainfall and survive periods of water limitations. This study indicates that, for optimal stormwater retention, green roof plant selection in high latitude regions like northern Europe, should focus on selecting non-succulent plants with predominantly competitive or ruderal strategies to make the most of the long daylight during the short growing season.

Faculty Preparation for Teaching in Occupational Therapy: Current State and Future Needs.

Results of this study are helpful for the development of new faculty members who may have been trained as clinicians but not necessarily as academicians. To determine occupational therapy faculty perceptions of their preparation for a teaching role, evaluate professional development activities in which educators currently engage, and identify teaching and learning topics most needed in future training activities. Quantitative, descriptive survey. Educational institutions across the United States. Occupational therapy and occupational therapy assistant faculty (N = 449). A survey was created, pilot tested, and distributed. Questions were related to respondents' institutional requirements and support for faculty development, developmental activities in which respondents participated, comfort levels with select teaching responsibilities, and topics of interest for additional development. Results show that training related to teaching and instructional design is not required but is highly encouraged at most educational institutions. Although most institutions do provide financial support for development opportunities outside of the institution, informal meetings are the predominant development activities both offered and used by faculty. Respondents cited learning how to develop test questions, designing course assignments, and learning about teaching methods and techniques as topics about which they would most like to gain more knowledge. These results inform a meaningful and necessary plan to train new occupational therapy faculty members as academicians and to ensure continuing development of experienced faculty for optimal performance and retention. What This Article Adds: This report provides faculty and administrators with a starting point for the provision of faculty development content that has the potential not only to improve teaching skills but also to increase faculty self-confidence and retention.

Using biochemical methane potential results for the economic optimization of continuous anaerobic digestion systems: the effect of substrates’ synergy

During the processing of raw agricultural materials from the primary sector, large quantities of by-products with high chemical energy content are produced. Some of these are olive mill wastewater (OMW), cheese whey (CW), and liquid cow manure (LCM). Anaerobic digestion is a promising, environmentally friendly process for the energy valorization of agro-industrial and livestock by-products. The purpose of this study was the mathematical modeling of anaerobic digestion in batch systems, aiming to quantify possible synergies occurring between complementary substrates. The analysis was based on using biochemical methane potential data to predict the optimum hydraulic retention time (HRT) under steady-state conditions of continuous systems, for different substrate ratios. The objective function for HRT optimization was based on maximizing the process profit and included technoeconomic parameters, allowing the comparison of the different substrate ratios that can be used in the feedstock. The co-digestion with a mixture ratio of OMW:LCM equal to 70:30 proved very satisfactory for the sustainability of the process, exhibiting a maximum net profit of 16 €/m3reactor/d for a plant capacity of 10 m3feed/d.