Optimal Nutrient Supply Research Articles

Nitrate supply limitations in tomato crops grown in a chloride-amended recirculating nutrient solution

Partial substitution of nitrate (NO3-) with chloride (Cl-) in the nutrient solution supplied to tomato crops (beefsteak and cherry types), grown in a closed hydroponic system, maintained nitrogen (N)- and carbon (C)- assimilation status in plants despite N-supply limitations. Lowering NO3- ions (90% of total N) supply to 2/3 of the standard recommendations, which was electrochemically compensated for by an equivalent increase of the Cl- concentration in the replenishment nutrient solution (RNS), increased N use efficiency (kg produce kg−1 N supply) and decreased NO3- in the drainage without compromising growth, yield and nutritional quality. Tomato plants supplied with Cl--amended RNS increased leaf Cl- content to macronutrient level (35 mg g−1 dry weight), retaining photosynthetic rates and crop yield potential at lower stomatal conductivity and transpiration. Nutrient to water uptake ratios (mass of nutrient per water volume absorbed), which are commonly termed ‘uptake concentrations’, were defined in different cropping seasons and ranged as follows: 12.1–13.5 (Nitrogen- NO3-+NH4+), 1.25–1.35 (Phosphorus-P), 6.1–6.3 (Potassium-K), 3.6–4.0 (Calcium-Ca), 1.0–1.3 (Magnesium-Mg, mmol L−1), 13.0–14.3 (Iron-Fe), 7.6–8.4 (Manganese-Mn), 5.1–5.2 (Zinc-Zn) and 0.7–0.9 (Copper-Cu, μmol L−1). The levels of N and Cl- supply had no impact on the uptake concentrations. This study suggests that replacing 1/3 of the standard NO3- supply by Cl- in closed hydroponic tomato crops enhances N use by two-fold and eliminates NO3- losses to one-half, with no significant effects on assimilation processes and fruit biomass production, suggesting that Cl- at appropriate concentrations is not only an essential micronutrient but also a beneficial macronutrient. The obtained uptake concentrations may be used through on-line operating decision support systems to optimize nutrient supply in hydroponic cultivations in Mediterranean greenhouses.

Influence of the Nitrate-N to Ammonium-N Ratio on Relative Growth Rate and Crude Protein Content in the Duckweeds Lemna minor and Wolffiella hyalina.

In order to produce protein-rich duckweed for human and animal consumption, a stable cultivation process, including an optimal nutrient supply for each species, must be implemented. Modified nutrient media, based on the N-medium for duckweed cultivation, were tested on the relative growth rate (RGR) and crude protein content (CPC) of Lemna minor and Wolffiella hyalina, as well as the decrease of nitrate-N and ammonium-N in the media. Five different nitrate-N to ammonium-N molar ratios were diluted to 10% and 50% of the original N-medium concentration. The media mainly consisted of agricultural fertilizers. A ratio of 75% nitrate-N and 25% ammonium-N, with a dilution of 50%, yielded the best results for both species. Based on the dry weight (DW), L. minor achieved a RGR of 0.23 ± 0.009 d−1 and a CPC of 37.8 ± 0.42%, while W. hyalina’s maximum RGR was 0.22 ± 0.017 d−1, with a CPC of 43.9 ± 0.34%. The relative protein yield per week and m2 was highest at this ratio and dilution, as well as the ammonium-N decrease in the corresponding medium. These results could be implemented in duckweed research and applications if a high protein content or protein yield is the aim.

Exploring sustainable aquaculture development using a nutrition-sensitive approach

Micronutrient deficiencies constitute a pressing public health concern, especially in developing countries. As a dense source of bioavailable nutrients, aquatic foods can help alleviate such deficiencies. Developing aquaculture that provides critical micronutrients without sacrificing the underlying environmental resources that support these food production systems is therefore essential. Here, we address these dual challenges by optimizing nutrient supply while constraining the environmental impacts from aquaculture. Using life cycle assessment and nutritional data from Indonesia, a top aquaculture producer, we sought to identify aquaculture systems that increase micronutrient supplies and reduce environmental impacts (e.g., habitat destruction, freshwater pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions). Aquaculture systems in Indonesia vary more by environmental impacts (e.g. three order of magnitude for fresh water usage) than by nutritional differences (approximately ± 50% differences from mean relative nutritional score). Nutritional-environmental tradeoffs exist, with no single system offering a complete nutrition-environment win–win. We also find that previously proposed future aquaculture paths suboptimally balance nutritional and environmental impacts. Instead, we identify optimized aquaculture production scenarios for 2030 with nutrient per gram densities 105–320% that of business-as-usual production and with environmental impacts as low as 25% of those of business-as-usual. In these scenarios Pangasius fish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) ponds prove desirable due to their low environmental impacts, but average relative nutrient score. While the environmental impacts of the three analyzed brackish water systems range from average to high compared to other aquaculture systems, their nutritional attributes render them necessary when maximizing all nutrients except vitamin A. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) ponds also proved essential in maximizing zinc and omega n-3, while Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cages were necessary in optimizing the production of calcium and vitamin A. These optimal aquaculture strategies also reduce business-as-usual demand for wild fish-based feed by 0–30% and mangrove expansion by 0–75% with no additional expansion into inland open waters and freshwater ponds. As aquaculture production expands globally, optimization presents a powerful opportunity to reduce malnutrition rates at reduced environmental impacts. The proposed reorientation promotes UN sustainable development goals 2 (zero hunger), 3 (health), 13 (climate action) and 14 (life under water) and requires concerted and targeted policy changes.

The Role of Oat Nutrients in the Immune System: A Narrative Review.

sOptimal nutrition is the foundation for the development and maintenance of a healthy immune system. An optimal supply of nutrients is required for biosynthesis of immune factors and immune cell proliferation. Nutrient deficiency/inadequacy and hidden hunger, which manifests as depleted nutrients reserves, increase the risk of infectious diseases and aggravate disease severity. Therefore, an adequate and balanced diet containing an abundant diversity of foods, nutrients, and non-nutrient chemicals is paramount for an optimal immune defense against infectious diseases, including cold/flu and non-communicable diseases. Some nutrients and foods play a larger role than others in the support of the immune system. Oats are a nutritious whole grain and contain several immunomodulating nutrients. In this narrative review, we discuss the contribution of oat nutrients, including dietary fiber (β-glucans), copper, iron, selenium, and zinc, polyphenolics (ferulic acid and avenanthramides), and proteins (glutamine) in optimizing the innate and adaptive immune system’s response to infections directly by modulating the innate and adaptive immunity and indirectly by eliciting changes in the gut microbiota and related metabolites.

Application of fertilizers to reduce negative herbicidal effect when growing tobacco seedlings

The effectiveness of combined application of soil herbicide Command, EC at a dose of 0.02 ml/m 2 and organomineral fertilizers Rostok and Stimulife was studied for cultivation of tobacco seedlings in the conditions of central zone of Krasnodar Territory. Earlier studies established the inhibitory effect of herbicide Command, EC at the initial stage of plant growth. To remove the toxic impact and improve the growth processes of tobacco, research was carried out in the greenhouse and field periods. Fertilizers Rostock and Stimulife were applied before seeds were sown at the doses of 1.0 and 5.0 ml/m 2 , respectively, and twice more with irrigation water 2 and 4 weeks after seeds were sown at the rate of 1 l/m 2 alongside herbicides with the optimal supply of nutrients: NH 4 – 10 mg/100 g and NO 3 – 25, P – 30 and K – 35 mg/100 g. This protection against weeds made it possible not only to reduce the toxic effect of a chemical herbicide, but also to increase the quality characteristics of tobacco. Agrochemicals increased the length of plants from the root collar to the growth point by 22–32%, to the end of leaf tips by 20–36%, the weight of the aboveground parts of plants by 39–52%, and the mass of the root system by 41–69%. The yield of standard seedlings increased by 23%. Seedlings planted in the field developed better due to the effect of prolonged action of high-quality seedlings under the influence of Rostock and Stimulife preparations, which subsequently led to a significant increase in yield by 19–22% (НСР 05 = 1.88). The fertilizers used improved the quality of raw tobacco by increasing the content of carbohydrates and reducing proteins.

Genetic progress in winter wheat quality and quantity parameters

Wheat production is significant branch of Hungarian crop production (with about 1 million hectares of sowing area). Weather anomalies resulted by climate change have increased the importance of biological basis in wheat production. Yield quality and quantity parameters of three wheat genotypes sown on chernozem soil type after maize pre-crop were studied in a long-term field experiment. Yield amount of the studied genotypes varied between 2894 and 8074 kg ha-1 in 2017 and between 5795 and 9547 kg ha-1 in 2018 depending on the applied treatments. Based on our results it can be stated that in both studied crop years the highest yield increment was realized by the application of the nutrient supply level of N30+PK. As the result of the application of the optimum mineral fertilizer level – in contrast to the control – resulted in significant yield increment in both crop years. The results of the long-term field experiment prove that water utilization of the studied wheat varieties / hybrids was improved by the application of the optimal nutrient supply. Furthermore, the water utilization of the latest genotypes was more favorable by both the control and the optimum nutrient supply level treatments. Analyzing the quality parameters of winter wheat using the NIR method it has been stated that the quality results of the well-known genotype (GK Öthalom) were better than those of the new genotypes. A negative correlation between winter wheat quality and quantity parameters has also been confirmed. As the result of the mineral fertilizer application protein and gluten content of winter wheat increased to a significant extent.

Soluble nitrogen forms in sand soil of Pallag: a quantitative report.

Nitrogen (N) is a crop macronutrient of major importance, which affects both plant growth and yield. In this paper we discuss the humus content (%) and various soluble N forms (NO 3-, total N, nitrate-N, ammonium-N, and organic nitrogen) available in humus sand soil samples originating from the Pallag Experimental Station of Horticulture at the University of Debrecen, Hungary. We found 45.4% nitrate-N and 13.8% nitrite-N of total N content present in the soil. Considering the percentage distribution of soluble N forms present at the Pallag Experimental Station, we recommend using this soil in further pot experiments, given that this has optimal nutrient supply capacity. In addition, we examined possible statistical correlations between humus% and N forms.

MINING RESIDUE IN THE COMMERCIAL LIMESTONE BLENDING AND THE CHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES OF A LATOSOL

The limestone mining activity causes environmental impacts due to the generation of waste. However, the reuse of these residues has been investigated with the objective of improving soil fertility and acidity correction. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential for using mining residues in the commercial limestone blending and in the chemical attributes of a dystrophic Red Yellow Latosol. The experiment was carried out in three steps: the first corresponded to the sampling and characterization of the residues in the tailings pile; the second was the combination and characterization of the new soil acidity correction agents as well as the selection of treatments based on the Neutralization Power and doses of soil acidity correction agetns (0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 4.0 t ha-1); in the third step, a test of the incubation and calibration of the application doses of the soil acidity correction agents was performed. It was found that even with the raise in the levels of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the correction agents, it was not possible to provide an optimal supply of nutrients to the soil, a fact explained by the low constant solubility of CaCO3 and MgCO3. However, the commercial limestone blending with tailing was efficient, as it had a significant effect on raising the pH and neutralizing the soil moisture potential.

Soluble nitrogen forms in sand soil of Pallag: a quantitative report.

Nitrogen (N) is a crop macronutrient of major importance, which affects both plant growth and yield. In this paper we discuss the humus content (%) and various soluble N forms (NO 3-, total N, nitrate-N, ammonium-N, and organic nitrogen) available in humus sand soil samples originating from the Pallag Experimental Station of Horticulture at the University of Debrecen, Hungary. We found 45.4% nitrate-N and 13.8% nitrite-N of total N content present in the soil. Considering the percentage distribution of soluble N forms present at the Pallag Experimental Station, we recommend using this soil in further pot experiments, given that this has optimal nutrient supply capacity. In addition, we examined possible statistical correlations between humus% and N forms.

The Contribution of Soil Tillage and Nitrogen Rate to the Quality of Maize Grain

A soil tillage system adjusted to the soil type and agro-ecological conditions, together with the optimal nutrient supply, is a prerequisite for high maize (Zea mays L.) yield. However, there is little knowledge about the influence of soil tillage and nitrogen (N) rates on maize grain quality. A study was initiated in 1978 in Zemun Polje, Belgrade, Serbia, on the chernozem soil type. The effects of three N rates—0, 180 and 240 kg N ha−1—within three tillage practices—no-tillage, reduced and conventional tillage—and their influence on grain yield (GY) and the content of proteins, starch, oil, total tocopherols and carotenoids, phytic phosphorus (Phy), glutathione (GSH), phenols and inorganic P (Pi) in maize grain were analysed in the period 2016–2018. Differences in maize GY were 2.57 and 3.01 t ha−1 for reduced- or no-tillage, respectively, in comparison to conventional tillage. Conventional tillage and higher N rates contributed to the increase in maize yield and the grain nutritional quality with regard to the increased level of proteins, GSH and Phy. On the other hand reduced inputs were beneficial only for grain quality, in relation to the increase in tocopherols and phenols.

Strategic implementation of phosphorus repletion strategy in continuous two-stage cultivation of Chlorella sp. HS2: Evaluation for biofuel applications

Lipid production in microalgae under nitrogen (N) starved condition can be enhanced by excess phosphorus (P) supply in the second stage of two-stage cultivation strategy. However, implementing two-stage cultivation is difficult in large-scale cultivation system as it requires high energy of transferring large algal biomass from first stage to second stage. To address this problem, we have optimized a continuous two-stage (CTS) cultivation strategy using Chlorella sp. HS2, where nitrogen in the growth environment is depleted naturally via consumption. To enhance both biomass and lipid productivity this strategy explored supplementation of additional P from 50% to 2500% of the initial concentration at the start of N-limited second stage of growth. The results of the optimization study in photobioreactor (PBR) showed that supplementing 500% of initial P and 100% of initial other nutrients (O) (N0–P500–O100) on 5th day showed the maximum biomass productivity of 774.4 mg L−1 d−1. It was observed that Chlorella sp. HS2 grown in PBR yielded higher biomass (3.8 times), lipid (6.1 times) and carbohydrate (5.5 times) productivity in comparison to the open raceway ponds (ORP) study, under optimum nutrient and carbon supply condition. The maximum lipid (289.6 mg L−1 d−1) and carbohydrate (219.2 mg L−1 d−1) productivities were obtained in TPBR-3, which were 1.9 and 1.3 times higher than that of TPBR-2 (+ve control) and 9.6 and 3.7 times higher than that of TPBR-1 (-ve control), respectively. Fatty acid mainly composed of C16/C18 (84.5%–85.7%), which makes the microalgal oil suitable for biofuel production. This study concluded that feeding excess amount of P is an effective and scalable strategy to improve the biomass and lipid productivity of CTS cultivation.

The impact of applying foliar fertilizers on the health condition of maize


 The nutrient supply of plants is becoming more important in plant protection since the appropriate condition of plants can be ensured by optimal and satisfactory nutrient supply to avoid nutritional deficiency diseases. Due to the extreme weather conditions, plants are forced to face several stress factors, which leads to deterioration of the plant health. The increasing occurrence of droughts poses threat to nutrient uptake through the roots since all the nutrients can be accessible to the plants only if they are in dissolved form in the soil – which is not possible in the absence of water. Therefore, the importance of foliar fertilizer is becoming a more and more significant part of the nutrient supply, because with the help of this technology the development of any nutrient deficiency can be prevented. 
 In this experiment, we focused on the efficiency of two different foliar fertilizers on maize. Foliar fertilizers were applied two times, once in the stage with 8 leaves and tasseling phenophase of the maize. To verify the efficiency of the foliar fertilizers, the chlorophyll content of untreated and treated plant’s leaves was measured after each application. Moreover, the length and diameter of maize cobs, thousand kernel weight, protein, oil and starch content were also measured, and the results were compared to the untreated (control) ones. According to the results, in all aspects significant differences were observed and due to the laboratory analysis of leaves, in the case of magnesium and zinc supply the foliar fertilizers were able to prevent the development of nutrient deficiency.

Review on nutrient management, cycles, flows and balances in different farming systems

Soil fertility management is continuously modified and adapted as conditions change in time and integrated plant nutrient management is a holistic approach to optimizing plant nutrient supply for the objective of adequately nourish the crop as efficiently as possible, while minimizing potentially adverse impacts to the environment Existence of life depends on continuous cycling of nutrients from the nutrient pool (in the abiotic component of environment) to the living beings and then back to the nutrient pool. These complex series of invisible, delicately balanced, and interrelated biochemical reactions fuel life on earth. Nutrients cycles have been substantially altered by human activities mainly agriculture with large positive and negative consequences for a range of ecosystem services and for human well-being and The presence of animals into the agricultural production system can modify the rates and flows of nutrient dynamics between the compartments of the system and Integrated crop-livestock systems can positively change the biophysical and socio-economic dynamics of farming systems, reestablishing sustainable rural development and promoting higher overall farm profitability. Soil nutrient balances reflect the net change in soil fertility and indicate trends in time, but do not necessarily determine the current state of soil fertility yet; soil nutrient balances can differ considerably between different crops, farming systems and agro-ecological zones.

Ruminal Microbiota and Fermentation in Response to Dietary Protein and Energy Levels in Weaned Lambs.

Simple SummaryRuminants, such as sheep, are economically important because they contribute to digesting and converting plant materials into edible meat and milk for humans to consume. An adequate plane of nutrients, such as energy and protein, is essential for rumen development and growth. However, sheep production is mostly affected by inadequate nutrition in rural areas of China. As one of the most prolific and perennial estrus breeds in China, Hu sheep has huge potential for catering to the growing meat demands of the market and consumers. In this study, the effects of dietary energy and protein levels on growth performance, microbial diversity, and physiological properties of the rumen in weaned lambs were evaluated. The results showed that a low dietary energy level restrained growth performance and changed the microbiota and associated ruminal fermentation phenotypes of lambs. However, protein had a minor effect. The findings are of great significance for promoting rumen development and establishing the optimal nutrient supply strategy for lambs.Supplying sufficient nutrients, such as dietary energy and protein, has a great effect on the growth and rumen development of ruminants. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary energy and protein levels on growth performance, microbial diversity, and structural and physiological properties of the rumen in weaned lambs. A total of 64 two-month-old Hu lambs were randomly allotted to 2 × 2 factorial arrangements with four replicates and with four lambs (half male and half female) in each replicate. The first factor was two levels of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) density (ME = 10.9 MJ/Kg or 8.6 MJ/Kg), and the second factor was two levels of dietary crude protein (CP) content (CP = 15.7% or 11.8%). The trial lasted for 60 days. A low dietary energy level restrained the growth performance of lambs (p < 0.05). The ruminal concentration of acetate and the ratio of acetate to propionate increased but the propionate concentration decreased significantly with the low energy diet. However, the rumen morphology was not affected by the diet energy and protein levels. Moreover, a low energy diet increased ruminal bacterial diversity but reduced the abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria (p < 0.05) and genus Succinivibrionaceae_uncultured (p < 0.05), which was associated with the change in ruminal fermentation phenotypes. By indicator species analysis, we found three indicator OTUs in the high energy group (Succinivibrionaceae_uncultured, Veillonellaceae_unclassified and Veillonellaceae_uncultured (p < 0.01)) and two indicator OTUs in the low energy group (Bacteroidales_norank and Lachnospiraceae_uncultured (p < 0.01)). In conclusion, these findings added new dimensions to our understanding of the diet effect on rumen microbial community and fermentation response, and are of great significance for establishing the optimal nutrient supply strategy for lambs.

Dietary energy and protein levels influenced the growth performance, ruminal morphology and fermentation and microbial diversity of lambs

The aim of the study was to evaluate the ruminal function and microbial community of lamb under different nutrient levels. Sixty-four lambs with similarity body weight were randomly assigned to four groups after weaning off ewe’s milk on the 17th day (6.2 ± 0.2 kg). The lambs of the control group (CON) were fed a basal diet, and the other three groups were subjected to a diet of decreased protein (PR), digestible energy (ER) or both of them at 20% (BR) of basal diet. The decrease of dietary protein or energy level decreased the average daily gain, ruminal weight and mucosal thickness of lambs (P < 0.05). The total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), acetate and propionate concentration of the CON group were significantly higher than that of the other three groups. The dietary protein and energy level affected the microbial diversity, and low energy level increased the relative abundance of phyla of Fibrobacteres, whereas at the genus level, increased the relative abundance of Butyrivibrio and Prevotellaceae. Under different dietary energy and protein levels, 14 genera exhibited significant correlation with ruminal fermentation. These findings supplied new perspective for the understanding of the dietary effect on ruminal microbial community interactions and are of great significance for establishing the optimal nutrient supply strategy for lambs.

Nouvelles stratégies alimentaires précoces au service de la production avicole

Le développement de l’embryon d’oiseau dépend de l’environnement dans lequel il baigne et des nutriments disponibles. La période de démarrage (1ère semaine post-éclosion) est souvent délicate avec parfois des mortalités post-natales importantes dues aux délais d’alimentation et aux conditions d’ambiance et de transport sub-optimales. Les liens entre la nutrition parentale, la composition de l’œuf et le comportement ultérieur des animaux, leurs performances, et leur sensibilité aux maladies sont bien établis. Des supplémentations en nutriments de l’œuf via l’alimentation maternelle ou via des injections in ovo (« in ovo feeding ») représentent alors des stratégies innovantes pour optimiser l’apport de nutriments à l’embryon. La finalité de telles approches est d’optimiser les apports nutritionnels des reproductrices ou des embryons en développement dans le but d’obtenir des poussins de meilleure qualité en termes de robustesse, croissance et/ou composition corporelle en tirant parti de la plasticité embryonnaire d’utilisation des nutriments. La manipulation très précoce de l’environnement dans lequel l’embryon se développe est très prometteuse pour analyser l'influence des conditions précoces sur l'élaboration des phénotypes à long terme que ce soit sur des critère de croissance, composition corporelle, caractéristiques tissulaires, robustesse vis-à-vis de challenges ou adaptation à des conditions d’élevage différentes. Outre les bénéfices observés pour les animaux, ces stratégies alimentaires tentent de répondre aussi à des intérêts environnementaux et économiques.

Utilizing genome-scale models to optimize nutrient supply for sustained algal growth and lipid productivity

Nutrient availability is critical for growth of algae and other microbes used for generating valuable biochemical products. Determining the optimal levels of nutrient supplies to cultures can eliminate feeding of excess nutrients, lowering production costs and reducing nutrient pollution into the environment. With the advent of omics and bioinformatics methods, it is now possible to construct genome-scale models that accurately describe the metabolism of microorganisms. In this study, a genome-scale model of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris (iCZ946) was applied to predict feeding of multiple nutrients, including nitrate and glucose, under both autotrophic and heterotrophic conditions. The objective function was changed from optimizing growth to instead minimizing nitrate and glucose uptake rates, enabling predictions of feed rates for these nutrients. The metabolic model control (MMC) algorithm was validated for autotrophic growth, saving 18% nitrate while sustaining algal growth. Additionally, we obtained similar growth profiles by simultaneously controlling glucose and nitrate supplies under heterotrophic conditions for both high and low levels of glucose and nitrate. Finally, the nitrate supply was controlled in order to retain protein and chlorophyll synthesis, albeit at a lower rate, under nitrogen-limiting conditions. This model-driven cultivation strategy doubled the total volumetric yield of biomass, increased fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield by 61%, and enhanced lutein yield nearly 3 fold compared to nitrogen starvation. This study introduces a control methodology that integrates omics data and genome-scale models in order to optimize nutrient supplies based on the metabolic state of algal cells in different nutrient environments. This approach could transform bioprocessing control into a systems biology-based paradigm suitable for a wide range of species in order to limit nutrient inputs, reduce processing costs, and optimize biomanufacturing for the next generation of desirable biotechnology products.

Linking Soil Health to Sustainable Crop Production: Dairy Compost Effects on Soil Properties and Sorghum Biomass

Dairy compost is utilized in agricultural fields to supplement nutrients, yet its role in optimizing nutrient supply and health of semiarid soils is not clear. A greenhouse study was conducted over two months to evaluate soil properties and forage sorghum production under various compost rates. The study had six treatments and four replications. Treatments included compost application rates at 6.7 (C1), 13.5 (C2), 20.2 (C3), 26.9 (C4), and 33.6 Mg ha−1 (C5) and a control (C0). Soil samples were analyzed for soil organic carbon (SOC), potentially mineralizable carbon (PMC), total nitrogen (N), inorganic N, potentially mineralizable N (PMN), available phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S). Plant biomass production and biomass C, N, and lignin contents were also estimated. High compost rates improved soil properties significantly (p &lt; 0.05) indicated by increased SOC, N, P, K, Ca, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Sorghum biomass production did not increase significantly with compost rate, while shoot N content increased at higher rates of compost. A nutrient management plan that integrates dairy compost application has potential to improve soil health and support sustainable forage production in semiarid regions.

Metabolic regulation of exercise-induced angiogenesis.

Skeletal muscle relies on an ingenious network of blood vessels, which ensures optimal oxygen and nutrient supply. An increase in muscle vascularization is an early adaptive event to exercise training, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying exercise-induced blood vessel formation are not completely clear. In this review, we provide a concise overview on how exercise-induced alterations in muscle metabolism can evoke metabolic changes in endothelial cells (ECs) that drive muscle angiogenesis. In skeletal muscle, angiogenesis can occur via sprouting and splitting angiogenesis and is dependent on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling. In the resting muscle, VEGF levels are controlled by the estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ). Upon exercise, the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC1α) orchestrates several adaptations to endurance exercise within muscle fibers and simultaneously promotes transcriptional activation of Vegf expression and increased muscle capillary density. While ECs are highly glycolytic and change their metabolism during sprouting angiogenesis in development and disease, a similar role for EC metabolism in exercise-induced angiogenesis in skeletal muscle remains to be elucidated. Nonetheless, recent studies have illustrated the importance of endothelial hydrogen sulfide and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activity for exercise-induced angiogenesis, suggesting that EC metabolic reprogramming may be fundamental in this process. We hypothesize that the exercise-induced angiogenic response can also be modulated by metabolic crosstalk between muscle and the endothelium. Defining the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for skeletal muscle angiogenesis in response to exercise will yield valuable insight into metabolic regulation as well as the determinants of exercise performance.

Productivity of bumpers for the microelemental correction of their rations

One of the most important factors in the full feeding of animals is the optimal supply of nutrients and biologically active substances, namely, trace elements. Lacking or excessive MI in rations leads to a disturbance of metabolism in the body, inhibits development and growth, reduces productive qualities, and, by reducing immunity, causes various diseases. The final factor is the close interconnection of trace elements with proteins, carbohydrates, fats, which ultimately reflects on the physiological state of a living organism. Soil and climatic conditions of the central region are characterized by a lack of feed and water of the following trace elements: cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, zinc. The bioavailability of these microelements for the animal organism is lower than the physiological norm. Increase of biological availability of trace elements by tissues of an organism can be achieved due to their connection with an organic ligand, and in our case with an essential amino acid methionine, thus creating chelating compounds – metionates. The purpose of the article is to analyze the influence of chelate compounds on the protein metabolism of fattening bulls. The results of hemoglobin studies showed us that its content was also dependent on the applied trace elements. Similarly, an increase in the number of erythrocytes also increased the concentration of hemoglobin. Three months after the application of corrective supplements, the hemoglobin content in the blood of experimental bovine animals in the 2, 3, 4th experimental groups was increased compared to the control group. In addition, a similar picture was observed in the dynamics during the whole experimental period of fattening. The best effect on the hemoglobin content in the blood was shown by the addition of chelates (metionates) in the 4th experimental group, which is also confirmed statistically. The results of the obtained data indicate that the correctional additives of the microelements and their chelates (metionates) used by us increase the level of total protein in the blood serum of fattening bulls. During the trial period, their concentration in the bulls of the control group also increased, but this is due to the age and growth of animals. However, in the Bugites of experimental groups, the content of total protein significantly increased under the influence of corrective supplementation of trace elements, and especially under the influence of their chelate compounds (metionates). Already three months after the micronutrient supplement was fed, the level of total protein in the serum of bulls in all experimental groups significantly increased compared to the animals in the control group.