Optimum Extraction Time Research Articles

Extraction of a water-soluble polysaccharide fraction from lentils and its potential application in acidified protein dispersions

The extraction conditions of a water-soluble lentil polysaccharide fraction (SLPS) from lentil fibers were examined. The effect of temperature, pH, and time of extraction was evaluated, to determine optimal conditions resulting in a high yield of high molecular mass polysaccharides. The optimal extraction temperature and time combination was 120 °C for 90 min. Under these conditions, the yield was as high as 23.3% at pH 4 and 19.6% at pH 8. Further, two different extractions were carried out, both for 90 min at 120 °C, one at pH 4 (SLPS4) and the second at pH 8 (SLPS8), and the fractions characterized for composition and molecular mass. The weight average molecular mass (Mw) of the main component in the fraction was 830 kg/mol for SLPS4 and 1130 kg/mol for SLPS8. Albeit SLPS4 and SLPS8 showed the same sugar linkages, their composition was different: SLPS4 contained, glucose 52.7%, arabinose 27.6%, and galacturonic acid 6.0%, whereas SLPS8 contained arabinose 49.8%, glucose 19.1%, and galacturonic acid 13.2%. The polysaccharides were observed by a scanning probe microscope and showed a characteristic multi-branched structure, with sugar chains extending from the center to the periphery of the molecule. Both SLPSs were used as stabilizers in an acidified milk system, containing 3% (w/w) non-fat milk solids. At a concentration of 0.4% (w/w) both SLPS4 and SLPS8 were able to maintain a mono-modal distribution of fine particles in the range of pH between 3.6–4.4 or 3.8–4.4, for SLPS4 and SLPS8, respectively. This work demonstrates the potential for the creation of a value added ingredient from lentil polysaccharide.

The effect of method, type of solvent and extraction time towards the yield of oil on essential oil extraction from lime peel (Citrus aurantifolia)

Essential oil is a volatile substance and has a distinctive scent that can be found on plants. Lime peel oil is one part of the plant which can be processed to make an essential oil so that it can be used as a natural fragrance in soap making. The purpose of this study is to produce essential oil from lime peel, which can be used as a substitute for synthetic fragrance ingredients in soap making. The other purpose is to obtain the optimum method, type of solvent, and the optimum extraction time to produce essential oil. The raw material used in this study is lime peel powder sized 50 mesh. The water content of raw material on lime peel powder is 76,5 %. The extraction method used in the research is maceration with stirring equal to 150 rpm and Soxhlet with extraction time for 6, 9, and 12 hours. In this study, the ratio of raw material to the solvent is 1:10, and the type of solvent used is hexane, ethanol, and distilled water. The result in this study shows that Soxhlet is the optimum method, which obtains yield equal to 6,15% for 12 using hexane as solvent.

Optimization of Extraction Time on The Characteristic of Gelatin from Scales of Red Snapper (Lutjanus sp.)

Fish fillet products that are increasingly popular have an impact on the accumulation of waste that can pollute the environment. Red snapper scales are one of the fishery byproducts that can be used as raw material for making gelatin because they contain collagen. The quality of the resulting gelatin can be affected by the extraction time, so research is needed to find out the optimal extraction time to get the quality of gelatin from red snapper scales that meet quality standards. This study uses a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and four replications in each treatment. The treatment in this study was the use of different extraction times, namely one, two, three, four, and five hours. Data analysis was performed descriptively by comparing the results of testing the characteristics of red snapper scales gelatin with SNI and GMIA gelatin quality standards. The results showed that the extraction time of one hour was the optimal time in the process of extracting gelatin red snapper scales with yield of 7.38%, gel strength of 304.74 grams of Bloom, viscosity of 7.5 cp, water content of 14.02%, ash content of 1.23%, and pH 6.6. Red snapper scales can be used as raw material for gelatin to support the concept of zero waste in the fishery product processing industry.

Biodegradable Nanocomposite Film Based on Gluten/Silica/Calcium Chloride: Physicochemical Properties and Bioactive Compounds Extraction Capacity

In this study, a biodegradable wheat gluten (WG) film containing calcium chloride and nano silica (WG/CaCl2/SiO2) was prepared and the physicochemical properties of the film were investigated. Finally, the WG/CaCl2/SiO2 film was used as a polymeric adsorbent for extraction of bioactive compounds from red grape pomace. The properties of the composite film, including thickness, water vapor permeability (WVP), solubility, antioxidant activity and mechanical property were investigated. FT-IR, SEM, XRD and DSC tests were performed to investigate the physical, morphology and thermal properties of film. The results showed that the addition of SiO2 decreased the WVP because these nanoparticles can fill the porous cavities of the film matrix. Furthermore, SiO2 caused to improve the water resistance of the film. With the addition of SiO2, the antioxidant content of the films increased compared to the control film. The addition of SiO2 to the film decreased the crystal property and addition of CaCl2 increased the crystal property of the film. In the second step, the optimum film as adsorbent was used to extract of the bioactive compounds from the red grape pomace. For this purpose, total phenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin content were measured before and after the extraction by film, and the optimum extraction conditions were obtained by the desirability function method. At optimum extraction condition, the phenolic compounds were extracted with 76.9% efficiency and optimum extraction temperature and time were 20.5 °C and 27.1 h, respectively. Due to the low solubility of WG/CaCl2/SiO2 film in water and its appropriate thermal and mechanical stability, the WG/CaCl2/SiO2 film in different aquatic environments can be used to extract bioactive compounds of fruit pomace.

Optimization of extraction conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from tamarillo fruit (Solanum betaceum) using response surface methodology

The study intended to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds using response surface methodology as optimization tool. Initially, four solvents, namely, distilled water, ethanol, acetone and methanol at 100% concentration level were tested for extraction of total phenolics and acetone was found to be the best solvent. Individual experiments were performed to determine the best possible range for extraction time, solvent (acetone) concentration and ultrasound amplitude in the extraction process. Box-Behnken design with three independent variables of extraction time (5–15 min), ultrasound amplitude (20–60%) and solvent concentration (50–80%) were taken to maximize total phenolic content, total flavonoids content and DPPH radical scavenging activity that were taken as dependent variables. Quadratic model in response surface methodology was found to be significant. Extraction with acetone at 73 and 78% concentration and ultrasound amplitude of 43 and 46% were optimum for red and yellow tamarillo, respectively. Optimized extraction time was found to be 12 min for maximum phenolic content, flavonoids content and DPPH radical scavenging activity with the desirability of 0.94 and 0.97 for yellow and red tamarillo, respectively.

Determination of halogenated hydrocarbons in urine samples using a needle trap device packed with Ni/Zn-BTC bi-MMOF via the dynamic headspace method.

In this study, a nickel/zinc–BTC bi-metallic metal–organic framework (bi-MMOF) was employed as a new and efficient adsorbent in a needle trap device (NTD) for headspace (HS) sampling, extraction and analysis of halogenated hydrocarbons (trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, chloroform, and tetrachloroethylene) from spiked and real urine samples. Characterization of the prepared adsorbent was accomplished by FT-IR, PXRD, EDX, elemental mapping, and FE-SEM techniques. According to experimental results, the optimal temperature and extraction time, salt content, temperature and desorption time of the response surface methodology (RSM) and Box–Behnken design (BBD) were determined to be 56 °C and 30 min, 5.5%, 350 °C and 8 min for the studied halogenated hydrocarbons, respectively. The calculated values of detection limit and quantitation limit parameters were in the range of 1.02–1.10 and 2.01–2.4.0 ng L−1, respectively. Moreover, intermediate precision and repeatability of the method were in the range of 4.90–8.20% and 1.50–4.80%, respectively. The recovery percentages of analytes were obtained to be in the range of 95.0–97.0% 10 days after the sampling and storage at 4 °C. This study showed that the proposed HS-NTD:Ni/Zn–BTC method coupled with a GC-FID can be employed as a simple, fast, and sensitive procedure for non-metabolized halogenated hydrocarbons from urine samples in biological monitoring.

Mango seed kernel oil extraction with ethanol: Optimization of oil yield and polyphenol

Mango seed kernel oil (MSKO) contains a high concentration of polyphenol and has potential as raw material of oil-based food products and as a natural antioxidant of functional food. Ethanol was used for the extraction of MSKO by response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool to study the optimum extraction conditions of the oil yield and total polyphenol content (TPC). Three-factorthree- level central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize extraction time (X1), ethanol concentration (X2), and ethanol volume (X3) to obtain a high oil yield and TPC. The central points for treatment were 5 h for X1, 86% for X2, and 250 mL for X3. The results showed that the optimum conditions of MSKO extraction were X1 = 5.18 h, X2 = 87.84% and X3 = 233.43 mL, respectively. Under these conditions, the experimental oil yield and TPC of MSKO were 34.79% and 61.17 mgGAE/g, which was agreed closely to the verification value. The results indicated that MSKO extraction using ethanol could be an effective and advisable method for large-scale production of MSKO extraction.

Determination of 24 Pesticides Residues in Leather Products by Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Considering the high content of oil and complex residual additives in leather samples, a new analytical method based on the solid-phase extraction technique and gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry (GC-SIM-MS) was developed to determine 24 organic compounds involving the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorous pesticides (OPPs) and pyrethroids pesticides residues in leather. The extraction conditions (such as the extraction solution, purification procedure and solid-phase extraction column) were optimized using the positive leather samples based on the recovery rates of the pesticides. The best extraction solution, solid-phase extraction column and chromatography column were n-hexane and ethyl acetate (1+1, volume) mixed solution, Carb-PSA (1.0 g, 6mL) and DB-1701 (length: 30 m, inside diameter: 0.25 mm, film thickness: 0.25 μm). The optimized extraction time and temperature were 20 min and 25°C, respectively. The detection limits of 24 pesticide residues range from 0.05 to 0.10 mg/kg, and the recoveries range from 74% to 116%. The relative standard deviations (RSD, n=6) range from 5.42% to 12.00%. The developed method presented a simple, rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive method to detect 24 pesticides in skin and leather and was successfully applied to the detect them in leather products (cowhide, sheep leather and pig leather).

Modeling the kinetics of essential oil hydrodistillation from Vietnamese ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Zingiber officinale is a frequently used herb and food flavouring agent, commonly known as ginger. Z. officinale belongs to the Zingiberaceae family, comprising of more than 1200 species [1]. In traditional therapeutic systems, Z. officinale is known for its various medicinal properties that give rise to the ability to cure a variety of diseases. Ginger oil is a potential commodity, but the extraction of these oils takes a long time to produce good quality essential oils. Thus, optimization work is required in the extraction process. In this study, the extraction was performed with the hydro-distillation method, which has been widely used to extract essential oils from natural plant and herbs due to its feasibility and green technology The extraction was carried out over several extraction cycles from 15 minutes until the amount of essential oil recovered is almost unchanged. The maximum yield in ginger essential oil extract achieved 0.5% from 100 g starting material. This yield was obtained on optimum temperature conditions, extraction time and water to material ratio such as 204 W, 120 min, and 1:4 mL/g. The mathematical model of essential oil extraction was constructed, which is a crucial step in the industrial plant project because it helps to understand the extraction process and to achieve optimal operating conditions. The process kinetics in this study was modeled by the first and second-order kinetic models. The kinetics of the extraction of ginger essential oil by the hydrodistillation method has demonstrated that the extraction process is based on a second model as it has been done experimentally. The second order model was satisfactorily modified, with extremely high correlation coefficients (R2= 0.99355), demonstrating that the process was successfully described.

Optimization of pulsed ultrasonic‐assisted extraction of punicalagin from pomegranate ( Punica granatum ) peel: A comparison between response surface methodology and artificial neural network‐multiobjective genetic algorithm

The present study focuses on the valorization of pomegranate peel waste by extracting bioactive compounds (mainly punicalagin) through pulsed ultrasonic-assisted extraction. Response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network coupled with multiobjective genetic algorithm (ANN-MOGA) were used to determine the optimum extraction condition, namely, solvent volume, amplitude, time, and duty cycle. The responses for the optimization process include punicalagin content, ellagic acid, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content, and anthocyanin content. By applying ANN-MOGA it was found that at optimum condition of 35 ml of solvent, 35% amplitude, 23 min and 100% duty cycle, punicalagin, ellagic acid, antioxidant activity, and TPC was 6.63%, 18.59%, 52%, and 4.23% higher than RSM predicted values, respectively. Thus, the study proves that ANN-MOGA is an effective tool in predicting maximum punicalagin production from pomegranate peel. The optimization showed a close match between predicted and experimental data. Practical applications Pomegranate peel is a source of bioactive components. With the increase in demand for “clean label” products worldwide, valorization of pomegranate peel could be a potent alternative. This study investigates the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of major bioactive components from pomegranate peel in order to aid scaling up of the process. Also, the comparison between mathematical tools can give an insight into higher yielding process parameters.

Comprehensive evaluation on tailor-made deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in extracting tea saponins from seed pomace of Camellia oleifera Abel

Tea saponins from Camellia oleifera Abel. seed pomace are new sources of commercial saponins. This study established an eco-friendly and efficient extraction method for tea saponins from C. oleifera seed pomace. A ternary deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of l-proline, glycerol and sucrose (4:10:1 in molar ratio, abbreviated as PGS-5) achieved the highest extraction yield of tea saponins among all screened DESs. A maximum extraction yield of 23.22 ± 0.28% was obtained using PGS-5 under the optimized extraction time, DES concentration and liquid-solid ratio. Through ultraviolet, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-Q Exactive HF mass spectroscopy, as well as analyses of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, it was determined that extracted saponins did not altered during processing. Therefore, PGS-5 can serve as a solvent to obtain stable and beneficial tea saponins from C. oleifera seed pomace.

Optimum Treatment Time for Solid-State Extraction of Nickel from Nickel Sulfide Concentrates at 1073 K

Solid-state thermal treatment of Ni sulfide concentrates in an inert or reducing atmosphere, and the presence of metallic Fe is proposed as a feasible route to produce ferronickel (FeNi) alloy while retaining S in iron sulfides. The present work investigated the effects of temperature and amount of Fe addition via a thermodynamic analysis, giving a suitable temperature of 973 K to 1173 K and metallic Fe to Ni concentrates mass ratio of 0.5 to 2. The minimum time required for Ni extraction at 1073 K was investigated via thermal treatment experiments of various durations, and it was determined to be 30 minutes. Under the tested experimental conditions, average Ni concentration in the resulting sulfides and the generated FeNi was found to be 0.5 ± 0.2 mass pct and 16 to 18 mass pct, respectively, and in good agreement with the thermodynamic predictions. The maximum Ni recovery to FeNi was approximately 97 pct and the characteristic particle sizes d10 and d80 of FeNi were 14 and 45 µm, respectively. During 360 minutes of the thermal treatment, only 0.7 mass pct of S in the concentrates was released to the off gas as SO2.

Comparison of dried sludge and sludge ash for phosphorus recovery with acidic and alkaline leaching

AbstractNowadays, the recovery of phosphorus has been in the spotlight due to its importance for food security and depleting sources. In this study, phosphorus recovery from dried sewage sludge and sludge ash by acid and alkaline leaching was evaluated. Optimum extraction time and temperature were determined as two hours and ambient temperature. Results showed the superiority of strong acidic conditions for leaching; 75 ml/g with 0.4N HCl and 25 ml/g with 0.6N HCl were determined as optimum conditions to achieve efficient phosphorus dissolution from sludge ash (94.6%) and dried sludge (91.1%), respectively, with the lower heavy metal concentrations. Lower L/S ratio put forward the dried sludge as a more advantageous resource for phosphorus extraction. Besides, by alkaline leaching of sludge ash and dried sludge, 60.3 and 70.3% phosphorus dissolutions were achieved with 75 ml/g and 1N NaOH; and the leachate was a suitable product for phosphorus precipitation due to its high pH.

Optimization of the Freezing-Thawing Method for Extracting Phycobiliproteins from Arthrospira sp.

The freezing–thawing method had been reported to be the best phycobiliprotein extraction technique. However, optimum parameters of this extraction method for Arthrospira sp. (one of the major phycobiliprotein sources) still remained unclear. Hence, this study aimed to optimize the freezing–thawing parameters of phycobiliprotein extraction in Arthrospira sp. (UPMC-A0087). The optimization of the freezing–thawing method was conducted using different solvents, biomass/solvent ratios, temperatures, time intervals and freezing–thawing cycles. The extracted phycobiliproteins were quantified using a spectrophotometric assay. Double distilled water (pH 7) with a 0.50% w/v biomass/solvent ratio was the most efficient solvent in extracting high concentrations and purity of phycobiliproteins from Arthrospira sp. In addition, the combination of freezing at −80 °C (2 h) and thawing at 25 °C (24 h) appeared to be the optimum temperature and extraction time to obtain the highest amount of phycobiliproteins. A minimum of one cycle of freezing and thawing was sufficient for extracting high concentrations of phycobiliproteins. The findings from this study could reduce the cost and labor needed for extracting high quality phycobiliproteins. It also allowed the harvesting of large amounts of valuable phycobiliproteins.

Clove Oil Extraction by Steam Distillation and Utilization of Clove Buds Waste as Potential Candidate for Eco-Friendly Packaging

As a tropical country which has abundant of spices, Indonesia is challenged to increase the economic values of spices commodity in raw material form (wet or dry). One way to raise the economic values of these commodities is by modifying into its derivatives. Clove is one of spices commodity which can be processed furthermore into an essential oil. By transforming clove from raw material to essential oil, the economic value increases from 2 to 20 times per kilogram. In this present research, the extraction time of clove oil using steam hydro distillation is reported. The distillation procedure was conducted in various times, that was in 3, 4, 5, and 6 hours. Furthermore, the clove oil sample that obtained from optimum extraction time was characterized using FTIR and GCMS. Then the result was compared to the commercial clove oil (100 % of purity). In support of sustainability process, then the clove buds waste from steam distillation were challenging to be one of eco-friendly packaging candidates. Two compositions of waste and additional material have been investigated in this study. It found that the best composition was composed of clove buds waste powder: recycled paper (7:3). During the casting process, some additives material was added such as tapioca (20%) and chitosan (1 %) in acid solution in order to improve its mechanical properties. Furthermore, thermal degradability of the eco-friendly packaging was studied. It was started to degrade at 286.58oC. According to this research, the cloves buds’ cardboard was quite potential to be developed as commercial eco-friendly packaging.

DETERMINATION OF OPTIMAL EXTRACTION CONDITIONS OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM ACORUS CALAMUS LEAVES

From the beginning of its existence and until now, interest in herbal remedies has only grown. Not surprisingly, medicinal herbs are a source of unique combinations of biologically active components that are capable of exhibiting significant pharmacological effects. One of these medicinal plants is Acorus calamus (sweet flag), whose rhizomes have long been used in official and folk medicine, cooking and cosmetology. However, recent studies point to the considerable potential of the aerial part of Acorus calamus as a novel herbal remedy, which is associated with the presence in the leaf of the plant, in addition to essential oil, a considerable amount of substances of phenolic nature. The aim of the research was to determine the optimal conditions for the removal of phenolic compounds from the leaves of Acorus calamus and to determine the technological parameters of raw materials. Materials and methods. During the research, samples of raw materials collected on the territory of Kharkiv region were used, as well as methods that are given in the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. Result. As a result of the research, the extraction conditions at which there was highest content of the extraction of biologically active substances were determined. The extractant, the degree of grinding of the raw material and the optimum extraction time were selected, which allowed to extract almost 80 % of the quantitative content of flavonoids from the raw material. The main technological parameters of Acorus calamus leaves were also determined. The obtained results will be the basis for the development of the technology of obtaining phyto-substance from the leaves of Acorus calamus. Conclusions. The selection of optimal extraction conditions of biologically active compounds from Acorus calamus leaves was carried out. The obtained results show that in order to obtain extracts with the maximum content of biologically active substances (flavonoids), it is advisable to use raw materials with a particle size of 0.5 to 1.0 mm, as an extractant 70 % alcohol and an extraction time of 4 hours.

Optimization and Pretreatment for Hot Water Extraction of Korean Deer (Cervus canadensis Erxleben) Velvet Antlers.

Velvet antler (VA) is a historically traditional medicinal supplement and is well known in Asian countries for its pharmaceutical and health benefits. The objectives for this study were to optimize the hot water extraction (HWE) of VA for the Korean VA industry, and to determine the most effective pretreatment method among microwave (MW), ultrasonication (US), and enzymatic (EZ) techniques. Using response surface methodology, optimum extraction temperatures and times were determined by central composite design configuration based on extraction yield and sialic acid content. Various quality parameters of VA extract including yield, soluble solid, protein, and sialic acid contents were also compared with the conjunction of HWE and pretreatment. The yield and sialic acid content of VA extract were determined to be 40% and 0.73 mg/g, respectively, under an optimum temperature of 100°C at 24 h of extraction time. The yields from VA extracts pretreated with MW, US, and EZ were 17.42%, 19.73%, and 29.15%, respectively. Among the tested commercial enzymes, pepsin was the most effective proteolytic enzyme and led to the highest yield (47.65%), soluble solids (4.03 °brix), protein (1.12 mg/ml), and sialic acid (3.04 mg/ml) contents from VA extract.

Effect of cinnamon bark and twig extracts on the chemical, physicochemical and antioxidant properties of fermented milk

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of cinnamon bark (CB) and twig (CT) extracts on the chemical (total phenolics (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), sugars content), physicochemical (pH, total acidity, shear viscosity) and antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP) properties of fermented milk (FM). Besides, the effect of in vitro digestion on the antioxidant activity of FM was also evaluated. Initially, the optimum extraction time of CB and CT were determined, followed by chemicals profiling by using UPLC-MS/MS. The encapsulated CB(ECB) and CT(ECT) were then prepared using maltodextrin. FMs (control, CB-/ECB-FM and CT-/ECT-FM) were prepared through fermentation using commercial starter cultures, and its physicochemical properties were ascertained. Lastly, the changes of chemical and antioxidant properties of FMs before and after digestion were determined. Results indicated that CB (from 1 h extraction) contained broader range of chemicals and exhibited higher antioxidant activity than CT (from 2h extraction). The chemical, physicochemical and antioxidant properties of FM were found significantly (p < 0.05) affected with the addition of CB and CT (both free and encapsulated form). Encapsulation successfully protected TFC from lost upon gastric digestion of ECB-FM, but not for ECT-FM. Nonetheless, antioxidant activity of all samples was dropped dramatically after intestinal digestion. Among the samples, only CB-FM exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (28.57 ± 0.18% inhibition) upon digestion. This study provides an insight that post-digestive bioactivity should be used as the index to evaluate the bioactivity status of functional foods, instead of bioactivity level of the product itself.

Application of Box-Behnken Design and Desirability Function for Green Prospection of Bioactive Compounds from Isochrysis galbana

A microalga, Isochrysis galbana, was chosen in this study for its potent natural antioxidant composition. A broad bioactive compounds spectrum such as carotenoids, fatty acid polyunsaturated (PUFA), and antioxidant activity are described with numerous functional properties. However, most of the optimization of extraction use toxic solvents or consume a lot of it becoming an environmental concern. In this research, a Box-Behnken design with desirability function was used to prospect the bioactive composition by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) after performing the kinetics curve to obtain the optimal extraction time minimizing operational costs in the process. The parameters studied were: pressure (20–40 MPa), temperature (40–60 °C), and co-solvent (0–8% ethanol) with a CO2 flow rate of 7.2 g/min for 120 min. The response variables evaluated in I. galbana were extraction yield, carotenoids content and recovery, total phenols, antioxidant activity (TEAC method, trolox equivalents antioxidant capacity method), and fatty acid profile and content. In general, improvement in all variables was observed using an increase in ethanol concentration used as a co-solvent (8% v/v ethanol) high pressure (40 MPa), and moderately high temperature (50 °C). The fatty acids profile was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) primarily linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3). Therefore, I. galbana extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction showed relevant functional ingredients for use in food and nutraceutical industries.

Optimization of Bioactive Compound Extraction from Rose Myrtle Fruit (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, (W.Ait), Myrtaceae) as the Antioxidant Source.

Rose myrtle fruit (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, (W.Ait), Myrtaceae) is one of fruits widely found in Kalimantan. This fruit contains a bioactive compound that has a potential to be used as medicine. The aim of this study was to obtain optimal temperature and time of extraction in maintaining and protecting the bioactive compound in rose myrtle fruit extract by using water as solvent. This research applied the response surface method with central composite design for two factors, namely, X1 (temperature/°C) consisting of three levels: 70, 80, and 90°C and X2 (time/minute) which consisted of three levels of 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Research parameters included total phenol and antioxidant activity. Moreover, GC-MS was used for the characterization of the chemical compound component contained in rose myrtle fruit extract. Optimization of extraction condition resulted in an optimum temperature for extraction of 80.43°C and optimum time for extraction of 85 minutes with an optimum yield of total phenol of 73.77 mg/100 g fresh fruit and antioxidant activity of 1.0385 µg/ml with desirability of 0.892 or 89.2%.