Optimum Extraction Time Research Articles

Steviol glycosides and polyphenols extraction from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves using maceration, microwave-, and ultrasound-assisted techniques

ABSTRACT Optimization of steviol glycosides and polyphenols extraction from stevia leaves for maceration, microwave-assisted (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted (UAE) techniques were performed by investigating the effects of process variables using response surface methodology. Optimum extraction conditions for maceration were 50% EtOH concentration, 118 mL/g solvent ratio, 54°C temperature, and 112 min extraction time. Optimum operation temperatures and extraction times for MAE and UAE were estimated as 51°C & 16 min and 50°C & 43 min, respectively. MAE and UAE significantly reduced processing time as compared to maceration. A total of 65 compounds were identified by LC/Q-TOF/MS analysis.

Development of a solid-phase microextraction method for fast analysis of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in water

Cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) are widely used in consumer products and commonly detected in the environment. There are challenges in the analysis of cVMS because of their ubiquitous use which can introduce high background contamination. The current study introduces a sample preparation method based on headspace of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for monitoring the cVMS in waters. Efforts were made to reduce the background contamination during sample preparation and instrument analysis. A laboratory prepared MIL-101 coating was prepared using polysulfone instead of polydimethylsiloxane as adhesive to avoid the contamination. The extraction performance of the MIL-101 fiber was optimized and evaluated. The optimized extraction time and temperature were 60 min and 40 °C, respectively. The method quantification limits of the MIL-101 fiber for octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and dodecylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) in water were 0.15 ng mL−1, 0.14 ng mL−1, and 0.27 ng mL−1, respectively. The extraction efficiency of the proposed MIL-101 fiber was comparable to the commercial polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene fiber. The developed method was applied to analyze the cVMS in wastewater treatment plant and the concentrations in the barscreen and in the aeration tank ranged from 0.73 to 3.3 ng mL−1 and 7.74–85.1 ng mL−1, respectively. The MIL-101 fiber was also applied to study the photodegradation of the cVMS in water under simulated sunlight. Approximately 25%, 20%, and 45% of D4, D5, and D6, respectively, were degraded after 10 h exposure.

A needle trap device packed with MIL-100(Fe) metal organic frameworks for efficient headspace sampling and analysis of urinary BTEXs.

The aim of this study was to develop a new method for the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers (BTEXs) in urine samples. In this method, MIL-100(Fe)@Fe3 O4 @SiO2 metal-organic framework was synthesized, characterized and packed inside a needle trap device (NTD) as a sorbent for headspace extraction of unmetabolized BTEXs from urine samples followed by gas chromatography (GC) analysis. The GC device was equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID). The results showed that the optimal extraction time, extraction temperature and salt content were 60 min, 30°C and 5%, respectively. Also, the optimal desorption time and temperature were determined to be 1 min and 250°C, respectively. The limits of detection and quantification of the analytes of interest were in the ranges 0.0001-0.0005 and 0.0003-0.0014 μg ml-1 , respectively. The intra- and inter-day repeatability were <7.6%. The accuracy of the measurements in urine samples was in the range 7.1-11.4%. The results also demonstrated that the proposed NTD offered various advantages such as having high sensitivity and being inexpensive, reusable, user friendly, environmentally friendly and compatible for use with the GC device. Therefore, it can be efficiently used as a MIL-NTD for the extraction and analysis of unmetabolized BTEXs from urine samples.

Effects of Time on Phenolics and in vitro Bioactivity in Autoclave Extraction of Graviola (Annona muricata) Leaf

We investigated the effects of different autoclave extraction times (1-6 h) on the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities of phenolic compounds isolated from graviola (Annona muricata) leaves. In terms of yield and content of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, rutin, and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, the optimal extraction time was 4 h. At this time point, water extracts from graviola leaves (WEG) exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of WEG was significantly stronger than that of acarbose. Furthermore, WEG significantly suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells and inhibited UVB-induced activator protein-1 (AP-1)-dependent transcription in human keratinocytes. In conclusion, WEG can be used as functional food ingredients in the food industry.

Production of high tannin content and antioxidant activity extract from an unripe peel of Musa acuminata (Cavendish) using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)

Musa acuminata (Cavendish) unripe peel is a waste product of limited value that is generated in large quantities. Therefore, the conversion of this by-product into a more useful product is necessary. This study aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) parameters, including extraction temperature, extraction time, preincubation time, and solid to solvent concentration from an unripe banana peel using response surface methodology (RSM). The UAE parameters affected the recovery of yield, total tannin content, and flavonoid content with antioxidant activities. The optimum extraction temperature was 60 °C with an optimum extraction time of 30.0 min. Additional optimum conditions included 25.0 min for the preincubation time and 5.03% solid to solvent concentration. The optimum yield processing parameter of crude extract of unripe peel was 14.9% and the total tannin content was 119.2 mg TAE per g of the sample. Furthermore, the content of flavonoid was 29.0 mg RE per g of the sample and the DPPH and ABTS scavenging activity was 80.8% and 84.7%, respectively. The results from this study can be used for further isolation and purification of tannin from unripe banana peel. Further explorations could lead to the possible application of bio-based polymer in packaging materials.

Dual-fiber solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the analysis of volatile compounds in traditional Chinese dry-cured ham

For the purpose of obtaining a more comprehensive flavor profile, volatile compounds in traditional Chinese dry-cured hams were studied by dual-fiber solid-phase microextraction (SPME) using two fibers simultaneously. By using the selected pair of fibers and under the optimal extraction time, there were total seventy-two volatile compounds identified, which was higher than the mono-fiber SPME method using a single fiber. Out of the seventy-two compounds, twenty-six compounds were not detected by using mono-fiber SPME and five among them are classified as the major aromatic compounds in the literatures. Due to the higher coverage and less tendency for the occurrence of competition among the volatiles, the total amount of volatiles extracted by dual-fiber SPME (510.02 ng/kg) was higher than mono-fiber SPME. Three grades of dry-cured hams were successfully distinguished based on dual-fiber SPME. The volatile compounds belonged to nine chemical families and differed in different grades of dry-cured hams. These results show that dual-fiber SPME is capable of analyzing flavor profiles more comprehensively and distinguishing traditional Chinese dry-cured hams.

EXPLORATION OF THE IMPACT OF THE EXTRACTION PARAMETERS ON BIOLOGICAL ACTIVE SUBSTANCES IN THE EXTRACTS FROM DRIED FRUIT BLACK BLUEBERRY (VACCINIUM MYRTILLUS L.)

The optimal parameters of the extraction process for the extraction of biologically active substances from the dried fruits of black blueberry have been established and experimentally confirmed. The phenolic complex of the extracts obtained at different parameters of the extraction process was investigated - selection of the extractant; extraction temperature; extraction time and hydromodule. Studied are the extracts obtained at the optimals extraction parameters for total phenols 7,34 g gallic acid / 100 g dry substance, phenolcarboxylic acids 0,61%, flavonoid phenolic compounds 194 mg%, sum anthocyanins 115 mg% and tannins 8,76 g catechin / 100g dry substance. On the basis of the experimental data, the technological regimes of the extraction process were selected. The use of 70% C2H5OH as an extractant is technologically warranted to produce extracts of dried fruits black blueberry with maximum content of phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins and tannins. Technologically justified extraction temperature is 65-80оС. By increasing the extraction temperature to 80°C, the quantity of anthocyanins in the extracts increases, which positively affects the organoleptic evaluation of the final products. The optimum extraction time is 3-4 hours. During this extraction period, a maximum content of the phenolic complex is obtained. The results obtained suggest that the most advantageous hydromodul for extraction is 1:30

Characterization of munguba oil obtained by ultrasound

ABSTRACT: This study analyzed the use of the ultrasound-assisted method as an alternative to obtain munguba oil. The extraction provided a 47.70 % yield of an oil with appropriate quality, evaluated by assessing the %FFA as oleic acid, iodine, peroxide, and saponification values, in addition to the refractive index and density. The oil presented thermal stability up to 300 °C, was constituted mainly by palmitic acid (C16:0), and presented a total phenolic content of 55.02 ± 1.872 µgEAG g-1. Results suggest that the ultrasound-assisted method has the potential to obtain vegetable oils without compromising their characteristics and quality, as well as optimize extraction time, solvent volume, and operational costs. Moreover, munguba oil presents itself as a suitable and sustainable alternative as an adjuvant in food products, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and biofuels.

OPTIMIZATION OF EXTRACTION CONDITIONS OF VOLATILE COMPOUNDS OF ROASTED BEEF BY SOLID-PHASE MICROEXTRACTION

Aroma is one of the most important sensory attributes for acceptance by beef consumers. The first step in analysing the volatile compounds associated with this attribute is their extraction from the food matrix, solid-phase microextraction has been widely used for volatile compound determination in meat. This study aimed to test six different solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibre coating materials for their volatile compounds extraction efficiency for roasted beef and to optimize the extraction conditions using response surface methodology. Gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used. The choice of SPME fibre coating was based in the total area obtained by GC-FID analysis for the six fibre coatings. The optimum time and temperature for SPME extraction was 60 °C/65 minutes. The mixed-phase fibre coatings showed the best results for extracting volatile compounds in roasted beef as higher number of compounds were identified. The carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) fibre extracted the largest number of compounds under the optimum extraction condition. Aldehydes were the predominant class of compounds found in roasted beef, followed by alcohols and hydrocarbons.

PENGARUH WAKTU EKSTRAKSI TERHADAP TOTAL FENOLAT DAN NILAI IC50 DARI EKSTRAKSI KULIT BUAH NAGA MERAH (Hylocereus polyrhizus)

The skin of the red dragon fruit is a waste that is still very rarely used. While the percentage of red dragon fruit skin is 30% to 35% of the weight of the fruit. Dragon fruit peels still contain quite high antioxidant compounds, antioxidant compounds can fight oxidation in the body. Utilization is done on the skin of dragon fruit, one of which is to extract it so that it can be used as a basis for a variety of functional foods that will benefit health. The study aims to determine the effect of extraction time on total phenolics and antioxidant activity (IC50 values) on red dragon fruit peel extracts and also obtain the optimum extraction time to get the highest or best total phenol and IC50 values. Extraction time used consists of 3 levels, namely 24 hours (1 day), 48 hours (2 days) and 72 hours (3 days). The data obtained were analyzed using the Completely Randomized Design which was applied to the observation of total phenolics and IC50 values, if the treatment had a very significant or real effect followed by continued BNJ testing at 1% or 5% level. The results showed that the extraction time had a very significant effect on the total phenolics and IC50 values ​​of dragon fruit peel extract and the extraction time of 3 hours gave the highest or best total phenolics and IC50 values ​​of 78.78 ppm and 115.90 ppm.

Low-Cost Quantitation of Multiple Volatile Organic Compounds in Air Using Solid-Phase Microextraction

Current standard approaches for quantitation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in outdoor air are labor-intensive and/or require additional equipment. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a simpler alternative; however, its application is often limited by complex calibration, the need for highly pure gases and the lack of automation. Earlier, we proposed the simple, automated and accurate method for quantitation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) in air using 20 mL headspace vials and standard addition calibration. The aim of present study was to expand this method for quantitation of &gt;20 VOCs in air. Twenty-five VOCs were chosen for the method development. Polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fiber provided better combination of detection limits and relative standard deviations of calibration slopes than other studied fibers. Optimal extraction time was 10 min. For quantification of all analytes except n-undecane, crimp top vials with samples should not stand on the autosampler tray for &gt;8 h, while 22 most stable analytes can be quantified during 24 h. The developed method was successfully tested for automated quantification of VOCs in outdoor air samples collected in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the responses of 23 VOCs were below 15.6%. Toluene-to-benzene concentration ratios were below 1.0 in colder days, indicating that most BTEX originated from non-transport-related sources.

Preparation of Ganglioside GM1 by Supercritical CO2 Extraction and Immobilized Sialidase.

Monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) has good activity on brain diseases and was developed to be a drug applied in clinics for neurological disorders and nerve injury. It is difficult to isolate GM1 in industry scale from the brains directly. In this work, a simple and highly efficient method with high yield was developed for the isolation, conversion, and purification of GM1 from a pig brain. Gangliosides (GLS) were first extracted by supercritical CO2 (SCE). The optimum extraction time of GLS by SCE was 4 h, and the ratio of entrainer to acetone powder from the pig brain was 3:1 (v/w). GM1 was then prepared from GLS by immobilized sialidase and purified by reverse-phase silica gel. Sodium alginate embedding was used for the immobilization of sialidase. Under the optimized method, the yield of high-purity GM1 was around 0.056%. This method has the potential to be applied in the production of GM1 in the industry.

Synthesis of Poly(Ethyl Eugenyl oxyacetate) as Carrier For Separation of Heavy Metal Ions Fe(III), Cr(III), Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II), and Pb(II) Using Liquid-Liquid Extraction Method

Synthesis of poly(ethyl eugenyl oxyacetate), PEEOA, has been conducted. The compound was applied to separate Fe(III), Cr(III), Cu(II), Co(II), and Pb(II) using a liquid-liquid extraction method. The effect of pH, polyeugenyl ethyl oxyacetic ion carrier concentration, extraction time, and metal concentration was optimized to obtain optimum condition. The result showed that the synthesized polyeugenyl ethyl oxyacetic has a yellow color with a melting point 127-1300 °C and yield efficiency of 87%. The formation of polyeugenyl ethyl oxyacetid confirmed with IR spectroscopy and 1H-NMR spectra. The appearance of the absorption band at 1759 cm−1 as stretching vibration of carbonyl (C=O) esther and 1280 and 1373 cm−1 as stretching vibration of carbonyl (C-O-C), chemical shift at 4,74 ppm for proton methylene (CH2-C=0) and chemical shift at 1,27 ppm for proton methyl (O-CH2-CH3). The optimum condition for ion separation has occurred at pH 3-6 for ion Fe(III), pH 5 for ion Cr(III), Ni(II), Co(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II). The carrier volume was optimum at 5 mL (1 × 10−3 M) for Fe (III), 10 mL for Cr(III), Ni(II), and Co(II), and 15 mL for Cu(II), and Pb(II). The optimum extraction time was 2,5 and 20 hours for ion Fe(III) and Cr(III), respectively, and 36 hours for ion Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Pb(II). The concentration range of metals ion accurately extracted was 0.75 - 5 x 10−4 M for ion Fe(III); 0.75- 2.50 x 10−4 M for Cr(III), Ni(II), and Co(II) and 0.75-1 x 10−4 M for Cu(II) and Pb(II). Compared to other metal ions the respond polyeugenyl oxyacetic acid was best Fe(III) with selectivity order Fe(III) > Cr(III) > Cu(II) > Pb(II) > Ni(II) > Co(II).

Silk peptide production from whole silkworm cocoon using ultrasound and enzymatic treatment and its suppression of solar ultraviolet-induced skin inflammation.

Silk fibroin, which is derived from sericin through degumming, is mainly used as a biomaterial. However, interest in functional verification and industrial applications of sericin has been growing for several years. We used ultrasonication to simplify the extraction process of the silk peptide under low salt conditions at 20 °C, instead of using the conventional conditions of high salt and temperature. The concentration of the silk peptide was measured to determine the optimized extraction time and solvent, which were 4 h and 0.1 N NaOH, respectively. The molecular weight of the enzyme-treated silk peptide was measured using SDS-PAGE and GPC. Silk peptide treated with papain after ultrasound had a molecular weight of less than 5 kDa, and the papain treated-silk peptide reduced solar ultraviolet-induced COX-2 expression through inhibition of ERK phosphorylation. This is the first study investigating simultaneous extraction of fibroin and sericin, which can be used for mass production of food materials.

Optimizing extraction conditions for functional compounds from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) using response surface methodology.

Extraction process was optimized for maximizing the contents of functional compounds from ginger using response surface methodology which applied Box-Behnken design. Ginger extracts were obtained at 3 levels of ethanol concentration (0-70%) of solvent, extraction time (30-90min), and extraction temperature (50-70°C) as independent variables. The 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol of the extracts were analyzed through HPLC. The significance of each term in polynomial regression equations was evaluated on functional compound contents and extraction yield in extraction process. It was verified that the regression equations were accurate with high determination coefficients over 0.892. The optimum ethanol concentration, extraction time, and extraction temperature for extraction yield were determined as 41.38%, 78.16min, and 70°C, respectively. The functional compound contents predicted at optimal conditions were as follows: 39.55mg/g at 70%, 70min, and 70°C for 6-gingerol, 2.44mg/g at 70%, 51.90min, and 62.29°C for 6-shogaol.

EKSTRAKSI DAN KARAKTERISASI KARAGENAN KASAR RUMPUT LAUT Eucheuma cottoni

Research on extraction and characterization of crude carrageenan from seaweed (eucheuma cottoni) has been carried out. The research aims to determine the optimum extraction time and temperature of crude carrageenan extract from seaweed (eucheuma cottoni). Crude Carrageenan was extracted from seaweed (eucheuma cottoni) by dissolving crushed seaweed in 8% KOH with variation of extraction times are 1 hour, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 2.5 hours and 3 hours, and temperatures are 50, 70, 90, 110 and 130oC. The results were analyzed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The results show that the optimum extraction time in producing the best quality of crude carrageenan is 2 hours at 50oC with percentage is 78.4%, viscosity is 9.155 cP, sulphate content is 3.102% and gel strength is 7 g.&#x0D; Keywords : eucheuma cottoni seaweed, crude carrageenan, characterization

A green approach for the extraction of diamondoids from petroleum source rock

Extraction of adamantanes and diamantanes from petroleum source rock using nonionic surfactant was investigated and the optimum conditions for yields of the diamondoids were determined. The conventionally used accelerated solvent extraction method was compared to an innovative microwave-assisted nonionic surfactant extraction (MANSE). A three-level full factorial design of experiment (DoE) was adopted for the optimization of MANSE, involving solvent concentration, extraction temperature as well as extraction time. In-tube extraction (ITEX-2) using TENAX TA as sorbent in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the diamondoids in the extract. The results revealed that solvent concentration, extraction temperature and time have significant effects on extraction yields of the diamondoids. 0.04 M was the optimum surfactant concentration for extraction of both, adamantane and diamantane. The highest yields of the diamondoids were obtained at extraction temperature of 80 °C. The optimum extraction time for both adamantane and diamantane was 10 min. In comparison with the accelerated solvent extraction method, the results showed that MANSE is more efficient. This study has revealed that MANSE is a robust and efficient environmentally benign sample preparation method for geochemical evaluation of petroleum source rock.

Physico-chemical study of steroids from different matureness corn silk material

This study shows an ultrasonic assisted extraction procedure of steroids from corn silk (CS). The total steroids contents were positively correlated with the ultrasonic assisted extraction time. The extracted steroids contents varied according to the different maturity stages of CS. There were three tested CS maturity stages: silking stage (CS-S), milky stage (CS-M) and mature stage (CS-MS). The β - sitosterol standardization method with 530 nm wavelength colorimetric measurements were applied to determine the content of extracted steroids. Measured steroids concentrations range were from 38.3 × 10-3 mg.mL-1 to 368.9 × 10-3 mg.mL-1 in different extraction time and CS maturity stages. The highest concentration of steroids, 368.9 × 10-3 mg.mL-1 was found in CS-MS sample with the 75 minutes ultrasonic extraction time. The fluorescence mapping techniques were used to confirm the existence of steroids. The thermal analysis illustrated a typical multistep decomposition process for the CS-S, CS-M and CS-MS samples. Two endothermic peaks were found: The first one was 54.3 °C for CS-S and CS-MS, 60.2 °C for CS-M, the second one, 397 °C (CS-MS), 415.1 °C (CS-M) and 419.7 °C (CS-S) attributed to the total thermal decomposition. The observed exotheric process found at 524 °C corresponded to CS-MS sample decomposition. The optimal ultrasonic-assisted extraction time for all samples under study CS-S, CS-M and CS-MS was about 75 minutes and the optimal steroids extraction contents obtained were 92.8 × 10-3 mg.mL-1 (CS-S), 124.2 × 10-3 mg.mL-1 (CS-M) and 368.9 × 10-3 mg.mL-1 (CS-MS) respectively.

Prelusive scale extraction of mangiferin from Mangifera indica leaves: Assessing solvent competency, process optimization, kinetic study and diffusion modelling

An analysis of extraction method using different solvents for efficient obtention of bioactive compounds from plant sources is very important because there is a large demand for these compounds in the food, pharmaceutical and other allied industries. Mangiferin, a phenolic compound, present in large proportion in mango leaves and is endow to have exceptional antioxidant property apart from demonstrating remarkable prospective demand in nutraceutical, cosmetic and food industries. In the present investigation, the extraction by solvent modus operandi was followed to extract the mangiferin compound from mango leaves. The effect of solvent type, age of leaf, time of extraction (1–6 h) and extraction temperature (40–70 °C) on the recovery of mangiferin were investigated. It was inferred that the yield of mangiferin from young leaves and old leaves were 22.28% and 10.74% respectively at the optimum condition. The extraction efficiency of four solvents ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate and hexane were evaluated. The extraction method using ethanol as solvent was considered to be productive because significant quantity of desired compound was obtained. This can be attributed to the polar characteristic of the extracting agent. The optimized extraction time, temperature and sample mass to solvent volume ratio for maximum mangiferin extraction were found to be 6 h, 70 °C and 1:15 respectively. The rate of extraction was analyzed using first and second order kinetic model and the parameters were evaluated using linear regression technique. The extraction process rate constant and temperature were linearly related with an activation energy factor 20.25 kJ/mol. Thermodynamic factors which include activation enthalpy (ΔH*) and activation Gibb’s free energy (ΔG*) were evaluated and it was concluded that the process is endothermic and non-spontaneous in identity. The intra particle diffusion coefficient was estimated using Wilke Chang model. The result concluded that the diffusion coefficient of active component is directly proportional to temperature. The applicability of Peleg model and logarithmic model to narrate the kinetics of the solid-liquid extraction process were tested. Based on the significance of the statistical parameters, it can be ascertained that Peleg model has a fine agreement with the experimental values. The regression coefficient was found to be high in Peleg model (R2 = 0.9923) with least Root Mean Squared Deviation RMSD value of 0.0135 confirms the applicability of this model.

Sol–gel based metal-organic framework zeolite imidazolate framework-8 fibers for solid-phase microextraction of nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples

In this study, three kinds of Zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), synthesized by solvothermal, stirring and ball-milling method, were fabricated on the stainless steel wire via sol-gel technique. These fibers were used as solid phase microextraction (SPME) coating materials and applied for analyzing 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 11 nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in environmental water samples by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The optimal pH, ionic strength, extraction time, extraction temperature, desorption temperature and desorption time were 6.0, without salt addition, 45 min, 35 °C, 260 °C and 5 min, respectively. The extraction mechanism of the ZIF-8 fiber might be the hydrophobicity, molecular penetration and π-π stacking interactions. Under the optimized conditions, the as-proposed fiber provides a wide linearity range from 10 to 20,000 ng L−1 and a low detection limit of 0.3–27.0 ng L−1 for PAHs and NPAHs analysis. The single fiber and fiber to fiber relative standard deviations were observed in the range of 3.0%–13.9% and 3.5%–12.3%, respectively. The method shows great potential in environmental analysis field.