Optical Fiber Research Articles

Macrophage membrane-camouflaged pure-drug nanomedicine for synergistic chemo- and interstitial photodynamic therapy against glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma (GBM) persists as a highly fatal malignancy, with current clinical treatments showing minimal progress over years. Interstitial photodynamic therapy (iPDT) holds promise due to its minimally invasive nature and low toxicity but is impeded by poor photosensitizer penetration and inadequate GBM targeting. Here, we developed a biomimetic pure-drug nanomedicine (MM@CT), which co-assembles the photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) and the first-line chemotherapeutic drug (temozolomide, TMZ) for GBM, then camouflaged with macrophage membranes. This design eliminates the need for traditional excipients, ensuring formulation safety and achieving exceptionally high drug loading with 73.2 %. By leveraging the biomimetic properties of macrophage membranes, MM@CT evades clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system and can overcome blood circulatory barriers to target intracranial GBM tumors due to its inherent tumor-homing ability. Consequently, this targeted strategy enables precise delivery of TMZ to the tumor site while significantly enhancing Ce6 accumulation within the tumor tissue. Upon intra-tumoral irradiation using an optical fiber, activated Ce6 synergizes with TMZ to exert both cytotoxic effects from chemotherapy and unique advantages from iPDT simultaneously attacking GBM tumors in a dual manner. In subcutaneous and intracranial GBM mouse models, MM@CT exhibits remarkable anti-tumor efficacy with minimal systemic toxicity, emerging as a promising GBM treatment strategy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Glioblastoma (GBM) remains a formidable brain cancer, posing significant therapeutic challenges due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and tumor heterogeneity. To overcome these obstacles, we have developed MM@CT, a biomimetic nanomedicine with exceptional drug loading efficiency of 73.2 %. MM@CT incorporates the photosensitizer Ce6 and chemotherapy agent TMZ, encapsulated within nanoparticles and camouflaged with macrophage membranes. This innovative design enables efficient BBB penetration, precise tumor targeting, and synergistic application of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy. Encouragingly, preclinical evaluations have demonstrated substantial antitumor activity with minimal systemic toxicity, positioning MM@CT as a promising therapeutic strategy for GBM.

Multi-port Remote JTAG over Optical Fibers under Radiation Environment

Multi-port Remote JTAG over Optical Fibers under Radiation Environment

Statistical and numerical analysis of MHD nanofluid (TiO2/EG) flow on a nonlinear curved stretching surface with heat source: A RSM approach

AbstractMany applications in science and engineering use the idea of MHD nanofluid flow past a nonlinear curved stretching surface. Particularly in the development and production of coatings for solar cells, fiber sheets, wires, and optical fibers. From the perspective of such applications, the major objective of existing research is to study the titanium oxide/ethylene glycol (TiO2/EG) nanofluid flow past a nonlinear curved elongating surface in the occurrence of a magnetic field and heat source. In this study, nonlinear coupled partial differential equations with no‐slip and convective boundary constraints have been used to construct the mathematical model that describes the fluid flow. After utilizing the similarity variables, the nondimensional form of equations is approximated by the Runge–Kutta method combined with the Newton iteration scheme. Further, the novelty of the study lies in employing response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize the significance of important factors, which are most likely the Biot number, volume fraction, and the magnetic parameter that impact heat transfer characteristics. This approach facilitates the development of ideal operating conditions for improved performance. In summary, this examination finds that as the volume fraction concentration increases, the shear rate progressively increases, and with a higher Biot number, the heat transfer rate also increases.

Interlayer air-hole photonic crystal fiber with flat dispersion and three zero dispersion wavelengths for supercontinuum generation

This paper proposes an Interlayer Air-hole Photonic Crystal Fiber (IA-PCF) consisting of five air-hole layers with a single material, which means compatibility checking between the core and cladding material need not be required. The optical fiber is designed using COMSOL software. Further more, the dispersion, nonlinearity, effective mode area, and confinement loss characteristics of the proposed IA-PCF structure are numerically analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). The results indicate that the proposed IA-PCF has three zero dispersion wavelengths (ZDW) within 800–2400 nm. Through continuous structural optimization, a flat dispersion optimal IA-PCF with a dispersion fluctuation of ± 2.05 (ps/nm·km) in the range of 1509 nm-1955 nm is obtained. The three zero dispersion wavelengths (ZDW) of the optimal IA-PCF are 1061 nm, 1598 nm, and 1904 nm, respectively. Four input 50 fs pulses both in the normal and anomalous dispersion regimes are explored to analyze the spectral evolution process of SC in a 30 cm lenth IA-PCF. The results indicate that the continuous SC exists in the range of 750 nm-2430 nm at the pump wavelength of 1064 nm with power range of −40 dB. While the continuous broadband SC exists in the range of 1235 nm-3470 nm at the pump wavelength of 1550 nm with power range of −43 dB. In addition, a broadband, flat SC spectrum with a power range of −26.8 dB to −18.6 dB is obtained in the wavelength range of 1331 nm-2315 nm at a pump wavelength of 1080 nm. The IA-PCF provides a new structure and approach for generating a broadband, flat and SC spectrum. The supercontinuum belongs to a wide range of applications in optical communication, optical coherence tomography, optical frequency comb etc.

Rare earth element erbium induces immune toxicity through the ROS/NF-κB pathway in zebrafish.

The large-scale mining and utilization of rare earth elements have significantly increased their concentration in the environment, especially in regions surrounding mining areas. These environmentally-enriched rare earth elements accumulate in agricultural products and organisms through soil and water, potentially impacting in human health through the food chain. Erbium (Er), a rare earth element of the lanthanide series (Group IIIB), plays a crucial role in various modern technological applications. It is primarily utilized in ceramics, glass coloring, optical fibers, laser technology, and the nuclear industry, among others. However, a paucity of information on the health effects and ecotoxicity of erbium is currently available. In this study, we used the zebrafish as experimental animal to investigate the potential impact of the rare earth element erbium on the immune system. We exposed fertilized zebrafish embryos to different concentrations of erbium (0, 4, 8 and 16mg/L) from 6hours post-fertilization (hpf) until 72 hpf. We found that with increasing concentrations of erbium exposure, there was an increasing and dispersing trend in the number of zebrafish neutrophils; a decreasing trend in the number of macrophages. Exposure to erbium was demonstrated to impair the phagocytic capability of macrophages, reduce the recruitment of neutrophils to the wound site, and lower the resistance of zebrafish to Escherichia coli infection. Erbium exposure led to macrophage apoptosis and upregulation of oxidative stress in the zebrafish. The individual application of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine, the IKBKB inhibitor resveratrol and the NF-κB inhibitor andrographolide were demonstrated to alleviate erbium-induced immune toxicity, as confirmed by assays including acridine orange staining, neutrophils enumeration and recruitment, and real-time quantitative PCR. Therefore, the rare earth element erbium induced immune toxicity in zebrafish through the ROS/NF-κB pathway. The findings of this study provide information for assessing the impact of rare earth elements on human health and ecosystems.

Design, simulation, and manufacturing of analyzer optical cell for detection and measurement of injectable odorant at pressure reduction stations.

The absence of a mercaptan compounds analyzer in natural gas pressure reduction stations (PRS) odorizer leads to inaccuracies in the injection dosage, often resulting in quantities beyond standard limits and consequently increasing odorant consumption. Insufficient odorant levels in natural gas can pose safety risks to consumers, as the gas may become odorless at the end of the pipeline. Therefore, accurate determination of the concentration of key odorant compounds in natural gas can reduce both costs and environmental risks. In this study, a hybrid UV-IR analyzer for detecting key odorant compounds was designed and developed. Initially, regional conditions were examined, and various natural gas and odorant samples were analyzed to identify compound percentages, which were then used to prepare calibration gas cylinders. Based on the results of simulated conditions, the analyzer's structure was designed, and technical specifications of components were determined. The analyzer consists of mechanical and optoelectronic units, connected via fiber optics. Subsequently, an optical cell was designed and manufactured, and the performance of the analyzer's components was evaluated in laboratory testing systems. This device can measure two key compounds, tert-butyl mercaptan and isopropyl mercaptan, separately, simultaneously, or in mixtures, making it comparable to an online gas chromatograph (GC). Installing this analyzer in PRSs enables precise adjustment of odorant injection dosages based on the analyzer's real-time results.

Progress in mid-infrared optoelectronics for high-speed free-space data throughput

Free-space laser communications offer a promising alternative for broadband data transmission in places where fiber optics are impractical. This technology, particularly effective at the 1.55 μm wavelength in the near infrared, also has potential applications in the medium-wave infrared (MWIR, 3–5 μm) and long-wave infrared (LWIR, 8–14 μm) ranges. MWIR and LWIR are superior for transmission through fog, clouds, and dust, with LWIR offering stealth advantages thanks to natural thermal radiation. In addition, mid-infrared wavelengths benefit from reduced atmospheric scattering and signal distortion, making them much more reliable for free-space optical communications. Quantum cascade devices such as lasers, modulators, and detectors operating in the MWIR and LWIR ranges are seen as high-potential candidates for data transmission under poor weather conditions or in degraded environments. This Perspective reviews advances in mid-infrared optoelectronics and their applications in high-speed data transmission and integrated photonic technologies, offering insights for researchers and engineers working in this field.

Comparative analysis of methods in detecting glaucomatous progression

Aims/Purpose: Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy that, if left untreated, leads to irreversible blindness, making reliable methods for detecting progression essential. Functional damage is assessed by the reduction of the visual field (VF), and structural damage is evaluated by the thinning of retinal parameters. Since 50% of ganglion cells are located in the macular area, their study could be a good indicator of progression. The objective of this work is to evaluate the utility of ganglion cell layer (GCL) analysis using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in diagnosing glaucoma progression.Methods: This is a retrospective cross‐sectional study including 205 eyes with glaucoma followed for at least three years. The progression analysis values obtained from OCT of the GCL and the optic nerve fiber layer (NFL) are compared, taking the VF as a reference and stratifying by severity into mild and moderate‐advanced glaucoma.Results: In mild glaucoma, VF has limitations because functional damage does not occur until there is a 20‐40% loss of ganglion cells. Structural tests classify more cases as progression, and the concordance between them is higher than with VF. OCT of the GCL is the test that classifies progression the most. In moderate‐advanced glaucoma, VF classifies more cases than in mild glaucoma. However, VF is a variable test, influenced by the learning effect, and when damage is very advanced, results can be erroneous because the retina loses sensitivity. OCT of the NFL classifies fewer cases than in mild glaucoma because debris creates a floor effect that artifacts the measurement. OCT of the GCL is the test that classifies progression the most. The concordance is greater between OCT of the GCL and VF.Conclusions: In conclusion, OCT of the GCL may be a better indicator of progression than NFL in both mild and moderate‐advanced glaucoma. It could be a useful strategy in clinical practice for diagnosing glaucomatous progression.References Munuera I, Gándara‐Rodriguez de Campoamor E, Moreno‐Montañes J. Study of the ganglion cell complex of the macula by optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of glaucoma progression. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol (Engl Ed). 2024 Apr;99(4):145‐151.

Effect of Ripasudil on the Change Rates of the Circumpapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Patients With Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.

Purpose: The effect of the Rho-kinase inhibitor ripasudil on the retinal optic nerve fiber layer (RNFL) remains unclear. We aimed to determine this effect in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements and linear mixed analysis. Methods: This study prospectively included outpatients from a single center with POAG without a history of vitreoretinal or glaucoma surgery from December 2014 to June 2020, in whom the circumpapillary RNFL thickness (cpRNFLT) was measured more than three times before and after ripasudil initiation, without additional medication or surgery during the period. Measurements were performed using OCT in the follow-up mode. The cpRNFLT change rates were compared before and after treatment using linear mixed models with adjustments for intraocular pressure (IOP) changes. Results: Thirty eyes of 20 patients (12 males and eight females) were included. Upon ripasudil prescription, the average cpRNFLT was 60.2 ± 2.1 μm. The average IOP was 15.1 ± 0.5 and 13.5 ± 0.5 mmHg, respectively, before and after treatment initiation, with a difference of -1.6 ± 0.3 mmHg. Analysis of 343 cpRNFLT measurements using linear mixed models revealed that the cpRNFLT change rate was -0.91 ± 0.15 and -0.40 ± 0.14 μm/year, respectively, before and after treatment onset, with an increase of 0.51 ± 0.21 μm/year. After adjusting for IOP changes, the improvement in cpRNFLT change rate was 0.33 ± 0.23 μm/year, albeit not statistically significant. Conclusion: The cpRNFLT change rate significantly increased after ripasudil administration, whereas the contribution of the IOP decline was not significant.

An optical carbon nanotube fibre probe for measurement of nano structures with large aspect ratio

An optical carbon nanotube fibre probe for measurement of nano structures with large aspect ratio

Research on pulse transmission dynamics in optical fiber based on intelligence algorithms

Research on pulse transmission dynamics in optical fiber based on intelligence algorithms

Temperature/pH dual response hydrogel functionalized U-shaped optical fiber sensor for Pb2+ detection

Temperature/pH dual response hydrogel functionalized U-shaped optical fiber sensor for Pb2+ detection

A Highly Sensitive pH Sensor Based on Tapered Single-Mode Optical Fiber by Calcium Alginate Hydrogel Operating at Dispersion Turning Point

A Highly Sensitive pH Sensor Based on Tapered Single-Mode Optical Fiber by Calcium Alginate Hydrogel Operating at Dispersion Turning Point

Modal Analysis of Composite Optical Fibers by a Vectorial Extended Integral Equation Method

Modal Analysis of Composite Optical Fibers by a Vectorial Extended Integral Equation Method

Investigation of temperature dependence of tapered optical fibers

Investigation of temperature dependence of tapered optical fibers

Early detection of lithium battery leakage using a highly sensitive in situ ZIF-8 membrane-coated micro-nano optical fibre

Early detection of lithium battery leakage using a highly sensitive in situ ZIF-8 membrane-coated micro-nano optical fibre

Dual-mode optical thermometers and optical fiber temperature sensor based on La2MoO6: Er3+, Yb3+ phosphors

Dual-mode optical thermometers and optical fiber temperature sensor based on La2MoO6: Er3+, Yb3+ phosphors

Manipulating Polarization via Optical Fiber Twisting for Optical Switch Applications

Manipulating Polarization via Optical Fiber Twisting for Optical Switch Applications

Highly Sensitive Optical Fiber Humidity Sensor Based on Polyvinyl-Alcohol Film Induced Lossy Mode Resonance

Highly Sensitive Optical Fiber Humidity Sensor Based on Polyvinyl-Alcohol Film Induced Lossy Mode Resonance

Optical fiber sensor solutions for in-situ transmittance control of electrochromic glazing

Optical fiber sensor solutions for in-situ transmittance control of electrochromic glazing