Opposite Pairs Research Articles

The controllability and structural controllability of Laplacian dynamics

In this paper, classic controllability and structural controllability under two protocols are investigated. For classic controllability, the multiplicity of eigenvalue zero of general Laplacian matrix L ∗ is shown to be determined by the sum of the numbers of zero circles, identical nodes and opposite pairs; however, it is always simple for the Laplacian L with diagonal entries in absolute form. For a fixed structurally balanced topology, the controllable subspace is proved to be invariant even if the antagonistic weights are selected differently under the corresponding protocol with L. For a graph expanded from a star graph rooted from a single leader, the dimension of controllable subspace is two under the protocol associated with L ∗ . In addition, the system is structurally controllable under both protocols if and only if the topology without unaccessible nodes is connected. As a reinforcing case of structural controllability, strong structural controllability requires the system to be controllable for any choice of weights. The connection between parent nodes and child nodes affects strong structural controllability because it determines the linear relationship of the control information from parent nodes. This discovery is a major factor in establishing the sufficient conditions on strong structural controllability for multi-agent systems under both protocols, rather than for complex networks, about latter results are already abundant. Finally, we present a sufficient and necessary condition to identify the strong structural controllability. Moreover, a method to construct a strongly structurally controllable graph is proposed.

Logical-semantic models and methods of knowledge representation: cases for energy management systems and SMR digital infrastructures

The subject of this article is the development of information technologies at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century for the Fourth Industrial Revolution in the form of Industry 4.0, i.e., Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. Successes in the implementation of this technology have led to the development of new applications in the energy sector, such as energy management systems, small modular reactor (SMR) management systems, and alternative power supply systems based on renewable energy sources. The digital infrastructure of these management systems is characterized by a high "density of knowledge", which requires clarification of fundamental concepts in information theory, namely the content of the concepts "data", "information", "knowledge" and "meaning of knowledge". Special attention was given to defining the role of knowledge. The aim of this study is to further develop methods and models of semiotic theory by determining the role and place of logical as well as eight- and four-factor logical-semantic models of knowledge bases in semiotic space. The tasks: comparing existing knowledge representation methods and models. Research results: We found that the logical models used in the development of knowledge bases are based on the principles of artificial intelligence theory, which relies on sign system hypotheses and formal logic theory. The main drawback is the complexity of practical implementation in the form of expert systems. For logical-semantic models in the form of eight-vector graphic models, it was found that there is currently no theoretical justification for defining the vectors that form the coordinate axes, making these models unique to specific subject areas. It was determined that the advantage of using these methods is that an expert can independently form such a knowledge model. For logical-semantic models in the form of four-factor graphic models, there is a theoretical justification for defining the factors of the model that form the coordinate axes, making these models universal for specific subject areas. It was established that the advantage of these models is that they can be developed by experts without the involvement of a knowledge engineer. Therefore, it is proposed to use four-factor logical-semantic knowledge representation models for further application. It is also proposed to split the element "logical-semantic models" into two elements in the semiotic spatial model in vector K8 "Knowledge Representation Models", namely: "logical-semantic eight-vector models" and "logical-semantic four-factor models". Additionally, it is proposed to add the element "post-Cartesian representation of meta-knowledge" to the element "geometric" in vector K5 "Ideal Models". Conclusions: The theoretical basis for developing eight-factor logical-semantic knowledge representation models is the form of connections between adjacent vectors in the form of Cartesian products on elements of the corresponding inter-coordinate matrices. The theoretical basis for the methodology of developing four-factor logical-semantic knowledge representation models is the form of connections between adjacent vectors in the form of Cartesian products for elements of the corresponding inter-coordinate matrices, as well as for diametrically opposite pairs of factors in the form of dialectical unity of the concepts "general" and "particular." The application of logical-semantic knowledge representation models for alternative energy-source management systems will ensure increased energy efficiency. Other cases related to the development of databases for SMR digital infrastructure are discussed.

First Report of Powdery Mildew on Viburnum chinshanense Caused by Erysiphe pseudoviburni in China.

Viburnum chinshanense, a deciduous shrub in the family Caprifoliaceae, is a dominant tree distributed mainly in the North-Central and South-Central regions of China (Zhu et al. 2023). Because of its lush white flowers and vibrant red fruits, V. chinshanense is used widely as ornamental tree in China. In May 2022, severe powdery mildew symptoms were observed on V. chinshanense on the Huaxi Campus of Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China. The incidence was approximately 75% among 80 V. chinshanense plants observed. White mycelia were present on both adaxial and abaxial leaf sides, but not on fruits, petioles, or stems. Infected leaves showed slight chlorosis and twisting. The mycelia were amphigenous, forming small-to-large patches, often sparse on the upper leaf surface, but mostly confluent on the lower leaf surface. Hyphae were hyaline, 4-7 μm wide. Hyphal appressoria were lobed to multilobed, in opposite pairs or solitary. Conidiophores were erect, straight, or somewhat flexuous, 60-130 µm long (n = 30). Foot cells were subcylindrical to slightly curved-sinuous at the base, 20-40 × 6-10 µm (n = 30) in size, followed by 1-3 shorter cells. Conidia formed singly, occasionally two to three in a chain. Conidia were ellipsoid to ovoid, cylindrical, and 24-40 × 16-20 µm (n = 50). No fibrosin bodies were observed on the conidia. Chasmothecia were subglobose, 56-115 µm in diameter. The appendages were 35-70 µm long. Based on these morphological characteristics, the powdery mildew fungus was identified as Erysiphe pseudoviburni (Bradshaw et al. 2020). To confirm the identification, the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and the ribosomal large subunit (LSU) region were amplified and sequenced using the ITS1/ITS4 primer pair (White et al. 1990) and the NL1/NL4 primer pair (Ziemiecki et al. 1990), respectively. The obtained 643-bp ITS sequence (GenBank accession no. ON729292) had 99.84% identity with E. pseudoviburni strains KUS-F27310 (MN431595) and MUMH0001 (LC009904). The obtained 593-bp LSU sequence (ON729293) had 99.83% identity with E. pseudoviburni (LC009904 and MN431595). Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the combined ITS and LSU dataset (Bradshaw et al. 2020), the isolate (GZVD-1) was grouped in a clade with the E. pseudoviburni strains KUS-F27319, KUS-F27310, and MUMH0001. To fulfill Koch's postulates, leaves of three healthy potted V. chinshanense plants were inoculated by gently pressing with diseased leaves. Non-contact plants were used as controls. All plants were incubated in a greenhouse at 25 ± 2°C, 80% relative humidity. Similar powdery mildew symptoms were observed on the inoculated plants 12 days after inoculation, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. The reisolated fungus from the inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that on originally diseased plants. ITS and LSU sequences of the reisolated fungus showed 100% identity with ON729292 and ON729293, respectively. E. pseudoviburni has previously been reported to infect some Viburnum species, including V. sieboldii in Japan (Takamatsu et al. 2015) and V. odoratissimum in South Korea (Bradshaw et al. 2020). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by E. pseudoviburni on V. chinshanense in China. This work expands the known host range of E. pseudoviburni in the Viburnum genus.

Varifocal occlusion in an optical see-through near-eye display with a single phase-only liquid crystal on silicon

We propose a near-eye display optics system that supports three-dimensional mutual occlusion. By exploiting the polarization-control properties of a phase-only liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS), we achieve real see-through scene masking as well as virtual digital scene imaging using a single LCoS. Dynamic depth control of the real scene mask and virtual digital image is also achieved by using a focus tunable lens (FTL) pair of opposite curvatures. The proposed configuration using a single LCoS and opposite curvature FTL pair enables the self-alignment of the mask and image at an arbitrary depth without distorting the see-through view of the real scene. We verified the feasibility of the proposed optics using two optical benchtop setups: one with two off-the-shelf FTLs for continuous depth control, and the other with a single Pancharatnam–Berry phase-type FTL for the improved form factor.

<설운 장군> 당설화로 본 남성 인어 장군 인물 연구

This study aims to investigate the character of a male mermaid general in the shrine tale General Seolun handed down on the islands near Suu Island, Tongyeong-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. This study found that although male mermaids rarely appear in Korean dang-folk tales or literary records, this folk tale called General Seolun has been handed down on the Suu and the nearby islands in Tongyeong, Gyeongsangnam-do and that there is a shrine called ‘Jiryeongsa’ on Suu Island. Therefore, a shrine ceremony was held, and a character study of the shrine god ‘General Seolun’ was necessary. The shrine tale, General Seolun, was recorded by Kim Young-il from 1992 to 1996. Based on the transcription, the morphological characteristics of the dang-folk tale were identified by comparing the original interpretation of the shaman myth and the folktale structure. The morphological characteristics were revealed through the Janggundang-related tale by focusing on the shrine tale told at the shrine on a small island that was unknown at the time. This can be seen as an outstanding achievement in research. However, it also signifies the meaning of the character ‘male mermaid general’ and its narrative, which was deemed insufficient. This study was based on existing and added data after a visit to Suu Island in October 2023 to find the kind of person Seolun was as a ‘male mermaid general’. The oral data of General Seolun was reviewed and organized by dividing it into birth and miracles, growth and trials, death, and transmission attitude. The narrative characteristics reveal ambivalent meanings, such as the fate of loyalists and traitors in birth and activity, the existence of humans and non-humans in their mysterious abilities, and fear and gratitude given to the inheritors in the death stage. The shrine tale, which forms an ambivalent pair of opposites, depicts General Seolun as a character who changes through opposing values at each stage of the narrative. As a ‘male mermaid general’ in shrine tales, Seolun was, firstly, a male traitor regarding gender and possessed peripheral masculinity. Second, as biological beings, male mermaids are middle-earth beings between the god of water and humans, possessing extraordinary abilities representing physical characteristics. Third, he is a general who realizes the wishes of the fishermen regarding succession. Unlike the historically real general god, this can be seen as the fact that the contemporary perceptions and desires of the transmitters formed the shrine tale of Seolun as a ‘male mermaid general.’

Probing left-handed heavy neutral leptons in the Vector Scotogenic Model

In this work, we consider an extension to the Standard Model composed by a Massive Vector Doublet under SU(2)L and a Left-handed Heavy Neutral Lepton. We study the production of these exotic leptons with the Same Flavor Opposite Sign standard lepton pair, and jets, considering Drell-Yan and Vector Boson Fusion as independent cases. We find that for the latter, the dilepton angular distribution is different enough from the background to use it as a smoking-gun for our model. Based on this fact, we establish limits on the parameter space considering previous experimental searches in this final state.

The relation between Rossby wave-breaking events and low-level weather systems

Abstract. Rossby wave-breaking events describe the last stage in the life cycle of baroclinic atmospheric disturbances. These breaking events can strongly influence large-scale circulation and are also related to weather extremes such as heat waves, blocking, and extreme precipitation events. Nonetheless, a complete understanding of the synoptic-scale dynamics involved with the breaking events is still absent. For example, it is not clear how well the theoretical life cycle experiments, which use a specified initial perturbation with a single zonal wavenumber and a prescribed simplified initial zonal jet, capture the life cycle of real-atmosphere weather systems. Here we combine a storm-tracking technique together with a wave-breaking detection algorithm to examine how upper-level wave breaking and surface weather systems are related in the North Atlantic during winter. These datasets allow us to examine whether upper-level wave breaking and low-level weather systems always occur simultaneously and if we can identify preferred relations between the surface weather system type (cyclone or anticyclone) and the type of the upper-level breaking event (cyclonic or anticyclonic wave breaking denoted CWB or AWB, respectively). We find that in the North Atlantic, most weather systems are associated with AWB and/or CWB at some point during their lifetime, while only few cyclones and anticyclones do not involve any upper-level wave breaking (roughly 11 % and 15 %, respectively). Our results imply that composites of cyclones and anticyclones involve a mixture of different types of life cycles, depending on whether they involve CWB or AWB, as well as their position relative to the Rossby wave-breaking (RWB) center. Moreover, the system characteristics (including actual and relative positions, intensities, and displacements) differ depending on the associated breaking type. We distinguish between “same-pairing” cases (i.e., cyclone with CWB and anticyclones with AWB) and “opposite-pairing” cases (i.e., cyclones with AWB and anticyclones with CWB). Compositing the cyclones and anticyclones based on this criterion, we find that in similar pairings the surface system is positioned so that its associated upper-level winds would enhance the breaking (the anomalous circulation is in the same direction as the background shear), but, for opposite pairings, the upper-level winds associated with the surface system do not act to enhance the breaking which occurs in the direction of the background shear. A better understanding of the different life cycles of real-atmosphere cyclones and anticyclones and the upper-level breaking they involve is important for exploring the relation between storm tracks and slowly varying weather regimes and how they are mediated by RWB events.

Thaigardenia (Rubiaceae: Gardenieae), a new genus distributed from Thailand to South China

Identified as Gardenia over a century ago, three known species from Thailand to south China differ considerably from typical members of that genus, from which growth habits, aspects of branch architecture and corolla shape set them apart. They form a new genus, here named Thaigardenia, the species of which are scrambling to thicket-forming shrubs to sometimes treelets or small trees. They have typically unequal (asymmetric) development of each internode that offsets what began as opposite pairs of axillary buds (and potential axillary branches) from subtending leaf axils at the same level, and small infundibular corollas with insignificant tubular bases. In contrast, typical Gardenia are non-scrambling shrubs or trees, often have extra-axillary buds or branches that consistently continue to develop at the same level (i.e., remaining opposite); and showy hypocrateriform (salverform) corollas with elongate tubular bases. The unequal development of different sides of an internode that brings an initially opposite pair of axillary buds (branches) to different levels, so that they do not appear paired subsequently, is, as far as is known, unique and unknown in other Rubiaceae or opposite-leaved plants; this shared feature is a key synapomorphic character for species of the newly recognised genus.

On hydrogen bonding in two carboxyl-functionalised imidazolium based ionic liquids

Dynamics in ionic liquids (ILs) are mainly governed by Coulombic interactions and strong, long-lived hydrogen bonds (HBs). This molecular dynamics (MD) study focuses on carboxyl-functionalised imidazolium based ILs at a temperature of 400 K, using an explicit atom force field. HB dynamics play a crucial role in determining the arrangement of ions and the structure in the bulk phase of ILs. We investigated the abundance of the defined HBs formed between the constituent ions and their lifetimes in the bulk phase of these ILs. These HBs can form between ions bearing opposite charges or pairs of like-charged ions. HBs between pairs of cations, though less in number, are longer lived than other HBs. The HB lifetimes were observed to correspond to timescales ranging from a few picoseconds to hundreds of picoseconds. Each component is associated with a different physical process leading to their breaking and reformation. Abbreviations: IL: ionic liquid; HB: hydrogen bond; IR: infrared; VDoS: vibrational density of states; VACF: velocity autocorrelation function; MD: molecular dynamics; RDF: radial distribution function

Anaximander and his «Apeiron»

The reconstruction of the teachings of Аnaximander about the origin of the world is based on the analysis of his practical attempts to simulate some natural phenomena and invent devices or scientific instruments that explain and predict some meteorological events. The Earth rests in equilibrium not only because of its location in the center of the Universe, but also because it is «supported» by the «shell» of «ἀήρ». In the formation of the world, due to the eternal circular motion, from a mixture of hot and cold stood out «ἀήρ» and «αἰθήρ», constituting the contradictory essence of «apeiron». Pairs of opposites: hot and cold; wet and dry – the energy component of the material principle. Due to the eternal irreversible fatal cyclic process of interaction of these pairs of opposites there is a constant renewal in nature. «Apeiron» in accordance with the immanently inherent property of purposive authority of the law of global processes taking place in it, a fatal impersonal force and unavoidable response for its violation, provides a just balance of forces in the Universe as a whole.

The icosahedral line configuration and Waldschmidt constants

There is a highly special point configuration in P2 of 31 points, naturally arising from the geometry of the icosahedron. The 15 planes of symmetry of the icosahedron projectivize to 15 lines in P2, whose points of intersections yield the 31 points. Each point corresponds to an opposite pair of vertices, faces or edges of the icosahedron. The symmetry group of the icosahedron is G=A5×Z2, one of finitely many exceptional complex reflection groups. The action of G on the icosahedron descends onto an action on the line configuration. We blow up P2 at the 31 points to study the line configuration. The Waldschmidt constant is a measure of how special a collection of points in P2 is. In this paper, we study negative G-invariant curves on this blow-up in order to compute the Waldschmidt constant of the ideal of the 31 singularities.

Whoever their partner, female blue tits breed the same

Abstract Do females modify their reproductive investment if they do not succeed in pairing with a male that matches their preference? In a two-year experiment, we asked female blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) to select among six males, and then successively paired them with their preferred and their most avoided male. We monitored female reproductive investment through nest building activity, timing of breeding, size and number of eggs, number of fertilized eggs, and brood sex ratio. We found that females preferred males with a chromatic coloration (blue UV chroma of the head crown) that matched their own, but also that they preferred males with a lower achromatic coloration (less bright color of the cheeks and head crown). Although females paired with their preferred males tended to build heavier nests during the breeding season, we found no evidence of an effect of the pairing treatment on timing of breeding, or any other aspects of female reproductive investment. We however found that laying dates, clutch sizes, egg sizes, and brood sex ratio were significantly repeatable within females between the two years, despite the opposite pairing treatments. These findings show that in female blue tits, the males with which they are paired do not substantially alter their reproductive decisions.

A Picofarad Capacitance Meter Based on Phase-Sensitive Demodulation for Tomography Application

Electrical capacitance volume tomography (ECVT) is an imaging technique based on the object’s capacitance value. To provide a representative image of the object under study, the ECVT system requires a method that can measure the capacitance value in the order of picofarads (pF). This level of resolution poses a difficulty for typical commercial capacitance measuring devices, hence raising the need for a specialized method with dedicated signal conditioning circuitry. The capacitance meter based on phase-sensitive demodulation (PSD) is made to solve the aforementioned issue and it is then compared with the characteristics of a capacitance meter-based commercial Arduino setup. The designed PSD-based capacitance measuring device has 97.894% accuracy, precision of 0.704 pF, sensitivity of 0.1197 V/pF, linearity with a coefficient of determination 0.9983, and stability of 0.028 pF/min. In comparison, the capacitance meter based on Arduino has 97.943% accuracy, precision of 0.027 pF, linearity with a coefficient of determination 0.9999, and stability of 0.04 pF/min. Testing is done on an 8-electrode ECVT sensor using dielectric materials of air and water. The nearest electrode pair on the condition of air as the dielectric medium has a capacitance value of 2.62218 pF for PSD-based measuring devices and 3.4027 pF for Arduino-based measuring devices, while the pair of electrodes on the condition of water as a dielectric medium has a capacitance value 9.8229 pF for measuring device based on PSD and 9.1069 pF for Arduino-based measuring devices. The opposite and farthest electrode pair on the condition of air as a dielectric medium has a capacitance value of 0 pF for PSD-based measuring devices and 0,0798pF for Arduino-based measuring devices, while the pair of electrodes on the condition of water as a dielectric medium has a capacitance value of 4.652 pF for PSD-based measuring devices and 0.1224 pF for Arduino-based measuring devices.

Birds multiplex spectral and temporal visual information via retinal On- and Off-channels

In vertebrate vision, early retinal circuits divide incoming visual information into functionally opposite elementary signals: On and Off, transient and sustained, chromatic and achromatic. Together these signals can yield an efficient representation of the scene for transmission to the brain via the optic nerve. However, this long-standing interpretation of retinal function is based on mammals, and it is unclear whether this functional arrangement is common to all vertebrates. Here we show that male poultry chicks use a fundamentally different strategy to communicate information from the eye to the brain. Rather than using functionally opposite pairs of retinal output channels, chicks encode the polarity, timing, and spectral composition of visual stimuli in a highly correlated manner: fast achromatic information is encoded by Off-circuits, and slow chromatic information overwhelmingly by On-circuits. Moreover, most retinal output channels combine On- and Off-circuits to simultaneously encode, or multiplex, both achromatic and chromatic information. Our results from birds conform to evidence from fish, amphibians, and reptiles which retain the full ancestral complement of four spectral types of cone photoreceptors.

A tale of two tool(kit)s: from canonical antonymy to non-canonical opposition in the Qur’anic discourse

Abstract A number of discourse functions of canonical antonyms have been quantified and classified in English and across languages, each of which is associated with typical syntactic frames. Taking such a classification of canonical antonymy as an analytical toolkit, (Davies, Matt. 2012. A new approach to oppositions in discourse: the role of syntactic frames in the triggering of noncanonical oppositions. Journal of English Linguistics 40(1). 41–73) quantified and qualified the role of these frames in triggering non-canonical oppositions in English news discourse. Synergizing the provisional typologies of canonical antonymy (Hassanein, Hamada. 2018. Discourse functions of opposition in Classical Arabic: The case in ḥadīth genre. Lingua 201. 18–44; Jones, Steven. 2002. Antonymy: A corpus-based perspective. London and New York: Routledge.) and non-canonical opposition (Davies, Matt. 2012. A new approach to oppositions in discourse: the role of syntactic frames in the triggering of noncanonical oppositions. Journal of English Linguistics 40(1). 41–73), this study has sought to develop a dynamic toolkit for the quantitative and qualitative analyses of non-canonical opposition across Arabic varieties and potentially other languages. The toolkit was tested quantitatively and qualitatively against a dataset of 2125 non-canonical oppositional pairs collected from the Qur’an with reference to the Qur’anic Arabic Corpus. Results showed that the syntactic frames which house a wide range of co-occurring canonical antonyms also house a wider range of non-canonical oppositions in binary and trinary representations of abstract and concrete entities. The role of syntactic frames in the triggering of non-canonical oppositions is quantitatively and qualitatively significant for locating and explicating the ideological repercussions of oppositions towards Qur’an interpretation. It is concluded that a synergy of typologies results in a replicable pathway for analysis.

First Report of Erysiphe alphitoides Causing Powdery Mildew of Cocculus orbiculatus in China.

Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC. (Menispermaceae) is a vine traditionally used as a medicinal herb in Asia and grows primarily in wet tropical biomes (POWO 2022). In late April 2022, typical symptoms of powdery mildew were observed on leaves of C. orbiculatus on the campus of Nanjing Forestry University, China. Approximately 90% of the plants were infected. Superficial mycelia and conidia were amphigenous on the leaves, pale yellow, and severe infections caused necrotic discoloration of the leaves. Infected leaves were collected to identify the pathogen. Hyphae were hyaline and branched. Conidiophores were solidary, unbranched, straight, cylindrical, smooth, hyaline, 69.3 ± 11.1 × 7.9 ± 0.6 µm, (n = 50). Foot cells were mostly cylindrical, straight, rarely curved, smooth, hyaline, 53.2 ± 6.2 × 7.5 ± 0.4 µm, (n = 50). Appressoria were lobulate, solitary or in opposite pairs, hyaline to pale yellow. Conidia were single, ellipsoid, oval or doliform, hyaline or pale yellow, 38.6 ± 2.3 × 20.9 ± 0.8 µm, (n = 50). Conidial germ tubes developed at a subterminal position. No chasmothecia were observed. Representative specimens were deposited in the NJFU Herbarium (NF50000010). Based on these morphological characteristics, this fungus (MFJ 1-1) was provisionally identified as Erysiphe alphitoides (Takamatsu et al. 2007). To verify the identification of the pathogen, mycelia and conidia were obtained from diseased leaves and genomic DNA of the fungus (MFJ 1-1) was extracted. The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) gene were amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 and LR0R/LR5, respectively (White et al. 1990, Rehner and Samuels 1994). The sequences were deposited in GenBank (ON612134 for ITS, ON620080 for LSU). BLAST results showed that the ITS and LSU sequences were highly similar to E. alphitoides [ITS: KF734882, identities = 632/633 (99%) LSU: MK357414, identities = 890/893 (99%)]. Phylogenetic analyses with the concatenated sequences using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood placed the isolate in the clade of Erysiphe alphitoides. Pathogenicity was confirmed by gently pressing the infected leaves onto five leaves per plant, and three healthy plants were inoculated. Three uninoculated plants served as controls. The plants were placed in a growth chamber with a 16 h photoperiod at 22 ± 2°C, 70% of relative humidity. Symptoms developed 10 days after inoculation, whereas the control leaves remained symptomless. The powdery mildew developing on the inoculated plants was identified to be E. alphitoides based on morphological characters and ITS sequences. This fungus has a worldwide distribution and a broad host range. Recently, Ipomoea obscura (Pan et al. 2020) and Aegle marmelos (Banerjee et al. 2020) have been found to be additional hosts. To our knowledge, this is the first report of powdery mildew caused by E. alphitoides on C. orbiculatus in the world. This finding provides crucial information for developing effective strategies to monitor and manage this disease.

Balanced of Countries Development Determinants: Barycentric Model

The authors investigate the issue of modelling the balance of countries development determinants based on determining the center of mass. They have identified the most relevant factors characterizing countries' social, economic, political spheres, digital capability and cybersecurity. The research has been carried based on empirical values of the selected 17 indicators for 127 world countries in 2018. As a result, the four-pole barycentric models were built as quadrangles, the vertices of which are composite targets formed by the determinants of the four spheres. The models' calculations were carried out taking into account three components: the values of the composite targets (as a geometric mean), the level of pairs balance (as the sum of opposite pairs of quadrilateral angles), and all four targets (as the distance between the actual and standard value of the center of mass). According to the analysis result of the first component, developed countries have the most effective targets (top five - Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, Finland, the Netherlands). Research of the results of the second component has revealed an imbalance in target pairs for most countries. Determinants of socio-political development are the most effective for developed countries. The economic sphere is most unbalanced for the least developed countries. Various determinants can cause an imbalance for developing and new industrial countries. The analysis of the center of mass distances revealed that not only developed countries could be balanced, but also developing, new industrial and the least developed, that indicates a balanced development of their determinants, which is pretty slow. New Zealand, Mauritius, South Africa and Mali were the most balanced in each group of countries economic growth.

Philosophical and Legal Understanding of the Concepts: Image, Icon, Image, Honesty, Reputation, Their Manifestations in Criminal Procedural Law

Introduction. The article presents an attempt for the first time, on the basis of philosophical and legal understanding, to use the concept of “reputation”, which is new for legal scientific circulation. Legal terms, including criminal procedural ones, arise as generic terms. That is, concepts are brought under a common genus, and then specific differences are distinguished. Philosophical categories, due to their universality, cannot be summed up under the genus, and, as a rule, act as a dialectical pair of opposites the thesis and antithesis. Such, for example, are the concepts of essence and phenomenon, necessity and chance, content and form. The complexity of introducing a new concept of reputation into scientific circulation lies in the fact that it does not have its own dialectical antithesis. A bad reputation is also a reputation. At a stretch, reputation can be opposed to discredit, but discredit is an action aimed at undermining reputation, and this is a transition to another kind. Concepts of this kind can be meaningful by analogy. As such, the authors chose the dialectical pair icon image, like foreign-language tracing papers from the Russian word image, which in the legal sense are reduced to reputation. Both that and another (both an icon and an image) are an image, but how different and even opposite are the meanings of these words. Moreover, initially the intentions of the authors were precisely linguistic (and not religious or marketing), and only then the words themselves designated the cultural area of their application.Materials and methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the hermeneutical approach to the analysis of the concept of "reputation". Methods of systematic, comparative legal analysis, special philosophical and legal research tools were used. The authors used examples from various areas of law criminal procedure, criminal, civil.Research results. Based on the results of the analysis, the question of trust is raised in relation to the procedural status of participants in criminal proceedings. The introduction of the concept of "reputation" as a legal category into legal circulation is proposed.Discussion and conclusion. In the form of a legislative novel, the presumption of good faith of a participant in criminal proceedings is formulated.Presumption of good faith:Everyone is considered conscientious and reasonable, until otherwise is proved in the manner prescribed by this Code and established by a judicial act that has entered into legal force.Everyone is not obliged to prove their conscientiousness and reasonableness. The burden of proving dishonesty, unreasonableness, abuse of right lies with the person who claims the opposite.All doubts about the good faith and reasonableness of a person that cannot be eliminated in the manner prescribed by this Code shall be interpreted in favor of the person whose reputation is questioned.Any procedural actions and (or) decisions of a state body or an official in the field of criminal proceedings, even based on assumptions, cannot be based solely on the fact that a person has a certain procedural status in a case under consideration or another.

Cosmological distances scale. Part 15: cosmically jerk and the dipole of gravitational heterogeneity

The central question of the cosmic shock in the series of articles “Cosmological Distance Scale” is considered: do the data for parametric identification of the Friedman-Robertson-Walker model in the form of a dependence of the photometric distance on the redshift of type Ia supernovae used in the work of the High-Z SN Search Team and Supernovae Cosmology Project allow us to consider the acceleration of the expansion of the Universe as the most plausible hypothesis on the criterion of the minimum error of inadequacy. The previously discovered discrepancies (changes in the structure and parameters of the systematic component of the model) and rank inversions of photometric distances of supernovae SN Ia for the systematic component of this model are analyzed. It is shown that the cause of these metric violations is the isotropy of the Friedman-Robertson-Walker model. In the anisotropic model of the cosmological distance scale, the disjunctions and rank inversions are associated with the orientation of the gravitational dipoles of the heterogeneity of the large-scale structure of the Universe. These dipoles represent diametrically opposite pairs of “super cluster galaxies – giant void” on the celestial sphere. Due to the size of only the super-void in the constellation Eridanus, comparable to the size of the observable part of the Universe, a colossal imbalance of the gravitational action of a massive super cluster of galaxies is created. This leads to disturbances in the form of disorders and rank inversions in isotropic Friedman-Robertson-Walker type models.

The Formation of Biaoquan and Zhequan as a Pair of Philosophical Concepts in Chinese Buddhism

The general consensus in the field of Buddhist studies is that the terms “biaoquan” and “zhequan” are a pair of Buddhist philosophical concepts often used to designate two diametrically opposed forms of rhetoric. The former term constitutes its affirmative statement, while the latter defines a fact in negative terms—known in Christian theology as cataphatic and apophatic uses of language, respectively. Looking at the terms for which biaoquan and zhequan initially served as translations, especially in Xuanzang’s works, it would seem that these two concepts have not always appeared as a related pair representing the above-mentioned affirmative–negative dichotomy. The former could designate both affirmation (*vidhi) as well as the general activity of speech, syllables, and words (nāma). In the case of zhequan, it corresponds, in different texts, to the three Indian Buddhist concepts of negation (*pratiṣedha, *vyāvṛtti, *nivṛtti), implicative negation (paryudāsa), and exclusion of others (anyāpoha), with each use of the term “zhequan” carrying a different set of meanings and associated doctrines. Indeed, in various texts, the concept of zhequan might be opposed to the concept of biaoquan (*vidhi *sadhana) or opposed to pure negation (prasajya), or it might be applied on its own with no opposing concept. However, as Chinese Buddhism continued to develop throughout the Tang, biaoquan and zhequan came to be firmly associated and popularized as a pair of opposites. Looking at the doctrinal as well as the translation history of these two terms, this paper focuses on how they were used as a pair of opposing philosophical concepts, followed by an analysis of the profound influence of these two concepts on Chinese Buddhism.