Opportunity In Access Research Articles

Inequality of opportunity in access to and consumption of modern energy in Togo: A parametric approach

Inequality of opportunity in access to and consumption of modern energy in Togo: A parametric approach

Spatial inequality of opportunity in access to secondary education in nineteenth-century Spain

Abstract In this paper, secondary education graduation age is proposed as a way of measuring the obstacles students had to face to acquire education in historical contexts. Using a novel historical source, I find that students from rural areas bore increasingly larger obstacles than those from cities. The size of the municipality of origin exerts a larger negative effect on students who graduated later in life—that is, those who bore larger impediments to study. These results suggest that a phenomenon of spatial isolation from knowledge created a problem of access to secondary education.

Regarding the update of research infrastructure problems and support for young scientists in the current conditions

In an article based on the interdisciplinary method of scientific research, national and international experience, theoretical developments and legislative initiatives an attempt was made to update the normative and legal material and generalization of scientific developments in the field of research infrastructure, with an emphasis on modern educational and scientific processes. A significant drawback on this path was that initiators of drafting the draft law “About scientific and scientific and technical activity” on issues of research infrastructure and support for young scientists the scientific base of the investigated problem is not sufficiently taken into account, which is most often seen in reasoning, to the explanatory note to the Draft Law. It is suggested to borrow the displayed ones in the article the ideas of scientists, and also emphasizes implementation further scientific research, especially regarding the latest scientific publications of Ukraine and the world in the specified direction. The need for constant monitoring and analysis is emphasized positive foreign practices of building a smart educational and scientific policy, which is a stimulus for the prospects of the development of science and the national economy in general. As suggestions, author’s works are offered, ideas and recommendations implemented during the recent events of the Russian-Ukrainian war, which can be the ideological base for to improve the Draft Law we are working on. It should be noted that open science is – this is the future of the ХХІ century. The world is moving towards an open research infrastructure, which is a positive trend, after all everyone has an opportunity in free access get acquainted with the authors’ work. Today, providing open access to scientific resources is a priority. Research and scientific infrastructure under martial law equates to the critical infrastructure of the state.

Law of Quotas and inequalities of class, race and sex: the student retention policy in the technical and vocational education and training of the Instituto Federal Fluminense

Based on Gramscian concept of Integral State and the theory of social justice by Nancy Fraser (2001), using intersectionality as an analytical tool, the retention and success policy in technical and vocational education and training at the Instituto Federal Fluminense (IFF) was investigated, and how it addresses the inequalities of class, race and gender. The documents analyzed recognize that there is inequality of opportunity in access to education and that quotas with criteria defined by Law 12.711/2012 (BRASIL, 2012a) are necessary for the democratization of education. It is observed a contradiction between the recognition of inequalities in opportunities of access, present in the three documents analyzed, but the non-recognition of them in retention, with the absence of actions and indicators that allow the diagnosis of inequalities in dropout, permanence and completion of the course among student groups with cuts of race, class and gender, also between quota holders and non-quota holders. It highlights the different ideologies in dispute for hegemony within the scope of civil society in which IFF community and its institutional policies are inserted. Measures are suggested to improve the planning, execution and evaluation of IFF's student retention policies with focus on social justice.

Evaluating School Priorities for Equal Opportunity in Admission to Schools

ABSTRACT Schools’ priorities in student selection constitute the basis for fairness in school admissions. We study the case where schools are active strategic players that rank their applicants in terms of priorities. A methodological framework is developed to examine the impact of the variation in the admission settings on the equality of opportunity in access to high-quality schools. The school’s priorities are formulated following a Multi-Attribute Decision Analysis (MADA) approach with several scenarios including geographic, family, academic, and socioeconomic variables. The matching is simulated using student preferences, multiple assignment algorithms, varying school capacities, and changing priority profiles. The Human Opportunity Index (HOI) logistic regression approach is used to examine how far from, or how close the admission is to being an equitable assignment, i.e., one that gives equal opportunities to children with different backgrounds. The analysis is based on choice admission data from a large specialized (magnet) middle school program in Florida. The results suggest that how the school priority is designed slightly affects the equality of opportunity. The second impact is due to the algorithm used to perform the selection. The availability of places in high-quality schools has a big impact and is tightly correlated with the parents’ satisfaction with their most preferred school choices.

Spatial Analysis of Socioeconomic Inequality of Opportunity in Access to Skilled Birth Attendant in Punjab, Pakistan

Maternal mortality is a critical global public health issue, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan. Interventions to improve mothers’ usage of skilled birth attendant (SBA) may reduce maternal mortality. The aim of this work to conduct the spatial analysis of socioeconomic inequality of opportunity in access to SBA in districts of Punjab, Pakistan and explore the circumstance variables that contribute the most to the socioeconomic inequality. The study is conducted by using Punjab's Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2017-18 and the data analyzed are taken from women of 15 to 49 years with a live birth in the last 2 years. The Human Opportunity Index is used to measure the coverage rate, inequality, and universal access of opportunity across the districts of Punjab. Further, Shapley Decomposition is utilized to identify the contribution of the circumstance factors to the inequality. It is noted that most of the southern districts of Punjab have poor coverage rates and low universal access to SBA and northern districts have high coverage and universal access for the SBA. There is also higher inequality in southern districts of Punjab. Further, in decomposition analysis, it is found that household wealth status, ANC, birth order, birth interval, household head education, ethnicity, media access and residence were the most significant factors leading to socioeconomic inequality of opportunity across the districts of Punjab. Based on the findings, it is suggested that the government should prioritize equitable resource allocation, particularly in southern Punjab.

СПРАВЕДЛИВОСТЬ И РАВЕНСТВО В ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИИ: ОБЗОР И КРИТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ПРОЕКТА 2016-2017 ГГ. – МОНОГРАФИИ Ж.В. САВЕЛЬЕВОЙ, Л.М. МУХАРЯМОВОЙ И И.Б. КУЗНЕЦОВОЙ

Introduction. The study of social justice and equality in health care is presented in the context of scientific, expert and media conceptualizations of this phenomenon. Opinions and social perceptions of justice are characterized in terms of the liberal, socialist model of equitable health care and the modern concept of equality of opportunity in access to system resources. Aim. Conduct a critical analysis of the social project “Fairness and Equality in Health Care”, described in the monograph “Fairness and Equality in Health Care. Opinions of patients, experts and media discourse” by Zh.V. Saveleva, L.M. Mukharyamova, I.B. Kuznetsova. Material and methods. The article provides a review and critical analysis of the social project “Fairness and Equality in Health Care”, described in the monograph “Fairness and Equality in Health Care. Opinions of patients, experts and media discourse” by Zh.V. Saveleva, L.M. Mukharyamova, I.B. Kuznetsova. Results and discussion. The purpose of the project under review was to show how, through the analysis of the incidence in two Russian republics - the industrialized Republic of Tatarstan, and the predominantly agrarian Republic of Mari El - the cause of justice and equality in healthcare is presented and how contradictions can be resolved. Different positions, expectations regarding health care reforms and models of social justice are compared. The method of triangulation was used [lat. triangulum - triangle] quantitative and qualitative research methods. Semi-structured surveys of the population, experts, focus groups were conducted, and a mass survey was conducted. From the results obtained by the authors, 2 conclusions stand out: 1) an integrated approach to the analysis of equity in healthcare is needed; 2) actions are needed to equalize the accessibility of medical care to the population. Conclusion. Monograph “Fairness and equality in healthcare. Opinions of patients, experts and media discourse” by Zh.V. Saveleva, L.M. Mukharyamova, I.B. Kuznetsova, touches on one of the most burning issues that arise in modern Russian healthcare, issues that concern almost every inhabitant of Russia - "justice and equality". It is impossible to solve them in isolation from the global social policy in the state. The authors of the monograph literally keep their finger on the pulse of this important problem - as they say, they do it here and now. I hope that the authors will not confine themselves to one monograph on this vitally important topic (raising the question) and that the next monograph will be devoted to solving this most important problem.

Assessing and decomposing inequality of opportunity in access to child health and nutrition in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from three countries with low human development index

BackgroundInequality of opportunity in health and nutrition is a major public health issue in the developing regions. This study analyzed the patterns and extent of inequality of opportunity in health and nutrition among children under-five across three countries sub-Saharan Africa with low Human development index (HDI).MethodsWe used data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey of the Democratic Republic of Congo (20,792 households, 21,756 women aged 15 to 49 and 21,456 children under five), Guinea Bissau (6601 households, 10,234 women aged 15–49 and 7573 children under five) and Mali (11,830 households, 18,409 women in 15–49 years and 16,468 children under five) to compute the human opportunity index (HOI) and the dissimilarity index (D-index). Secondly, the Shapley decomposition method was used to estimate the relative contribution of circumstances that are beyond the control of children under-five and affecting their development outcomes in later life stages.ResultsThe study revealed that children belonging to the most favorable group had higher access rates for immunization (93.64%) and water and sanitation facilities (73.59%) in Guinea Bissau. In Congo DR, the access rate was high for immunization (93.9%) for children in the most favorable group. In Mali, access rates stood at 6.56% for children in the most favorable group. In Guinea Bissau, the inequality of opportunity was important in access to health services before and after delivery (43.85%). In Congo DR, the inequality of opportunity was only high for the immunization composite indicator (83.79%) while in Mali, inequality of opportunity was higher for access to health services before and after delivery (41.67%).ConclusionThe results show that there are efforts in some places to promote access to health and nutrition services in order to make access equal without distinction linked to the socio-economic and demographic characteristics in which the children live. However, the inequalities of opportunity observed between the children of the most favorable group and those of the least favorable group, remain in general at significant levels and call on government of these countries to implement policies taking them into account.

Land dispute resolution and the right to development in Africa

The United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development supports equality of opportunity in access to basic natural resources. This article explores the legacy of past colonial interventions, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa under the British dual mandate policy associated with Lugard, in creating tensionsbetween private, public and customary land tenure in Africa, which have given rise to conflicts and  disputes over land. Soft law and policy agendas from international development agencies have changed substantially in the present century, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the New Urban Agenda agreed at the Habitat III conference in 2016, with UN Habitat’s Global Land Tools Network promoting innovatory practices such as land readjustment and participatory mapping, as well as reform of urban planning laws. With land disputes notorious for creating complex and lengthy legal proceedings, some African states have applied alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms as a potentially quicker and cheaper option than approaching the courts. The article examines different land and property tribunals in the United Kingdom and sub-Saharan Africa,  especially involving traditional authorities on customary land. It applies concepts of historic institutionalism, path dependency and isomorphism to the subject and proposes improvements to land and property tribunals.

UF0MC-IOTA Based Cognitive Radio Transceiver

Express evolution in smart wireless communication address the issue of spectrum scarcity. Implementation of cognitive radio (CR) is one of the promising technologies for the effective utilization of spectrum. Sensing is the critical component of cognitive radio. Moreover, encouraged by the element of sensing is critical for consistently defining spectral opportunity and succeeding opportunity in spectrum access for the fifth generation (5G) wireless networks. Universal filtered multicarrier—Isotropic Orthogonal Transform Algorithm (UFMC-IOTA) is the excellent 5G waveform candidates. This article focuses on the performance of UFMC-IOTA based CR transceiver sensing challenges, downlink capacity of cognitive radio network (CRN). Simulation results also demonstrate that the proposed transceiver outperforms the capability of sensing than the conventional sensing methodologies in CRN. It also increases the detection probability of CRN at very low SNR level.

Assessing Policy Effectiveness in Reducing Inequality of Opportunity in Access to Public Services and Education Among Tunisian Children

The sensation of deprivation, especially in the early stages of the child’s life, is negatively correlated with the physical and psychological development of households, threatening its survival and influencing its social and professional opportunities and well-being in adulthood. Therefore, investing in all forms of child deprivation and combating all forms of deprivation are ways of overcoming the social problems and impasses of inequalities and combating transmissible poverty between generations. In this paper, we try to study the effects of the inequality of opportunity in access to basic public services in Tunisia. We applied the dissimilarity index for the basic education for children at school age and for housing services. Significant imbalances of inequality still persisting in rural areas and regional disparities have been detected between coastal and inland regions of Tunisia even after the revolution. Without appropriate policy intervention, there are a few chances for the next generation to overcome this trap of inequality.

La porta di cristallo: un nuovo indice per rilevare l’impatto di genere della riforma Gelmini sull’accesso alla professione accademica

The paper presents an analysis of the impact of Law 240/2010, known as Gelmini reform, on academic recruitment in the Italian system, in terms of gender equality. In analogy with the Glass Ceiling Index, that gives a measure of difficulties for women in moving into highest positions, The Glass Door Index is defined to quantify gender asymmetry in the access to tenured positions in academia. Subverting the received view, according to which equal opportunity in access to academic and research career is no more an issue, the analysis of data provided by the Italian Ministry of Education, University, and Research (MIUR) reveals significant differences between the careers of women and men at the earliest career stage, and shows the strengthening of a gendered selection in the access to the academic profession to the disadvantage of women, after the implementation of the reform.

Measuring Inequality of Opportunity in Access to Quality Basic Education: A Case Study in Florida, US

Providing all children equal access to essential services, such as primary education, has been set as a priority in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)’ agenda during the last two decades. Yet the Global Education Monitoring report in 2016 reveals that wide disparities between the rich and the poor persist in access to education of high quality. This study uses the Human Opportunity Index (HOI) to examine the equality of opportunity in access to basic education of high quality. By using enrollment and admission data from a case study in a large school district in the US in 2015/2016, this research evaluates the capacity of the HOI, in order to reveal disparities in access to school opportunities and examines how much of this inequality is explained by families’ pre-determined circumstances. The way of analyzing equality is by disaggregating applications’ data into circumstance groups, according to gender, geography, race/ethnicity, and other criteria. To capture the contribution of each circumstance to inequality of opportunity, the Shapley decomposition method is used. Findings show that the HOI is capable of systematically monitoring and examining existing admission policies and identifying inequality problems. Furthermore, the analysis of the contribution of each circumstance group can reveal admission criteria that have the potential to harm the educational opportunities for children. This assessment should provide valuable insights into the capability of the indicators to reveal where policy intervention is necessary and supply points of view on how policy can be improved.

Desigualdad de oportunidades educativas en Argentina

Este trabajo explora la desigualdad de oportunidades educativas de los jóvenes de Argentina en los años 2000. El análisis se enfoca en tres dimensiones del nivel medio educativo: acceso a la educación, calidad educativa y desempeño educativo. Se estiman distribuciones contrafactuales de resultados educativos condicionadas a las circunstancias de los estudiantes utilizando micro-datos de las encuestas de hogares del país y de PISA. Los resultados sugieren que la desigualdad de oportunidades en el acceso a educación es baja y se ha mantenido estable mientras que la desigualdad de oportunidades en el acceso a calidad educativa ha aumentado en la última década. Respecto al desempeño educativo la misma es particularmente alta en el país.

Measurement and analysis of inequality of opportunity in access of maternal and child health care in Togo

BackgroundAccess to maternal and child health care in low- and middle-income countries such as Togo is characterized by significant inequalities. Most studies in the Togolese context have examined the total inequality of health and the determinants of individuals’ health. Few empirical studies in Togo have focused on inequalities of opportunity in maternal and child health. To fill this gap, we estimated changes in inequality of opportunity in access to maternal and child health services between 1998 and 2013 using data from Togo Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS).MethodWe computed the Human Opportunity Index (HOI)—a measure of how individual, household, and geographic characteristics like sex and place of residence can affect individuals’ access to services or goods that should be universal—using five indicators of access to healthcare and one composite indicator of access to adequate care for children. The five indicators of access were: birth in a public or private health facility; whether the child had received any vaccinations; access to prenatal care; prenatal care given by qualified staff; and having at least four antenatal visits. We then examined differences across the two years.ResultsBetween 1998 and 2013, inequality of opportunities decreased for four out of six indicators. However, inequalities increased in access to antenatal care provided by qualified staff (5.9% to 12.5%) and access to adequate care (27.7% to 28.6%).ConclusionsAlthough inequality of opportunities reduced between 1998 and 2013 for some of the key maternal and child health indicators, the average coverage and access rates underscore the need for sustained efforts to ensure equitable access to primary health care for mothers and children.

On measuring and decomposing inequality of opportunity in access to health services among Tunisian children: a new approach for public policy

BackgroundThe early years in children’s life are the key to physical, cognitive-language, and, socio-emotional skills development. So, it is of paramount importance in this period to be interested in different indicators that would influence the child’s health.MethodsThis paper measures inequality of opportunities among Tunisian children concerning access to nutritional and healthy services using Human Opportunity-Index and Shapely decomposition methods.ResultsMany disparities between regions have been detected since 1982 until 2012. Tunisian children face unequal opportunities to develop in terms of health, nutrition, cognitive, social, and emotional development. Likewise, we found that, parents’ education, wealth, age of household head and geographic factors as key factors determining child development outcomes.ConclusionOur findings suggested that childhood unequal opportunities in Tunisia are explained by pension funds deficiency and structural problem in the labor market.Trial registrationThe results of a health care intervention on human participants “retrospectively registered”.

Inequality of opportunity: Some lessons from the case of highly selective universities

Many egalitarians believe that there is a pro tanto reason to remedy inequalities of opportunity in access to higher education. This consensus, I argue, masks practical disagreement among egalitarians: in many real-world choice contexts, egalitarians will disagree about which policies are to be endorsed, both from the point of view of equality and all things considered. I focus my discussion on a real-world case (the ‘big squeeze’ – so-called because the children of well-off families ‘squeeze out’ the children of less well-off families from access to highly selective US universities) that has recently been discussed by Amy Gutmann. I argue that while (a) the ‘big squeeze’ is condemned by the ideal of equal opportunity, nevertheless (b) different egalitarians will favor different policies in response to the ‘big squeeze’, and (c) one intuitive, and apparently egalitarian, response lacks support from most plausible egalitarian views.

ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО–КОМУНІКАЦІЙНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ ПРИ ВИКЛАДАННІ ДИСЦИПЛІНИ «ВЕТЕРИНАРНА ТОКСИКОЛОГІЯ»

E–learning now becomes an actual part of the modern education system, provides a new opportunity in access to educational information resources, in the management of educational processes, in actualization of educational resources and management them, in the organizing of education new forms by using of distance learning, greatly enlarging possibilities for the traditional educational system. High efficiency of educational processes is achieved by collaborative used of e–learning different forms with traditional learning forms. This technology is called blended learning (blended–learning).The purpose of implementation the e–learning is to enhance the quality of education. The tasks to be solving directly by using the e–learning can be different and depend on the structure of educational institution and stage of development and other factors.Using of educational and information system has auxiliary character, and traditional teaching methods (including lectures) in this case saved. However, use of Moodle enables to move routine elements of discipline, which do not require serious consultations of teacher, in the educational system for individually study by students, and at lectures to focus more on problem issues of discipline.The article deals with the implementation of information and communication technologies in the Department of pharmacology and toxicology National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv) at the teaching of "Veterinary toxicology" discipline by using the e–learning course created on the e–learning platform the Moodle and placed on the educational and information portal of the university.

Inequality of Opportunities of Educational Achievement in Turkey Over Time

This study investigates inequality of opportunity in educational achievements in Turkey over time. For this purpose we use test scores of PISA in mathematics, science and reading achievement of 15-year-olds over the period 2003-2012. Since the different waves of the samples cover only a fraction of the cohorts of 15-year olds we take into account the inequality of opportunity in access to the PISA test as well as the inequality of opportunity of the academic achievement in the PISA test. This procedure enables proper over time comparisons. We estimate the effect of circumstances children are born into on their academic achievement as evidenced in their PISA test scores. The main findings are as follows. First, confirming the previous studies we find that inequality of opportunity is a large part of the inequality of educational achievement in Turkey. Second, the inequality of opportunity in educational achievement shows a slightly decreasing trend over time in Turkey. Third, the inequality of opportunity figures based on the mathematics, science and reading achievements exhibited the similar trend over time. Forth, the family background variables are the most important determinants of the inequality in educational achievement which is a consistent pattern over time. However, there is also evidence of slight weakening of these factors over time. Policies are necessary to improve equality of opportunity in education in Turkey.

Education as Part of the Migratory Project of Latin American Migrant Women Traveling to the United States in Undocumented Conditions

Education is an indispensable element for the development of society. In Latin America, the point of origin of most of the undocumented immigrants to the United States, equal opportunity in access to education and educational achievement is still pending. The study presented here focuses on the analysis of the expectations of female migrants via Mexico’s northern border, focusing attention on educational attainment as an important aspect of the “American Dream” of the migrant women interviewed and their dependents.