Opportunities For Retrieval Research Articles

Introduction

Introduction

Retrieval opportunities while multitasking improve name recall

In two experiments we tested whether providing retrieval opportunities while people were multitasking would improve memory for names. College students (n=195) in Experiment 1 did addition problems and intermittently were “introduced” to 12 face–name pairs to learn. For half the names students were given three within-list retrieval opportunities. Name recall (cued with the faces) was tested either immediately or after 24 hours. Retrieval opportunities improved name recall with both immediate and delayed tests. Experiment 2 more closely resembled the multitasking required in a real-life social situation. College students (n=98) viewed a videotape and were asked to learn the names of 12 dormitory residents who were introduced during an ongoing conversation. Retrieval opportunities were provided for 8 of the 12 residents by having them appear three additional times in the video without repeating their names. Retrieval opportunities improved name recall, but the effect was much smaller than in Experiment 1. The present research demonstrates that distributed retrieval can be effective when people are multitasking including when the multitasking involves a conversation.

EFFECT OF MULTIORGAN DONATION AFTER CARDIAC DEATH RETRIEVAL ON LUNG PERFORMANCE

For donation after cardiac death (DCD) transplantation to achieve its full potential, multiorgan retrieval is desirable. Although there are several novel individual techniques recently described for DCD lung donation, they have not been evaluated or compared in a DCD multiorgan scenario. This study describes (i) the technical aspects and (ii) early lung and abdominal organ performance of several combinations of DCD donor liver, kidney and lung retrieval techniques that would mimic common DCD clinical scenarios. Lung oxygenation, urine production, bile production and biochemical measures were assessed as the outcome of a complex ex vivo lung, liver and kidney perfusion DCD model. Successful ex vivo multiorgan perfusion was possible following the three retrieval techniques tested, with excellent oxygenation over a 2-h assessment period, identical to prior studies where the lungs were tested alone. Multiorgan DCD retrieval, including lungs of good quality, is possible from a variety of clinical scenarios and should therefore be considered with all DCD retrieval opportunities.

Social support in cyberspace: A content analysis of communication within a Huntington's disease online support group

Objective Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited disorder, characterized by a progressive degeneration of the brain. Due to the nature of the symptoms, the genetic element of the disease, and the fact that there is no cure, HD patients and those in their support network often experience considerable stress and anxiety. With an expansion in Internet access, individuals affected by HD have new opportunities for information retrieval and social support. The aim of this study is to examine the provision of social support in messages posted to a HD online support group bulletin board. Methods In total, 1313 messages were content analyzed using a modified version of the social support behavior code developed by [Cutrona CE, Suhr J. Controllability of stressful events and satisfaction with spouse support behaviors. Commun Res 1992;19:154–74]. Results The analysis indicates that group members most frequently offered informational (56.2%) and emotional support (51.9%) followed by network support (48.4%) with esteem support (21.7%), and tangible assistance (9.8%) least frequently offered. Conclusion This study suggests that exchanging informational and emotional support represents a key function of this online group. Practice implications Online support groups provide a unique opportunity for health professionals to learn about the experiences and views of individuals affected by HD and explore where and why gaps may exist between evidence-based medicine and consumer behavior and expectations.

Optimization of information searching efficiency in Web space by using probability of target location

AbstractWith the spreading use of the Web, there are increasing opportunities for information retrieval from the Internet. It is thus desirable to establish a method that can efficiently locate information required by a user from Web space, over which diverse information is scattered. This paper discusses a search scheme through links in Web space where the target search efficiency is maximized by utilizing the knowledge owned by the links. First, assuming that the probability that the target is present can be estimated from knowledge in Web pages, the estimation procedure is discussed. Then, the search process used to trace the links in Web space is modeled by a tree structure. Two problems are defined, namely, minimization of the retrieval cost and maximization of the number of retrieved pages. For each of these, an efficient search procedure is proposed. Lastly, the performance of the method is analyzed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(10): 45–54, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10048

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

14 Memory 15 Synaesthesia 16 Grapheme-colour 17 Time-space 18 Superiority 19 a b s t r a c t People with synaesthesia show an enhanced memory relative to demographically matched controls. The most obvious explanation for this is that the 'extra' perceptual experiences lead to richer encoding and retrieval opportunities of stimuli which induce synaesthesia (typically verbal stimuli). Although there is some evidence for this, it is unlikely to be the whole explanation. For instance, not all stimuli which trigger synaesthesia are better remembered (e.g., digit span) and some stimuli which do not trigger synaesthesia are better remembered. In fact, synaesthetes tend to have better visual memory than verbal memory. We suggest that enhanced memory in synaesthesia is linked to wider changes in cognitive systems at the interface of perception and memory and link this to recent findings in the neuroscience of memory. © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Aria: an agent for annotating and retrieving images

The paper discusses Aria, an interface agent designed to assist users by preactively looking for opportunities for image annotation and retrieval. While it does not completely automate the image annotation and retrieval process, Aria dramatically reduces user interface overhead, which can lead to better annotated image libraries and fewer missed opportunities for image use.

A conceptual framework for understanding information seeking in open-ended information systems

Technologies such as the Internet and World Wide Web are changing our conceptions of information systems, from who uses them and how they are used, to how the systems are created and who is doing the creating. Everyday users are afforded the same information retrieval opportunities as information scientists or librarians by using emerging information systems such as the Web. Yet, defining best practices for assisting users in finding the information they seek remains an unrealized goal. Discovering how users engage in information retrieval and strategy building while searching for information in open-ended systems such as the Web is an area in need of exploration if these systems are to fulfill their potential as tools for information seeking and learning. This paper describes a theoretically and empirically based framework for how users formulate and employ information-seeking strategies in open-ended information systems (OEISs). Background information and challenges related to OEISs are provided. OEIS theoretical and user perspectives are described. An example based on a recent research study is provided to illustrate use of the OEIS information-seeking framework. Implications for practice and research are offered.

WWW support of student learning: A case study

<span>The World Wide Web (WWW) is achieving a place of prominence in educational practice. However, the benefits of using the Web to support learning are not always apparent. The most prominent public feature of the Internet is the multitude of possibilities that it presents for information retrieval. This is widely believed to offer educational advantage, although the means by which that advantage are realised are typically not well specified. The paper discusses the role of information retrieval opportunities presented by the Internet, and suggests that it requires a new model of information access best supported by a reconsideration of educational philosophy. The constructivist position is favoured. The paper also discusses issues in using the Internet to deliver courses, arguing that the delivery model does not take full advantage of the new possibilities offered by the technology. It then presents a case study of the use of the Web in a first year computer science course, offered in a Problem Based Learning (PBL) mode. The focus is on the appropriate use of the technology as a pedagogical tool in higher education. In the case of a curriculum clearly founded on constructivist principles an important factor in the appropriateness of the supporting technology was that it did not encourage staff and students to adopt more familiar, instructivist patterns of behaviour. In this sense, the role of the Internet within the curriculum needed to be different to those roles that currently tend to typify it.</span>

Internet Connections for Asthma

Access to the Internet has provided opportunities for information retrieval and communication all over the world. Numerous asthma organizations, professional associations, educational institutions, and individuals with an interest in asthma provide websites which may be useful to patients, caregivers, and health care professionals.

Perspectives on new electrode technology for stimulating peripheral nerves with implantable motor prostheses

The limits of present electrode technology are being reached in current motor prostheses for restoring functional movement in paralyzed people. Improved devices require electrodes and stimulation methods that will activate muscles selectively and independently with less implanted hardware. A practical functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) system may need to employ extraneural, intraneural, epimysial, or intramuscular electrodes or a combination of these types. The limitations of current muscle electrodes and the anatomy of peripheral nerve innervation of muscle have pointed to stimulation of peripheral nerve trunks as a promising area for investigation. Attempts to use conventional (extraneural) peripheral nerve electrodes for selective activation of muscles in chronic applications have met with only limited success. Intraneural (intrafascicular) electrodes offer the advantages of greater selectivity and lower power requirements, but these may be offset by the difficulty of inserting delicate electrodes through the collagenous epineurium and perineurium while avoiding unacceptable amounts of trauma. Cuff electrodes require more power than intrafascicular ones but may provide more stable recruitment patterns over time, and the opportunity for retrieval and replacement. >

Developmental Differences in Associative Memory: Strategy Use, Mental Effort, and Knowledge Access Interactions

The deployment of memory strategies is resource demanding and more so for younger children than for older children and adults. The associative memory studies reviewed show that accessibility to relevant event knowledge is directly related to the resource demands of using an elaboration strategy. The greater efficiency of strategy use by older children and adults permits the use of available mental resources to support additional task-relevant processing of to-be-learned items. This additional processing might include alternate or more durable encodings of pair relationships, creation of retrieval opportunities (strategies), and effective strategy monitoring. The additional processing enabled by the freeing of information-processing resources is hypothesized to be responsible for the developmental increase in the efficacy of elaboration and other associative strategies. Knowledge access also affects the nature of the relational strategy selected and the recall benefits observed. Although increases in "elaboration" were hypothesized to account for developmental differences in associative memory, the evidence clearly shows that other associative strategies are also involved. Although these other associative strategies involve elaboration in a nontechnical sense, the observed dissociations between them and the elaboration strategy argue for maintaining the distinction. Moreover, further analysis is needed to understand the interactions between strategy selection and knowledge access. In this regard, the initial strategy deployed by a learner is dependent on his or her knowledge about the relative effectiveness of various relational associations and interactions with knowledge access. For example, a younger subject might forgo "elaboration" if the items are "captured" by an "other associative" relationship activated during strategy deployment (particularly if the initial search for an elaboration is very effortful). In contrast, an older subject might persevere at retrieving a relevant event because of his or her knowledge about the benefits of encoding "direct" interactions for pair members. The learner's subsequent strategy selection, either for additional processing or encoding of new pairs, is undoubtedly more complex because of increases in the learner's knowledge about the relationships between strategy use, knowledge access, and resource demands. In conclusion, research examined in this chapter verified relationships between strategy use, mental effort, and knowledge access. Moreover, interactions between strategy use and knowledge access were exposed. These relationships are presumed to underlie developmental differences in the efficacy of memory strategies.