Ophioglossum Vulgatum Research Articles

Anti-inflammatory properties of ophioglonin derived from the fern Ophioglossum vulgatum L. via inactivating NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.

Medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic effects on human health. Ophioglossum vulgatum L. is a representative species of the fern genus Ophioglossum that has anti-inflammatory properties as recognized in folk medicine. Herein, we performed a nitric oxide (NO) assay-guided screening in RAW264.7 cells to investigate the active components of the plant. We found that ophioglonin (OPN), a characteristic homoflavonoid of the genus Ophioglossum, is one of the bioactive components. Therefore, we performed a comparative analysis of the isolated compounds and found that OPN has effects similar to those of isolated dihydroquercetin and luteolin at the concentrations tested. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of OPN were extensively validated using lipopolysaccharide -stimulated RAW264.7 cells, mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), and peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEMs). In vivo experiments with a carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema model further confirmed the anti-inflammatory effect of OPN. Additionally, we found that OPN and Ophioglossum vulgatum extracts inhibit the activation of signal transducers, NF-ĸB p65, IĸBα, ERK, p38, and JNK, consistent with the findings of pathway enrichment analysis. This work reinforces the anti-inflammatory properties of Ophioglossum vulgatum and indicates that OPN is a promising therapeutic agent for inflammation-associated disorders. Further clinical evaluations, including clinical trials, would be beneficial to validate the anti-inflammatory properties of OPN.

Full-length transcriptome analysis of Ophioglossum vulgatum: effects of experimentally identified chloroplast gene clusters on expression and evolutionary patterns.

Genes with similar or related functions in chloroplasts are often arranged in close proximity, forming clusters on chromosomes. These clusters are transcribed coordinated to facilitate the expression of genes with specific function. Our previous study revealed a significant negative correlation between the chloroplast gene expression level of the rare medicinal fern Ophioglossum vulgatum and its evolutionary rates as well as selection pressure. Therefore, in this study, we employed a combination of SMRT and Illumina sequencing technology to analyze the full-length transcriptome sequencing of O. vulgatum for the first time. In particular, we experimentally identified gene clusters based on transcriptome data and investigated the effects of chloroplast gene clustering on expression and evolutionary patterns. The results revealed that the total sequenced data volume of the full-length transcriptome of O. vulgatum amounted to 71,950,652,163bp, and 110 chloroplast genes received transcript coverage. Nine different types of gene clusters were experimentally identified in their transcripts. The chloroplast cluster genes may cause a decrease in non-synonymous substitution rate and selection pressure, as well as a reduction in transversion rate, transition rate, and their ratio. While expression levels of chloroplast cluster genes in leaf, sporangium, and stem would be relatively elevated. The Mann-Whitney U test indicated statistically significant in the selection pressure, sporangia and leaves groups (P < 0.05). We have contributed novel full-length transcriptome data resources for ferns, presenting new evidence on the effects of chloroplast gene clustering on expression land evolutionary patterns, and offering new theoretical support for transgenic research through gene clustering.

Rare, protected, and understudied vascular plant species of the pinewood complex of the Mozh River valley (Kharkiv Region, Ukraine)

The composition of the biota is dynamic and changes for many reasons, making biodiversity research relevant. Studies of rare species that are most vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures are of particular importance. Although the Mozh River flows through the central part of the Kharkiv Region, its valley remains understudied, especially the pine forests and their rare plants. The results of the current study include data from our field research, revision of the Herbarium of V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University (CWU), and literature sources from the second half of the 20th century to the present. This paper contains an annotated list of 35 species of vascular plants. Each species is provided with the data on its geographical range, distribution in Ukraine, population status and its study history in the Kharkiv Region, conservation status, and the state of its population in the studied forests. We found the localities of two species included in Appendix I of the Bern Convention (Salvinia natans (L.) All. and Jurinea cyanoides (L.) Rchb. and six species included in the Red Data Book of Ukraine (Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw., Pulsatilla pratensis (L.) Mill., Iris pineticola Klok., Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich., Neottia ovata (L.) Hartm., Tulipa quercetorum Klok. &amp; Zoz). We also found 19 species rare in the Kharkiv Region (Lycopodium clavatum L., Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth, Ophioglossum vulgatum L., Campanula persicifolia L., Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W.P.C. Barton, Comarum palustre L., Hottonia palustris L., Rubus saxatilis L., Carex pseudocyperus L., etc.). Nine regionally rare plant species have the boreal range type; they occur at the southern limit of their distribution range which indicates the specificity of ecological and climatic conditions formed in the pine forests in the Mozh River valley. In addition, we found five species without conservation status, but they are rare in the region (Caltha palustris L., Catolobus pendulus (L.) Al-Shehbaz, Gratiola officinalis L., Lythrum hyssopifolia L., Rubus polonicus Barr. ex Weston), and, therefore, they are recommended to be included in the next edition of the Official List of the Regionally Rare Plants of the Kharkiv Region. Three species (Buglossoides czernjajevii (Klokov &amp; Des.-Shost.) Czerep., Jacobaea andrzejowskyi (Tzvelev) B.Nord. &amp; Greuter, Sedum album L.) were identified as understudied in the Kharkiv region due to the lack of or insufficient information on their distribution in the study area.

Multiclavula mucida (Basidiomycota) and other cryptogamic taxa in the Hungarian flora

The paper deals with the species found during cryptogamic flora mapping in 2023 that are remarkable from a floristic, taxonomic or conservational point of view. We present data from the Bükk Mts of two Trapeliopsis species which appear to be rare in Hungary. Multiclavula mucida, which is ap­parently a rare basidiomycete lichen species in Europe that prefers humid, montane habitats was dis­covered in the Mecsek Mts as a new species for the Hungarian flora. Of the knothole moss, Anacampto­don splachnoides, which is now thought to be entomophilic, we communicate the only extant popula­tion from Southern Transdanubia. We report the first occurrence of the atlantic-mediterranean Lepto­don smithii from the Hungarian side of the Great Hungarian Plain. Numerous data of the corticole Neck­era pennata indicate that in Hungary the distributional centre of this species is situated in the county of Baranya in the lowlands. New data from the Bükk Mts underline that in the Pannonian region Buxbaumia viridis is primarily a terricole species of acidophilous beech forests. We communicate the first occurrence from the lowlands of the alien lignicolous Sematophyllum adnatum which is danger­ous­ly spreading in Europe, at the same time one of the most vigorous populations in the Pannonian region. The third Hungarian occurrence of Callicladium haldanianum, a species that seems to spread in bogs, as well as the second occurrence of Racomitrium lanuginosum, growing abundantly on an ande­site boulder scree in Mátra Mts, are also reported here. Of Phegopteris connectilis we present in photo­graphic docu­mentation the first extant population from Southern Transdanubia, and we discuss whether the first publication from Mecsek Mts is correct or exact. In addition to listing the floristic data, we also briefly discuss the (mis)use of distribution data in the context of climate change, the difficulties of distinguish­ing the microtaxa of some pteridophytes, e.g. Asplenium adiantum-nigrum agg. and Dryop­teris affinis agg., and we correct one of our previously published, erroneous Hedwigia stellata data. Some interest­ing data of other taxa (such as Leucobryum glaucum, Palustriella commutata, Tetraphis pellucida, Gym­nocarpium robertianum, Ophioglossum vulgatum) are also mentioned in the paper.

Multiclavula mucida (Basidiomycota) and other cryptogamic taxa in the Hungarian flora

The paper deals with the species found during cryptogamic flora mapping in 2023 that are remarkable from a floristic, taxonomic or conservational point of view. We present data from the Bükk Mts of two Trapeliopsis species which appear to be rare in Hungary. Multiclavula mucida, which is ap­parently a rare basidiomycete lichen species in Europe that prefers humid, montane habitats was dis­covered in the Mecsek Mts as a new species for the Hungarian flora. Of the knothole moss, Anacampto­don splachnoides, which is now thought to be entomophilic, we communicate the only extant popula­tion from Southern Transdanubia. We report the first occurrence of the atlantic-mediterranean Lepto­don smithii from the Hungarian side of the Great Hungarian Plain. Numerous data of the corticole Neck­era pennata indicate that in Hungary the distributional centre of this species is situated in the county of Baranya in the lowlands. New data from the Bükk Mts underline that in the Pannonian region Buxbaumia viridis is primarily a terricole species of acidophilous beech forests. We communicate the first occurrence from the lowlands of the alien lignicolous Sematophyllum adnatum which is danger­ous­ly spreading in Europe, at the same time one of the most vigorous populations in the Pannonian region. The third Hungarian occurrence of Callicladium haldanianum, a species that seems to spread in bogs, as well as the second occurrence of Racomitrium lanuginosum, growing abundantly on an ande­site boulder scree in Mátra Mts, are also reported here. Of Phegopteris connectilis we present in photo­graphic docu­mentation the first extant population from Southern Transdanubia, and we discuss whether the first publication from Mecsek Mts is correct or exact. In addition to listing the floristic data, we also briefly discuss the (mis)use of distribution data in the context of climate change, the difficulties of distinguish­ing the microtaxa of some pteridophytes, e.g. Asplenium adiantum-nigrum agg. and Dryop­teris affinis agg., and we correct one of our previously published, erroneous Hedwigia stellata data. Some interest­ing data of other taxa (such as Leucobryum glaucum, Palustriella commutata, Tetraphis pellucida, Gym­nocarpium robertianum, Ophioglossum vulgatum) are also mentioned in the paper.

Chloroplast gene expression level is negatively correlated with evolutionary rates and selective pressure while positively with codon usage bias in Ophioglossum vulgatum L

BackgroundCharacterization of the key factors determining gene expression level has been of significant interest. Previous studies on the relationship among evolutionary rates, codon usage bias, and expression level mostly focused on either nuclear genes or unicellular/multicellular organisms but few in chloroplast (cp) genes. Ophioglossum vulgatum is a unique fern and has important scientific and medicinal values. In this study, we sequenced its cp genome and transcriptome to estimate the evolutionary rates (dN and dS), selective pressure (dN/dS), gene expression level, codon usage bias, and their correlations.ResultsThe correlation coefficients between dN, dS, and dN/dS, and Transcripts Per Million (TPM) average values were -0.278 (P = 0.027 < 0.05), -0.331 (P = 0.008 < 0.05), and -0.311 (P = 0.013 < 0.05), respectively. The codon adaptation index (CAI) and tRNA adaptation index (tAI) were significantly positively correlated with TPM average values (P < 0.05).ConclusionsOur results indicated that when the gene expression level was higher, the evolutionary rates and selective pressure were lower, but the codon usage bias was stronger. We provided evidence from cp gene data which supported the E-R (E stands for gene expression level and R stands for evolutionary rate) anti-correlation.

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Is with Highly Repetitive Sequences: Intergenomic Fragment Transfer and Phylogenetic Analysis.

Many plant mitochondrial (mt) genomes have been sequenced but few in ferns. Ophioglossum vulgatum represents a typical species of fern genus Ophioglossum with medicinal and scientific value. However, its mt genome structure remains to be characterized. This study assembled and annotated the complete O. vulgatum mt genome and presented its structural characters and repeat sequences firstly. Its mt and chloroplast (cp) transfer sequences were explored, and the phylogenetic significance of both mt and cp genomes was also evaluated at the family level. Our results showed that the complete mt genome of O. vulgatum is a single circular genome of 369,673 bp in length, containing 5000 dispersed repetitive sequences. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed from cp and mt genomes displayed similar topologies, but also showed subtle differences at certain nodes. There exist 4818 bp common gene fragments between cp and mt genomes, of which more than 70% are located in tRNA intergenic regions (in mt). In conclusion, we assembled the complete mt genome of O. vulgatum, identified its remarkable structural characters, and provided new insights on ferns. The complementary results derived from mt and cp phylogeny highlighted that some higher taxonomic-level phylogenetic relationships among ferns remain to be resolved.

REGIONAL FLORA OF ROSLYN POLTAVA REGION THAT SPECIFICS

The work describes the flora of higher sporeless vascular plants (superdivision Bryobionta, divisions Marhantiophyta, Bryophyta) and higher spore vascular plants (divisions Lycopodiophyta, Equisetophyta, Psilotophyta, Polypodiophyta) of Poltava region, analyzed the peculiarities of its systematic and taxonomic composition. As a result of research, it was established that the bryobiont flora includes 167 species, 87 genus, and 43 families. Lycopodiophyta – five species from four genus, two families, Equisetophyta – 9 species from one genus, one family, Psilotophyta – 2 species from 2 genus, 2 families, Polypodiophyta – 14 species from 11 genus, 7 families. The department Marchantiophyta is represented by 17 species from 11 genus, 9 families, Bryophyta – 150 species, 75 genus, 33 families. In general, according to the results of research, it was found that the flora of spore plants of the Poltava region includes 197 species from 104 genus, 55 families.It was established that there are 70 rare and endangered species in the studied flora (36.46% of the total number). Among bryophytes, there are 49 species (29.3% of the total number). One of them is Tortula randii (Kenn.) R.H. Zander – listed in the Red Book of Ukraine, Dicranum viride (Kenn.) R.H. Zander – in the European Red List, the rest – 47 species are regionally rare. Among the representatives of the division Lycopodiophyta, three species are listed in the Red Book of Ukraine (Diaphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub., Lycopodium annotinum L., Lycopodiella denudata (L.) Holub., Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank et Mart.), one species, Lycopodium clavatum, is regionally rare. Among Equisetophyta, 4 species are included in the regional list, Psilotophyta – Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. – in the Red Book of Ukraine, Ophioglossum vulgatum L. – in the regional list, Polypodiophyta – Salvinia natans (L.) All., – in the Red Book of Ukraine, 10 species – to the regional list.

Contribution to the knowledge of the non-calcareous grasslands of the Monti Sibillini National Park (central Italy): coenological structure, syntaxonomy, ecology, and floristic aspects

Abstract This study provides the first contribution to the knowledge of the non-calcareous grasslands of the arenaceous sector of the Monti Sibillini National Park (central Italy). We conducted 55 relevés using the Braun-Blanquet phytosociological method and analysed the ecology of plant communities by Redundancy analysis using topographic variables and Ellenberg Indicator Values as predictors. We identified nine plant communities, belonging to four classes. Communities of Calluno-Ulicetea and Nardetea strictae were found on acidic soils at higher elevations, those of Festuco-Brometea were mainly associated with steeper south-facing slopes, while Molinio-Arrhenatheretea communities were associated with low altitudes and gentle slopes, semi-flat lands, and high soil nutrient and moisture values. We recorded a total of 410 taxa at the species and subspecies level, representing about 20% of the flora of the Monti Sibillini National Park. Some of these are of high conservation interest, e.g. Calluna vulgaris, Genista sagittalis, Juncus capitatus, and Ophioglossum vulgatum. Eight species are new to the flora of Sibillini National Park.

The complete chloroplast genome of Ophioglossum vulgatum L. (Ophioglossaceae) and phylogenetic analysis

Ophioglossum vulgatum is a rare and ancient fern. In this study, the chloroplast (cp) genome of O. vulgatum was completely sequenced. The genome size is 138,562 bp, which contains a large single-copy (LSC) region with 99,351 bp, a small single-copy (SSC) region with 19,661 bp, and two inverted repeats (IR) regions of 9,775 bp each. Additionally, the overall GC content is 42.14%. It encodes a total 129 genes, including 84 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. The Bayesian phylogenetic tree shows that O. vulgatum and O. californicum formed a monophyletic branch. This study can provide a molecular basis for studying the phylogenetic genomics and population variation of Ophioglossaceae.

Importance of Plants with Extremely Small Populations (PSESPs) in Endemic-Rich Areas, Elements Often Forgotten in Conservation Strategies

The distribution of the threatened fern Ophioglossum vulgatum L., a plant with extremely small populations (PSESPs) in Sardinia, is characterized by small disjunct populations with only a few individuals, and little is known about its status in the wild. To provide information for the conservation of O. vulgatum and with the aim to develop an in situ conservation strategy, we investigated its distribution, population size, and habitat. Field surveys confirmed that the species grows in only five localities. Two representative populations were selected for this study (Funtanamela and Gedili), and in each population, all plants were mapped and monitored monthly from April to August over an 8-year period. During the study, the populations had a very low number of reproductive plants and the populations appeared to be in decline, with the total number of plants per population slightly decreased in Gedili while a sharp reduction was recorded in Funtanamela due to wild boar threat. A fence was built in order to protect the site from further damage, but no noticeable signals of recovery were observed. The most urgent conservation requirement for this species is to preserve the threatened habitat of the remnant populations. Further field surveys and research are also required for an improved understanding of the species’ status.

The Regional Aspects of Biodiversity Preservation under Oil Deposit Exploitation and Oil Transportation

The structure and composition of the forming vegetation at the developed oil field in Western Siberia is considered. The absence of pathologies in plants in reclaimed and self-growing developed areas and the growth of Dactylorhiza maculata (a specially protected plant from the Khanty-Mansi AO Red Book) in the post-technogenic territory testify to the restoration of biodiversity and environmental safety of the emerging post-technogenic communities. Dactylorhiza baltica populations from the Red Book of the Russian Federation have been identified on the Russian Plain in the Leningrad and Yaroslavl Regions in the protected area of oil pipelines. In addition, in the Yaroslavl region, populations of Neottia nidus-avis, Platanthera bifolia, Glyceria lithuanica, Carex sylvatica, Dactylorhiza incarnata, Dactylorhiza maculata, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Listera ovata, Ophioglossum vulgatum, Veratrum lobelianum, were found. These species are especially protected in the Yaroslavl region. The characteristics of their populations are given: the number of locations, the number of specimens, biotopes. The areas of various grassy biotopes in forest regions are increased through the length of treeless and protected spaces above oil pipelines. Thus these treeless spaces contribute to the conservation of rare and endangered edge-meadow, meadow and bog-meadow plants. Measures for the conservation and restoration of populations of specially protected species are recommended. A suggestion is made about the necessity to expand the assortment of sown plant species when carrying out reclamation work on post-technogenic lands using indigenous species for sowing seeds.

The conditions and methods of biological diversity preservation and restoration on post-technogenic lands

Oil production, as well as the transportation of oil and gas through pipeline systems, cause the destruction and man-made transformation of the natural ecosystems of Northern Eurasia, an increase in the area of disturbed lands, and a reduction in the habitats of specially protected plant species. In this regard, the most significant measures for biological diversity are the identification of conditions for the growth of populations of rare plants in man-made biotopes and the development of methods for their conservation and restoration. 12 species (Carex sylvatica, Dactylorhiza baltica, D. fuchsii, D. incarnata, D. maculata, Fragaria moschata, Glyceria lithuanica, Listera ovata, Neottia nidus-avis, Ophioglossum vulgatum, Platanthera bifolia, Veratrum lobelianum) from the Red Book of the Yaroslavl region and 1 species (Dactylorhiza baltica) from the Red Book of the Leningrad region were recorded in the protected area of oil pipelines. Moreover,Dactylorhiza balticais listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. ForDactylorhiza fuchsii, D. incarnata, D. maculata, Fragaria moschata, at the risk of complete destruction of their biotopes, methods of their transplantation, repatriation and rehabilitation have been developed and transferred to the appropriate Department of the Yaroslavl region. For the restoration of biotopes on bulk sand dams of an oil field in Western Siberia, an experimental study of the wild speciesLeymus arenarieusas a fixative of technogenic sands showed good results.

A unique locality of Ophioglossum vulgatum (Ophioglossaceae) in forest-steppe part of Zhytomyr Region

A new population of a regionally threatened species Ophioglossum vulgatum is reported. It is the southernmost record of the species within Zhytomyr Region and the only one in its forest-steppe part. The population is comprised of four parts with overall area of about 16 m2 and total number ca. 1000 specimens. A two-fold observation of the locality revealed fluctuation in number and density of specimens. The population is located within a settled area and is exposed to moderate anthropogenic pressure. Further monitoring is needed to detect population trend.

Phenylpropanoid Derivatives Are Essential Components of Sporopollenin in Vascular Plants

The outer wall of pollen and spores, namely the exine, is composed of sporopollenin, which is highly resistant to chemical reagents and enzymes. In this study, we demonstrated that phenylpropanoid pathway derivatives are essential components of sporopollenin in seed plants. Spectral analyses showed that the autofluorescence of Lilium and Arabidopsis sporopollenin is similar to that of lignin. Thioacidolysis and NMR analyses of pollen from Lilium and Cryptomeria further revealed that the sporopollenin of seed plants contains phenylpropanoid derivatives, including p-hydroxybenzoate (p-BA), p-coumarate (p-CA), ferulate (FA), and lignin guaiacyl (G) units. The phenylpropanoid pathway is expressed in the tapetum in Arabidopsis, consistent with the fact that the sporopollenin precursor originates from the tapetum. Further germination and comet assays showed that this pathway plays an important role in protection of pollen against UV radiation. In the pteridophyte plant species Ophioglossum vulgatum and Lycopodium clavata, phenylpropanoid derivatives including p-BA and p-CA were also detected, but G units were not. Taken together, our results indicate that phenylpropanoid derivatives are essential for sporopollenin synthesis in vascular plants. In addition, sporopollenin autofluorescence spectra of bryophytes, such as Physcomitrella and Haplocladium, exhibit distinct characteristics compared with those of vascular plants, indicating the diversity of sporopollenin among land plants.

Ecological-coenotic features of rare flora species of pine-oak stands of Volyn Polissya

Anthropogenic influence on the natural vegetation of Volyn Polissya threatens the existence of habitats of rare and endangered species of flora. Therefore, the region, unique in botanical and geographical terms, is gradually losing its specific vegetation characteristics. Having analyzed the literature data, herbarium data and materials of our own field studies in 2016-2019, we have compiled a list of rare and endangered species of pine-oak stands. In the habitat of pine-oak stands 89 rare species were found, 29 of which are listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine, while Silene lithuanica is included in the European Red List. 3 species (Cypripedium calceolus, Trapa natans та Caldesia parnassifolia) are included into appendices of “The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora”. 10 species are subject to protection according to the appendix of “Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats” 56 species are regionally rare species for the flora of the Volyn region, 4 species are rare species of pine-oak stands. In our research we have analyzed the age range, density and recovery index for the species studied. The study found that for 63 rare species the dynamics of species abundance and distribution are satisfactory. The area of distribution and the number of 7 species is increasing: Allium ursinum, Galanthus nivalis, Platanthera chlorantha, Anemone sylvestris, Campanula persicifolia, Corydalis cava, Isopyrum thalictroides In the study area 14 species grow sporadically: Juniperus communis, Potentilla alba, Digitalis grandiflora, Gymnocarpium dryoptheris, Daphne mezereum, Neottia nidus-avis, Epipactis helleborine, Scorzonera purpurea, Asparagus officinalis, Iris sibirica, Adonis vernalis, Cephalanthera damasonium, Gentiana cruciate, Gentiana pneumonanthe. Dissemination information for Caldesia parnassifolia, Succisella inflexa, Genistella sagittalis, Salix myrtilloides, Ophioglossum vulgatum is insufficient for establishing species dynamics and needs further investigation. The conservation of pine-oak stands in Volyn Polissya will help to create the conditions for the growth of rare and endangered species of flora.

ВІДДІЛ POLYPODIOPHYTA У СТРУКТУРІ ФЛОРИ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ПРИРОДНОГО ПАРКУ “ГУЦУЛЬЩИНА” (УКРАЇНСЬКІ КАРПАТИ)

National Natural Park “Hutsulshchyna” is situated on the territory of the Kosiv district of Ivano-Frankivsk region on the area of 322.71 km 2 . In the borders of NNP we have found 27 species of ferns, which belong to 16 generas and 9 families. Here we are representing a list of the flora of Polypodiophyta plants section, biomorphological, ecological, regional and geographical characteristic of each species of higher spore plants on the territory of NNP “Hutsulshchyna”. According to zonal distribution the largest group among ferns are plurizonal species – 33.3 %, boreal-submeridional – 22.2 %, temperate-meridional – 14.8%, boreal-meridional – 11.1 %, arctic-meridional and boreal-subtropic – 7.4 % respectively and boreal-temperate – by 3.7 %. An altitude analysis of pteridophytes shows that among seven groups of flora’s distribution the biggest is the group of montana-plain species – 85.1 %. The climatic analysis of Polypodiophyta plants section shows, that dominative is the group of oceanists – 81.5 %. The character of distribution of ferns across the globe designate the regional distribution of species. The dominative group, which includes more than half of all species composition are circumpolar species – 59.3 %, they are occurring in the entire of all Northern hemisphere. The other groups make a small part of the total numbers of ferns. The result of analyze of the life forms of Polypodiophyta by K. Raunkier was next: they are represented by two groups, hemicryptophytes dominate – 70.4 %, geophytes are less then one third of the species – 29.6 %. The ratio of the ferns according to the level of moisture content of the soil (substrate) is as follows: the largest group is mesophytes – 70.4 %, mesogigrophytes – 22.2 %, while hihrophytes and xeromesophytes includes only one species – 3.7 % of the total numbers of ferns. A distribution of the ferns on the territory of NNP “Hutsulshchyna” as a measure of trophy of the substrate is: mesotrophs are 55.6 %, mesoeutrophs – 40.7 % of the total number of species, shows a moderate curiosity to the richness of the soil. In the researching group of the flora of NNP “Hutsulshchyna” there is significant advantage of sciophytes, which life cycle undergo in the conditions of rather weak light (55.6 %), they are confined to forest phytocenoses. Sciogeliophytes which can existing on the open areas and withstand a certain degree of shading make up 33.3 % of the total number of species. Among the 27 species of ferns which are founded on the on the territory of the National park two species ( Botrychium lunaria , Cystopteris sudetica ) are included in the Red Book of Ukraine. The list of endemic, relict, rare and endangered plant species known from the territory of the Ivano-Frankivsk region includes Ophioglossum vulgatum , Phyllitis scolopendrium , Polystichum braunii , Polystichum aculeatum.

Materials to the creation of the botanical preserve of local importance «Novozhanivskyi»

The results of ecological and floristic studies of the rarity component of the urban flora of Kharkiv City in the valley of the Udy River within the Novobovarskyi microdistrict are presented. Field studies were conducted in 2017‒2020. A triangular section of 30.48 hectares was investigated near the Novozhanovo railway station. It is located on the left bank of the river Udy and is bounded on both sides by railway embankments. The Udy River valley is situated in the northeast of the city, mainly in the previously underdeveloped areas; its significant part lays in the exclusion zone of the Kharkiv railway junction and road transport routes. A large area of the river valley is swampy, therefore unsuitable for economic use. The Udianskyi eco-corridor of local importance passes through the city. It consists of two key areas: the Zhovtnevyi Hydropark wetlands and the Kriukivskyi hydrological reserve of local importance. Currently, it has been proposed to create a botanical preserve of local importance "Novozhanivskyi" for the protection of species and associations rare for Kharkiv Region and for conservation of the true meadow formation (Prata genuine) of the class Festuceta pratensis. The site is of scientific importance, since a number of species growing there are listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine and need protection under Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) – Ophioglossum vulgatum, Botrychium lunaria, Anacamptis coriophora, A. palustris, Epipactis palustris, Parnassia palustris, Centaurium erythraea, C. pulchellum, Valeriana officinalis, Inula helenium, Dianthus stenocalyx. The investigated area phytodiversity is represented by meadow and psammophytic species of vascular plants: Calamagrostis epigeios, Agrostis vinealis, Poa pratensis, Koeleria cristata, Nardus stricta, Sieglingia decumbens, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Festuca orientalis, Juncus gerardii, Botrychium lunaria, Genista tinctoria, Solidago virgaurea, Euphrasia pectinata, Stellaria graminea, Hieracium villosum, H. umbellatum, Polygala sibirica, Plantago lanceolata, Equisetum arvense, Achillea submillefolium. For the five plant species listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine, the distribution maps within the area of proposed preserve are given.

Taxonomical and chorological notes 11 (112–125)

The present part of the series provides new records of 14 taxa of which 8 are native and 6 introduced in Europe. Three vascular plants are newly reported from Kosovo (Corrigiola litoralis, Dysphania pumilio, Equisetum pratense) and one (Chamaecytisus purpureus) from Northern Macedonia. The occurrence of one species (Corydalis pumila) is confirmed in Northern Macedonia. Amendments to the known distribution of vascular plants are reported from Albania (Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Gratiola officinalis, Onosma heterophylla, Paspalum dilatatum), Hungary (Euphorbia lathyris), Lithuania (Ophioglossum vulgatum), and Slovakia (Duchesnea indica, Panicum dichotomiflorum, Pilosella cymosa).

Urban forests in the city of Ivanovo

The paper deals with the issue of urban forests in the city of Ivanovo which were saved on the territories of three parks. On the basis of special studies during 20122018the main types of forestshave been briefly described. The data on the forest flora are presented (338 species were recorded in the park named after the 1905 Revolution, 235 in the park named after Stepanov, 217 in the park Kharinka). The forests are dominated by typical forest species, 5 rare plants preserved(Epipactis palustris,Eryngium planum,Malaxis monophyllos,Ophioglossum vulgatum,Viola selkirkii),they are included into the regional Red Data book.There are also old trees of native species.Planting trees, creating lawns and flower beds greatly enriched their flora. In general, the composition and structure of forests are disturbed, weed and ruderal alien species (groups ofAcer negundo,Amelanchier spicata,Cerasus vulgaris,Cotoneaster lucidus,Fraxinus pennsylvanica,Malus domestica,Sambucus racemosa, etc.) are noted. Some species (Cerasus maximowiczii,Crataegus monogyna,Padus pensylvanica,Parthenocissus inserta,Phellodendron amurense,Thladiantha dubia,Telekia speciosa) belong to the rare invasive plants of the Ivanovo Region. The parks possess the status of specially protected natural areas, they are of great environmental, ecological, scientific and aesthetic value. As a result of the territory zoning of these valuable forest areas they have been assigned to the reserves with a strict protection regime.