Operators In QCD Research Articles

Massive holographic QCD in the Veneziano limit

QCD at finite, flavor independent quark mass is analyzed by using bottom-up holography in the Veneziano limit, where the backreaction of quarks to the gluon dynamics is fully included. The dependence on the quark mass of observables such as the bound state masses, the chiral condensate, the S-parameter, and the critical temperatures is studied. Many of the results are argued to be universal, i.e., independent of the details of the holographic model, and compared to explicit computations in the V-QCD models. The effect of adding four-fermion operators in QCD is also discussed.

Meson mass decomposition from lattice QCD

Hadron masses can be decomposed as a sum of quark and glue components which are defined through hadronic matrix elements of QCD operators. The components consist of the quark mass term, the quark energy term, the glue energy term, and the trace anomaly term. We calculate these components for mesons with lattice QCD for the first time. The calculation is carried out with overlap fermion on $2+1$ flavor domain-wall fermion gauge configurations. We confirm that $\sim 50\%$ of the light pion mass comes from the quark mass term and $\sim 10\%$ comes from the quark energy; whereas, while for the $\rho$ meson, the quark energy contributes roughly half of its mass but the quark mass term contributes little. The combined glue components contribute $\sim 40 - 50\%$ for both mesons. It is interesting to observe that the quark mass contribution to the mass of the vector meson is almost linear in quark mass over a large quark mass region below the charm quark mass. For heavy mesons, the quark mass term dominates the masses, while the contribution from the glue components is about $200$ MeV (a bare value around 2GeV) for the heavy pseudoscalar and vector mesons. The charmonium hyperfine splitting is found to be dominated by the quark energy term which is consistent with the picture of the quark potential model.

Spectral density of the Dirac operator in two-flavor QCD

We compute the spectral density of the (Hermitean) Dirac operator in Quantum Chromodynamics with two light degenerate quarks near the origin. We use CLS/ALPHA lattices generated with two flavours of O(a)-improved Wilson fermions corresponding to pseudoscalar meson masses down to 190 MeV, and with spacings in the range 0.05-0.08 fm. Thanks to the coverage of parameter space, we can extrapolate our data to the chiral and continuum limits with confidence. The results show that the spectral density at the origin is non-zero because the low modes of the Dirac operator do condense as expected in the Banks-Casher mechanism. Within errors, the spectral density turns out to be a constant function up to eigenvalues of approximately 80 MeV. Its value agrees with the one extracted from the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner relation.

Renormalization of twist-four operators in light-cone gauge

We compute one-loop renormalization group equations for non-singlet twist-four operators in QCD. The calculation heavily relies on the light-cone gauge formalism in the momentum fraction space that essentially rephrases the analysis of all two-to-two and two-to-three transition kernels to purely algebraic manipulations both for non- and quasipartonic operators. This is the first brute force calculation of this sector available in the literature. Fourier transforming our findings to the coordinate space, we checked them against available results obtained within a conformal symmetry-based formalism that bypasses explicit diagrammatic calculations and confirmed agreement with the latter.

Standard Model anatomy of WIMP dark matter direct detection. II. QCD analysis and hadronic matrix elements

Models of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) specified at the electroweak scale are systematically matched to effective theories at hadronic scales where WIMP-nucleus scattering observables are evaluated. Anomalous dimensions and heavy quark threshold matching conditions are computed for the complete basis of lowest-dimension effective operators involving quarks and gluons. The resulting QCD renormalization group evolution equations are solved. The status of relevant hadronic matrix elements is reviewed and phenomenological illustrations are given, including details for the computation of the universal limit of nucleon scattering with heavy $SU(2)_W\times U(1)_Y$ charged WIMPs. Several cases of previously underestimated hadronic uncertainties are isolated. The results connect arbitrary models specified at the electroweak scale to a basis of $n_f=3$ flavor QCD operators. The complete basis of operators and Lorentz invariance constraints through order $v^2/c^2$ in the nonrelativistic nucleon effective theory are derived.

OPE of the energy-momentum tensor correlator and the gluon condensate operator in massless QCD to three-loop order

The correlator of two gluonic operators plays an important role for example in transport properties of a Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) or in sum rules for glueballs. In [1] an operator product expansion (OPE) at zero temperature was performed for the correlators of two scalar operators $O_1=-\frac{1}{4} G^{\mu \nu}G_{\mu \nu}$ and two QCD energy-momentum tensors $T^{\mu\nu}$. There we presented analytical two-loop results for the Wilson coefficient $C_1$ in front of the gluon condensate operator $O_1$. In this paper these results are extended to three-loop order. The three-loop Wilson coefficient $C_0$ in front of the unity operator $O_0=1$ was already presented in [1] for the $T^{\mu\nu}$-correlator. For the $O_1$-correlator the coefficient $C_0$ is known to four loop order from [2]. For the correlator of two pseudoscalar operators $\tilde{O}_1=\varepsilon_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma} G^{\mu \nu} G^{\rho \sigma}$ both coefficients $C_0$ and $C_1$ were computed in [3] to three-loop order. At zero temperature $C_0$ and $C_1$ are the leading Wilson coefficients in massless QCD.

Gluon helicityΔGfrom a universality class of operators on a lattice

We show that the total gluon helicity $\Delta G$ in a polarized nucleon can be calculated on a Euclidean lattice through a universality class of QCD operators that describe the helicity or polarization of the onshell gluon radiation. We in particular find some operators whose matrix elements in a nucleon of momentum $P^z$ are directly related to $\Delta G$ with only power-law $(1/P^z)^n (n\ge 2)$ corrections.

QCD REGGEON CALCULUS FROM JIMWLK EVOLUTION

We show explicitly how the high energy QCD evolution generated by the KLWMIJ Hamiltonian can be cast in the form of the QCD Reggeon Field Theory. We show how to reduce the KLWMIJ Hamitonian to physical color singlet degrees of freedom. We suggest a natural way of defining the Pomeron and other Reggeons in the framework of the KLWMIJ evolution and derive the QCD Reggeon Field Theory Hamiltonian which includes several lowest Reggeon operators. This Hamiltonian generates evolution equations for all Reggeons in the case of dilute-dense scattering, including the nonlinear Balitsky-Kovchegov equation for the Pomeron. We also find explicit expressions for the Reggeon conjugate operators in terms of QCD operators, and derive their evolution equations. This provides a natural and unambiguous framework for reggeization procedure introduced by Bartels.

QCD Reggeon calculus from KLWMIJ/JIMWLK evolution: vertices, reggeization and all

We show explicitly how the high energy QCD evolution generated by the KLWMIJ Hamiltonian can be cast in the form of the QCD Reggeon Field Theory. We show how to reduce the KLWMIJ Hamitonian to physical color singlet degrees of freedom. We suggest a natural way of defining the Pomeron and other Reggeons in the framework of the KLWMIJ evolution and derive the QCD Reggeon Field Theory Hamiltonian which includes several lowest Reggeon operators. This Hamiltonian generates evolution equations for all Reggeons in the case of dilute-dense scattering, including the nonlinear Balitsky-Kovchegov equation for the Pomeron. We also find explicit expressions for the Reggeon conjugate operators in terms of QCD operators, and derive their evolution equations. This provides a natural and unambiguous framework for reggeization procedure introduced in [4, 5]. The Bartels triple Pomeron vertex is inherited directly from the RFT Hamiltonian. For simplicity in the bulk of the paper we work in the large N c limit.

Three loop renormalization of 3-quark operators in QCD

We compute the three loop MSbar anomalous dimension for the 3-quark operator corresponding to the proton. This requires the treatment of gamma^5 within dimensional regularization as well as evanescent operators generated through the renormalization. We extend the Larin scheme for gamma^5 to a mixing matrix of finite renormalization constants chosen so that chiral symmetry is manifest in four dimensions. We also provide the finite part of the Green's function at two loops where the operator is inserted at zero momentum in a quark 3-point function in an arbitrary linear covariant gauge in order to assist with the lattice measurement of the same quantity. The renormalization of the generalized 3-quark operators in the scheme devised by Kraenkl and Manashov is extended to three loops and the anomalous dimensions for the (1/2,0), (3/2,0) and (1,1/2) spin operators with various chiralities are also given.

Gauge-invariant formalism with a Dirac-mode expansion for confinement and chiral symmetry breaking

Using the eigen-mode of the QCD Dirac operator $\Slash D=\gamma^\mu D^\mu$, we develop a manifestly gauge-covariant expansion and projection of the QCD operators such as the Wilson loop and the Polyakov loop. With this method, we perform a direct analysis of the correlation between confinement and chiral symmetry breaking in lattice QCD Monte Carlo calculation on $6^4$ at $\beta$=5.6. Even after removing the low-lying Dirac modes, which are responsible to chiral symmetry breaking, we find that the Wilson loop obeys the area law, and the slope parameter corresponding to the string tension or the confinement force is almost unchanged. We find also that the Polyakov loop remains to be almost zero even without the low-lying Dirac modes, which indicates the $Z_3$-unbroken confinement phase. These results indicate that one-to-one correspondence does not hold for between confinement and chiral symmetry breaking in QCD.

The 16th moment of the three-loop anomalous dimension of the non-singlet transversity operator in QCD

We present the result of the three-loop anomalous dimension of non-singlet transversity operator in QCD for the Mellin moment N=16. The obtained result coincides with the prediction from arXiv:1203.1022 and can serve as a confirmation of the correctness of the general expression for three-loop anomalous dimension of non-singlet transversity operator in QCD for the arbitrary Mellin moment.

Three-loop anomalous dimension of the non-singlet transversity operator in QCD

We calculate the three-loop anomalous dimension of the non-singlet transverse operator from N=1 to N=15. Using some guess we have reconstructed a general form of three-loop anomalous dimension for arbitrary Mellin moment N. Obtained result is transformed into Bjorken-x space by an inverse Mellin transformation. The final expressions are presented in both Mellin-N and Bjorken-x space.

Four loop anomalous dimension of the second moment of the non-singlet twist-2 operator in QCD

We present the result of a calculation for the first even moment of the non-singlet four-loop anomalous dimension of Wilson twist-2 operators in QCD with full color and flavor structures.

A Simple Method of Calculating Effective Operators

It is important to obtain effective operators by integrating out high energy degrees of freedom in physics. We suggest a general method of calculating accurate irrelevant operators in a scattering process without use of equation of motions. By using this method, for example, we will represent a complete set of dimension six operators in QCD, which are induced from physics beyond the standard model, supersymmetry and universal extra dimension. We will also show an example of effective anomalous 4-Fermi interactions induced from a little Higgs model.

Operator product expansion in QCD in off-forward kinematics: separation of kinematic and dynamical contributions

We develop a general approach to the calculation of target mass and finite t=(p'-p)^2 corrections in hard processes which can be studied in the framework of the operator product expansion and involve momentum transfer from the initial to the final hadron state. Such corrections, which are usually referred to as kinematic, can be defined as contributions of operators of all twists that can be reduced to total derivatives of the leading twist operators. As the principal result, we provide a set of projection operators that pick up the "kinematic" part of an arbitrary flavor-nonsinglet twist-four operator in QCD. A complete expression is derived for the time-ordered product of two electromagnetic currents that includes all kinematic corrections to twist-four accuracy. The results are immediately applicable to the studies of deeply-virtual Compton scattering, transition gamma^*-> M gamma form factors and related processes. As a byproduct of this study, we find a series of "genuine" twist-four flavor-nonsinglet quark-antiquark-gluon operators which have the same anomalous dimensions as the leading twist quark-antiquark operators.

Two-loop renormalization of three-quark operators in QCD

Renormalization of composite three-quark operators in dimensional regularization is complicated by the mixing of physical and unphysical (evanescent) operators. This mixing must be taken into account in a consistent subtraction scheme. In this work we propose a particular scheme that allows one to avoid the necessity of additional finite renormalization and is convenient in QCD applications. As an illustration, we calculate the two-loop anomalous dimensions of local three-quark operators in this scheme.

Improved stochastic estimation of quark propagation with Laplacian Heaviside smearing in lattice QCD

A new method of stochastically estimating the low-lying effects of quark propagation is proposed which allows accurate determinations of temporal correlations of single-hadron and multihadron operators in lattice QCD. The method is well suited for calculations in large volumes. Contributions involving quark propagation connecting hadron sink operators at the same final time can be handled in a straightforward manner, even for a large number of final time slices. The method exploits Laplacian Heaviside (LapH) smearing. ${Z}_{N}$ noise is introduced in a novel way, and variance reduction is achieved using judiciously-chosen noise-dilution projectors. The method is tested using isoscalar mesons in the scalar, pseudoscalar, and vector channels, and using the two-pion system of total isospin $I=0$, 1, 2 on large anisotropic ${24}^{3}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}128$ lattices with spatial spacing ${a}_{s}\ensuremath{\sim}0.12\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fm}$ and temporal spacing ${a}_{t}\ensuremath{\sim}0.034\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{fm}$ for pion masses ${m}_{\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\approx}390$ and 240 MeV.

Random matrix model forQCD3staggered fermions

We show that the lowest part of the eigenvalue density of the staggered fermion operator in lattice QCD_3 at small lattice coupling constant beta has exactly the same shape as in QCD_4. This observation is quite surprising, since universal properties of the QCD_3 Dirac operator are expected to be described by a non-chiral matrix model. We show that this effect is related to the specific nature of the staggered fermion discretization and that the eigenvalue density evolves towards the non-chiral random matrix prediction when beta is increased and the continuum limit is approached. We propose a two-matrix model with one free parameter which interpolates between the two limits and very well mimics the pattern of evolution with beta of the eigenvalue density of the staggered fermion operator in QCD_3.

The non-planar contribution to the four-loop anomalous dimension of twist-2 operators: First moments in [formula omitted] SYM and non-singlet QCD

We present the result of a full direct component calculation for the first three even moments of the non-planar contribution into the four-loop anomalous dimension of twist-2 operators in maximally extended N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory. Obtained result completes our previous calculations in arXiv:0902.4646 [9] and gives the usual result for the higher moments on the contrary to degenerate one in the case of Konishi. We propose a general form of ζ 5 and ζ 3 parts of the complete non-planar four-loop anomalous dimension of twist-2 operators. As by product, we have obtained the first even moment of the non-planar contribution to the non-singlet four-loop anomalous dimension of Wilson twist-2 operators in QCD.