Operation Count Research Articles

Students’ Mathematisation in Solving Mathematical Literacy Problems with Space and Shape Contents

This paper aimed to describe four undergraduate students’ mathematisation from Surabaya and Sidoarjo in solving mathematical literacy problems with space and shape contents. This study used descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Data were collected by giving the mathematical literacy problem with space and shape contents and interviews. Next, data were analysed by studying the four mathematisation processes: formulating, using, interpreting, and evaluating. The results of this study pointed out that students” mathematisation in solving mathematical literacy problems with space and shape contents were as follows 1) formulating contextual problems into mathematical problems by verbally describing, using mathematical symbols that have been understood, and using appropriate modelling, 2) building or using direct mathematical objects (facts, concepts, principles, and procedures) and indirect (mathematical reasoning) to obtain mathematical solutions, 3) summarising the results obtained from the counting operations that have been performed, and the last 4)stating that the mathematical solution obtained is correct by raising logical reasons. Students’ mathematisation was a principal process in solving mathematical literacy problem with space and shape contents, so it was important to emerge students’ mathematisation in the mathematical classroom or daily activities.

GNA: Reconfigurable and Efficient Architecture for Generative Network Acceleration

Generative networks have become ubiquitous in image generation applications like image super-resolution, image to image translation, and text to image synthesis. They are usually composed of convolutional (CONV) layers, convolution-based residual blocks, and deconvolutional (DeCONV) layers. Previous works on neural network acceleration focus too much on optimizing CONV layers computation such as data-reuse or parallel computation, but have low processing element (PE) utilization in computing residual blocks and DeCONV layers: residual blocks require very high memory bandwidth when performing elementwise additions on residual paths; DeCONV layers have imbalanced operation counts for different outputs. In this paper, we propose a dual convolution mapping method for CONV and DeCONV layers to make full use of the available PE resources. A cross-layer scheduling method is also proposed to avoid extra off-chip memory access in residual block processing. Precision-adaptive PEs and buffer bandwidth reconfiguration are used to support flexible bitwidths for both inputs and weights in deep neural networks. We implement a generative network accelerator (GNA) based on intra-PE processing, inter-PE processing, and cross-layer scheduling techniques. Owing to the proposed optimization techniques, GNA achieves energy efficiency of 2.05 TOPS/W with 61% higher PE utilization than traditional methods in generative network acceleration.

ANALISIS KESALAHAN SISWA PADA OPERASI HITUNG PECAHAN BERDASARKAN TINGKAT KECERDASAN SISWA

Junior high school’s students should be able to determine fraction and also implement the concepts of fraction to solve mathematics problem. However, in reality, so many mistake that occur for students in solving mathematics problem in the operation of fraction. The intelligence of students also affects the number of errors in solving the fractional counting operations. So, the purpose of this study was to determine students' errors in solving the problem of fractional counting operations based on the level of students’ intelligence. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The research results show that the different category of students’ intelligent produce different mathematical problem solving abilities. Students with low intelligence categories make many errors in their completion. On the other hands, the student with high intelligence category makes a few errors.

A fast singular boundary method for 3D Helmholtz equation

This paper presents a fast singular boundary method (SBM) for three-dimensional (3D) Helmholtz equation. The SBM is a boundary-type meshless method which incorporates the advantages of the boundary element method (BEM) and the method of fundamental solutions (MFS). It is easy-to-program, and attractive to the problems with complex geometries. However, the SBM is usually limited to small-scale problems, because of the operation count of O(N3) with direct solvers or O(N2) with iterative solvers, as well as the memory requirement of O(N2). To overcome this drawback, this study makes the first attempt to employ the precorrected-FFT (PFFT) to accelerate the SBM matrix–vector multiplication at each iteration step of the GMRES for 3D Helmholtz equation. Consequently, the computational complexity can be reduced from O(N2) to O(NlogN) or O(N). Three numerical examples are successfully tested on a desktop computer. The results clearly demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the developed fast PFFT-SBM strategy.

MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN SISWA PADA PEMBELAJARAN OPERASI HITUNG PENJUMLAHAN DAN PENGURANGAN BILANGAN BULAT MELALUI MEDIA KARTU BILANGAN PADA KELAS V DI SDN 24 TEMMALEBBA KEC. BARA KOTA PALOPO

The study aims to 1) Knowing whether the use of number card media can inprove students ability on the subject matter of counting and reducting analysis of 5th grade integers at SDN 24 Temmalebba. 2) To know the improvement of students ability on material count arithmetic operation and reduction of integer through media of number card in class V/A at SDN 24 Temmalebba. This research is a classroom action research conducted in class V/A. Data collection tecnique which in conducted observation method, documentation, interview and test. Data analysis conducted in this research is decriptive analysis that is data reduction, data presentation and conclusion. The results of this research indicate that: 1) By using the number card media, the students ability on the learning of the counting operation of the sum and reduction of the integers of grade students can increase. 2) Improvement of students ability test result on learning of sum and integer counting operation every cycle has increased, it can be seen from the average of students learning result that is less categorized prasiklus less that average value equal to 52 or klasikal equal to 14,29%, in te first cycle is categorized enough from the average value of 62,3 or by classically 42,86%and on cycle 2 is categorized very well from the average value of 83 or by classical 88,57%. Therefore the number card media need to be used as a reference by the teacher in the activity of calculating the operation of counting and the reduction of integers in primary school..

Effect of Abacus Training on Numerical Ability of Students with Hearing Loss

Purpose: The study focussed on the effect of Abacus training on numerical ability (comprising of counting and mathematical operations) of children with hearing loss. Method: 90 students with hearing loss were sampled from 6 special schools in Mumbai, India. A quasi- experimental study was employed using two group pre-test and post-test design. Data were collected using the Numerical Ability Test (NAT) as an instrument. Six null hypotheses based on the objectives were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance using t-Test - Assuming Equal Variances. Results: The findings revealed that the experimental group which was instructed through Abacus showed higher proficiency in numerical ability as compared to the control group instructed through the conventional method. Gender as a variable seems to influence the mean achievement of numerical ability of students with hearing loss. While girls and boys did not differ in simple tasks such as counting, boys were found to be better in mathematical operations and overall numerical ability. Conclusions : The Abacus teaching method results in higher mathematical achievements among students with hearing loss. Gender also plays an important role in mathematical learning, as evidenced by boys demonstrating more numerical ability than girls in the study sample.

A comparison of preconditioned Krylov subspace methods for large‐scale nonsymmetric linear systems

SummaryPreconditioned Krylov subspace (KSP) methods are widely used for solving large‐scale sparse linear systems arising from numerical solutions of partial differential equations (PDEs). These linear systems are often nonsymmetric due to the nature of the PDEs, boundary or jump conditions, or discretization methods. While implementations of preconditioned KSP methods are usually readily available, it is unclear to users which methods are the best for different classes of problems. In this work, we present a comparison of some KSP methods, including GMRES, TFQMR, BiCGSTAB, and QMRCGSTAB, coupled with three classes of preconditioners, namely, Gauss–Seidel, incomplete LU factorization (including ILUT, ILUTP, and multilevel ILU), and algebraic multigrid (including BoomerAMG and ML). Theoretically, we compare the mathematical formulations and operation counts of these methods. Empirically, we compare the convergence and serial performance for a range of benchmark problems from numerical PDEs in two and three dimensions with up to millions of unknowns and also assess the asymptotic complexity of the methods as the number of unknowns increases. Our results show that GMRES tends to deliver better performance when coupled with an effective multigrid preconditioner, but it is less competitive with an ineffective preconditioner due to restarts. BoomerAMG with a proper choice of coarsening and interpolation techniques typically converges faster than ML, but both may fail for ill‐conditioned or saddle‐point problems, whereas multilevel ILU tends to succeed. We also show that right preconditioning is more desirable. This study helps establish some practical guidelines for choosing preconditioned KSP methods and motivates the development of more effective preconditioners.

Implementasi Model Pembelajaran Team Teaching untuk Meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar Siswa Bidang Studi Matematika Kelas VIII MTs. Nurul Huda Genteng Tahun Ajaran 2017-2018

This research is a Class Action Research which aims to improve students' mathematics learning outcomes through the Teaching Teaching Learning model in class VIII MTs. Nurul Huda material Triangle. This research was conducted in 2 cycles, namely from each cycle consisting of 5 meetings and the last meeting was used for evaluation. During the implementation of the cycle, the team teaching learning model can be said to be quite successful because it can increase student activity and learning outcomes. An increase in activity and learning outcomes from the implementation of learning cycle I to cycle II is 6.11%.. So it can be concluded that student activities fall into the active category. As for student learning outcomes in the first cycle of 77.27% and 90.9% in cycle II, so that student learning outcomes experienced an increase of 13.63%. This shows that team teaching learning models can improve student activity and student learning outcomes. Based on the analysis of the results of tests I and II, one of the obstacles faced by students at the time of testing was the lack of students' understanding of the count operation on the triangle. Another factor is the inaccuracy of students in doing the tests given

Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) Methods for Mapping Poultry Farm Locations

Background: Livestock production is a major industry in the United States. Though livestock farms are associated with community exposures to pathogens and environmental pollutants, conducting exposure assessments and epidemiological analyses are often hindered by the difficulty of ascertaining their geographic locations. While county and watershed level counts of animal operations are available through the US Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Census, a publicly available dataset of livestock farm locations does not exist. Objective: The presentation will explore a novel method employing object based image analysis (OBIA) to map farm locations, highlighting a case study of poultry farms in the state of Delaware (DE), USA.Methods: Briefly, a rule-based expert system to identify poultry houses was designed in eCognition Developer and deployed using eCognition Server (Trimble, Inc. Westminster, CO) that employs OBIA techniques to conduct a feature extraction of poultry farms from a combination of high-resolution imagery, LIDAR (light detection and ranging), and ancillary vector datasets, yielding a proposed geospatial database of poultry farm locations. Results were imported into ArcGIS (ESRI Corp, Redlands, CA) for subsequent analysis. Accuracy of poultry operation locations was assessed visually and in comparison to an animal operation facilities dataset from the DE’s publicly available land use / land cover dataset and the Delaware Environmental Navigator.Results: Producer’s accuracy for identifying poultry farms was 90%. While user’s accuracy was 50%, this was improved significantly by utilizing ancillary datasets. 3% of operations identified as poultry operations were non-poultry animal operations.Conclusion: Object based image analysis, especially when used in conjunction with ancillary data, is a promising tool for mapping poultry operations. Further study is needed to determine its generalizability to other animal operation types and geographic areas.

Efficient evaluation of the geometrical first derivatives of three-center Coulomb integrals.

The calculation of the geometrical derivatives of three-center electron repulsion integrals (ERIs) over contracted spherical harmonic Gaussians has been optimized. We compared various methods based on the Obara-Saika, McMurchie-Davidson, Gill-Head-Gordon-Pople, and Rys polynomial algorithms using Cartesian, Hermite, and mixed Gaussian integrals for each scheme. The latter ERIs contain both Hermite and Cartesian Gaussians, and they combine the advantageous properties of both types of basis functions. Furthermore, prescreening of the ERI derivatives is discussed, and an efficient approximation of the Cauchy-Schwarz bound for first derivatives is presented. Based on the estimated operation counts, the most promising schemes were implemented by automated code generation, and their relative performances were evaluated. We analyzed the benefits of computing all of the derivatives of a shell triplet simultaneously compared to calculating them just for one degree of freedom at a time, and it was found that the former scheme offers a speedup close to an order of magnitude with a triple-zeta quality basis when appropriate prescreening is applied. In these cases, the Obara-Saika method with Cartesian Gaussians proved to be the best approach, but when derivatives for one degree of freedom are required at a time the mixed Gaussian Obara-Saika and Gill-Head-Gordon-Pople algorithms are predicted to be the best performing ones.

IMPROVING FRACTION OPERATION SKILLS OF MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF DOMINO CARD TO STUDENT OF GRADE V SDN 02 PULOSARI ACADEMIC YEAR 2017/2018.

<p>This research is focusing about using domino card as media that improve the skills of multiplication counting operations and fractional division in the students of class V SDN 02 Pulosari academic year 2017/2018.The objectives of this research is to improve the skills of multiplication counting and fractional division by applying the domino card media to the students of class V SDN 02 Pulosari academic year 2017/2018.This research method is Classroom Action Research with two cycles. Every consists of planning, execution, action, observation and reflection. Subjects in this study were students of grade 5<sup>th</sup> SDN 02 Pulosari which consisting 25 students. The data sources are primary data sources and secondary data sources. Data analysis technique is comparative descriptive analysis technique.The study produce an average of thevalue of pra sycle skills action fraction is 61,1 with completeness 28%. First sycle is 71,9 as reference for classical completeness with 44% source data and the average value of fractional counting operation skills of second sycle is 81.9 with a percentage of mastery of 80%. Based on the results of this study can be concluded that the use of domino card media can improve the skills of multiply counting operations and fractional divisions in students of class V SDN 02 Pulosari.</p>

Divide-and-conquer checkpointing for arbitrary programs with no user annotation

Classical reverse-mode automatic differentiation (AD) imposes only a small constant-factor overhead in operation count over the original computation, but has storage requirements that grow, in the worst case, in proportion to the time consumed by the original computation. This storage blowup can be ameliorated by checkpointing, a process that reorders application of classical reverse-mode AD over an execution interval to tradeoff space vs. time. Application of checkpointing in a divide-and-conquer fashion to strategically chosen nested execution intervals can break classical reverse-mode AD into stages which can reduce the worst-case growth in storage from linear to sublinear. Doing this has been fully automated only for computations of particularly simple form, with checkpoints spanning execution intervals resulting from a limited set of program constructs. Here we show how the technique can be automated for arbitrary computations. The essential innovation is to apply the technique at the level of the language implementation itself, thus allowing checkpoints to span any execution interval.

Rapid Voxel-Based Digital-Computation for Complex Microstructured Media

A technique based on voxel (3D “volume pixels”) representation of microstructures and corresponding digital solution methods is developed for representative volume element type calculations, which avoids computationally expensive steps involved in usual Finite Element procedures such as topologically conforming meshing, mapping, volume integration, stiffness matrix generation and matrix-based solution methods. The process proceeds by converting the material microstructure into voxels. The problem then becomes “digital” on a regular “voxel-grid”, directly manipulating voxel values, allowing extremely fast methods to be used to construct derivatives and the solve the system. In this paper, we illustrate the process of voxelization, derivative construction and solution, and also supply an analysis of the operation counts. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the approach.

Video copy detection by conducting fast searching of inverted files

Fast content-based video copy detection is challenging because video databases have become extremely large. Conventional video-fingerprint-based copy detection systems that use the inverted-file approach involve many similarity computations based on the Hamming distance. To overcome this problem, a novel fast searching strategy for inverted files is proposed in this paper. The strategy involves simple table look-up and word counting operations for the fingerprint matching process. The similarity of video fragments is based on the number of matched fingerprints among all video candidates. In this method, the offset time is used, and fingerprints are ordered to further select the matched fingerprints from the video candidates. Moreover, a novel regional average fingerprint that is compatible with the proposed fast searching strategy is proposed. An experimental video copy detection system was used with the proposed algorithms, and the proposed algorithms were compared with other state-of-the-art fingerprinting algorithms on TRECVID 2011 dataset for different types of video distortions. In addition, VCDB dataset was also used to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed fast searching strategy while using inverted files to demonstrate the practicality of the method for a large database. The proposed system achieved higher accuracy on VCDB dataset with considerably higher operation speed compared with conventional inverted-file-based searching methods.

ANALISIS KESALAHAN SISWA DALAM MENYELESAIKAN SOAL MATEMATIKA PADA OPERASI HITUNG PECAHAN PADA SISWA KELAS V SDN PENGAWU

This research aims to describe and analyze students' errors in solving the problem on the matter of fractional counting operations. The type of research used is descriptive explorative research with mixed methods. The population of this research is the students of grade V SDN Pengawu with the number of research subjects of 35 students. The results obtained that the concept error on fractional counting operations amounted to 53.86%, principal errors of 41.22%, and error calculation of 4.92%. For fractional addition operations, concept errors of 80.70%, principal errors of 13.16%, and calculation errors of 6.15%. For reduction operations, concept errors of 44.53%, principal errors of 49.92%, and calculation errors of 6.25%. For multiplication operations, concept errors are 50.00%, principal errors of 45.59%, and calculation errors of 4.42%. For fractional division operations, concept errors of 40.17%, principal errors of 57.26%, and calculation errors of 2.57%. Keywords: analysis of errors, concepts, principles, calculations, fractional counting operations.

Numerical noise suppression for wave propagation with finite elements in first-order form by an extended source term

Finite elements can, in some cases, outperform finite-difference methods for modelling wave propagation in complex geological models with topography. In the weak form of the finiteelement method, the delta function is a natural way to represent a point source. If, instead of the usual second-order form, the first-order form of the wave equation is considered, this is no longer true. Fourier analysis for a simple case shows that the spatial operator corresponding to the first-order form has short-wavelength null-vectors. Once excited, these modes are not seen by the spatial operator but only by the time- stepping scheme and show up as noise. A sourcewith a larger spatial extent, for instance a Gaussian or a tapered sinc, can avoid the excitation of problematic short wavelengths. A series of numerical experiments on a 2-D problem with an exact solution provides a suggestion for the best choice of parameters for these source term distributions. The tapered sinc provided the best results and the resulting accuracy can be better than that of the second-order form. The higher operation count of the former, however, does not make it more efficient in terms of accuracy for a given computational effort, at least not for the 2-D examples considered here

Dynamic range extension for photon counting arrays.

Confocal microscopes use photomultiplier tubes and hybrid detectors due to their large dynamic range, which typically exceeds the one of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs). The latter, due to their photon counting operation, are usually limited to an output count rate to 1/Tdead. In this paper, we present a thorough analysis, which can actually be applied to any photon counting detector, on how to extend the SPAD dynamic range by exploiting the nonlinear photon response at high count rates and for different recharge mechanisms. We applied passive, active event-driven and clock-driven (i.e. clocked, following quanta image sensor response) recharge directly to the SPADs. The photon response, photon count standard deviation, signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range were measured and compared to models. Measurements were performed with a CMOS SPAD array targeted for image scanning microscopy, featuring best-in-class 11 V excess bias, 55% peak photon detection probability at 520 nm and >40% from 440 to 640 nm. The array features an extremely low median dark count rate below 0.05 cps/μm2 at 9 V of excess bias and 0°C. We show that active event-driven recharge provides ×75 dynamic range extension and offers novel ways for high dynamic range imaging. When compared to the clock-driven recharge and the quanta image sensor approach, the dynamic range is extended by a factor of ×12.7-26.4. Additionally, for the first time, we evaluate the influence of clock-driven recharge on the SPAD afterpulsing.

Measurement of Airport Operations Using a Low-Cost Transponder Data System

Knowledge of the precise number of operations of aircraft occurring at general aviation airports is essential due to the application of that information in the process of allocating funds for airport development and improvement; however, fewer than 270 of these 2950 airports have personnel available to register the operation counts. Data from aircraft transponders, critical for the safe and efficient management of airspace, may also be used to accurately count airport operations when collected by a receiver and analyzed with appropriate algorithms. Whereas 91% of transponder data records do not include aircraft positions, 9% (extended mode S) contain position information. This information may be used to calibrate an adaptive digital filter that can subsequently estimate distances for the aircraft that do not report positions, a novel technical approach to the problem. Aircraft distance, altitude, and other parameters may then be used as inputs to decision heuristics that register airport operations. This study collected over 16 million data records from two receiver installations at a general aviation airport and used these data to evaluate the algorithms developed in the course of the research. These automated operation counts were compared with official air-traffic-control-tower counts obtained from the Air Traffic Activity Data System database provided by the Federal Aviation Administration. A 180-day evaluation found that the algorithm provided counts within 2.2% of 52,750 actual operations. It is evident, then, that this method is useful for determining operation counts at airports with limited personnel.

Ciprofloxacin in therapy and prevention of purulent infections in patients with the hepatobiliary deseasre

The aim — to study the ciprofloxacin effectiveness in the treatment and prevention of purulent complications in patients with acute surgical pathology of the digestive system.Materials and methods. 85 patients with the pathology of the hepatopancreatobiliary system, which was administered сiprofloxacin (Ciprolet) were observed in the department of laparoscopic surgery and cholelithiasis for the period from 2012 to 2017.Results and discussion. The use of ciprofloxacin in patients with hepatopancreatoduodenal disease was effective in the prevention and treatment of purulent‑septic complications. Only 3 (3.8 %) patients who had undergone surgery on the biliary tract had suppuration of the postoperative wound. There were no cases of peritonitis progression. Intestinal peristalsis was restored on average 4.10 ± 0.08 day after the operation, body temperature and leukocyte count were normalized at 5.10 ± 0.09 day.Conclusions. The use of ciprofloxacin in patients with acute surgical pathology of the hepatopancreatobiliary system and the obstruction of the bile ducts of non‑tumorous genesis complicated by purulent cholangitis and mechanical jaundice is characterized by high clinical efficacy.

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Teams Games Tournament untuk Meningkatan Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas VI pada Mata Pelajaran Matematika di SDN No.058/XI Koto Dumo

This study aims to improve the learning outcomes of sixth grade students at SDN. No. 058/XI Koto Dumo on mathematics subject, especially on integer operation material by using cooperative learning model of Teams Games Tournament type. This research is a classroom action research conducted in three cycles and each cycle is done with four activities, namely planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. This study was conducted from August to November of 2016. The study involved 16 sixth graders. Data were collected by observation and test. Data were analyzed by using descriptive analysis and simple statistical test. The results showed that the activities and learning outcomes of students before and after the given action (Cycle I, Cycle II, and Cycle III) improved. Thus, the use of cooperative learning model type Teams Games Tournament in SDN. No. 058/XI Koto Dumo can improve student learning outcomes in mathematics subjects, especially on the subject matter of integer counting operations.