Operating Cost Analysis Research Articles

Provider costs of treating opioid dependence with extended-release buprenorphine in Australia.

The costs of providing medication-assisted treatment for opioid dependence can determine its scale of provision. To provide estimates of the costs of extended-release buprenorphine (BUP-XR), we performed a bottom-up costing analysis of provider operational treatment costs. Data were collected in a single-arm open label trial of BUP-XR injections conducted in specialist public drug treatment services and primary care private practices in three Australian states (the CoLAB study). The unit costs of resources used for each activity were combined with quantities used at each participating facility to arrive at the average annual cost per client. One hundred participants across the six health facility sites received monthly subcutaneous BUP-XR injections administered by a health-care practitioner. The average cost of providing 1 year of treatment per participant was $6656 ($6026-$8326). Screening cost (initial assessment and medical history) was $282 while monthly follow-up appointments cost $531 per client. The main cost driver was the monthly treatment costs accounting for 79% of the average annual client cost, with medication costs comprising 95% of this cost. With medication costs making up the largest proportion of treatment costs, treatment using BUP-XR has the potential to free up other health system resources, for example, staff time. The costs reported in this study can be used in an economic evaluation to estimate the net benefit or cost-effectiveness of BUP-XR especially when compared to other opioid agonist treatments.

Evaluation of life cycle cost for the comparison of decentralized waste to composting and landfilling of municipal solid waste

BackgroundMunicipal solid waste (MSW) has increased dramatically in emerging economies like Bangladesh as a result of rapid urbanization and economic growth. Due to the high land requirements and nature of the waste, options of municipal waste management such as landfilling and waste-to-energy have proven to be expensive and inefficient. Previously, a pilot study on a waste-to-compost program in a decentralized facility was done in Dhaka to evaluate the effectiveness of municipal waste management.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to analyze the life cycle costs (LCCs) of a waste-to-composting facility in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The objective was to ensure economical and effective management of MSW by comparing overall spending to the current and proposed waste management process.MethodologyIn order to evaluate the potential of the planned decentralized compost plant, LCC methods using UNEP/SETAC guidelines are used in the study. This includes an additional analysis of environmental and operational costs and benefits.ResultThe research found that the overall cost of the decentralized compost facility was $857,110, much less than the expenditures associated with landfilling and conventional composting methods in Dhaka.ConclusionThis study shows that a decentralized waste-to-compost plant may be a profitable option for dealing with municipal solid waste. Its potential to ease stress on municipal governments is highlighted by its much lower price tag. Insightful for policymakers and urban planners in emerging nations confronting comparable waste management difficulties, this research stresses the need to implement such creative, cost-effective approaches in quickly rising metropolitan cities.

Research and Analysis of the Development of Live E-commerce on Xiaohongshu

This article analyzes the competitiveness and development prospects of the buyer e-commerce model on Xiaohongshu in the social e-commerce field. Firstly, by examining Xiaohongshu's community ecosystem, buyer resources, social shopping experience, and innovative brand partnerships, the unique advantages and business value of Xiaohongshu's buyer e-commerce model are revealed. Secondly, combining market demands and trends analysis with buyer resource and operational cost analysis, the feasibility and development prospects of Xiaohongshu's buyer e-commerce model are discussed. Lastly, from the perspective of competitor analysis and summarizing prospects, recommendations are provided to further optimize buyer resources, strengthen brand partnerships, control operational costs, enhance user experience, and improve community management. These suggestions aim to consolidate Xiaohongshu's leading position in the social e-commerce field, create better shopping experiences and marketing platforms for users and brand merchants, and achieve sustainable business growth.

The Challenges of Naval Electromobility in Amazônia

Introduction: This study aims to assess the feasibility of replacing a diesel-powered tourist boat with a Solar Electric Hybrid Catamaran with a capacity for fifty people to promote sustainable tourism in the Amazon, specifically in the Belém-Pará region. The initiative seeks to take advantage of the opportunity presented by COP 2030 to innovate in the waterway transportation matrix through renewable energy sources. The research is based on sustainability concepts, the environmental impacts of using fossil fuels and the advantages of using solar energy for waterway transportation. The methodology includes a comparative analysis of diesel-powered vessels' operational and environmental costs and a Hybrid Electric system based on data compiled from a master's thesis. The expected results include identifying significant benefits in terms of reduced carbon emissions. The discussion will address the challenges faced in implementation, such as the initial investment costs, the maintenance of the new technologies, and the adaptation of operators and tourists to the latest transportation conditions. The implications of this research are vast; it can serve as an incentive for energy transition in the river transportation sector. Furthermore, this research pioneers the proposal of replacing diesel-powered tourist boats with solar electric hybrid models in the Amazon region. The study adds value by presenting a practical and sustainable solution to the environmental challenges the tourism sector faces, in line with the global sustainability goals set by COP 2030. Objective: This research outlines the importance and potential of naval electric mobility in the Eastern Amazon region, highlighting its relevance within COP 2030 and the SDGs for promoting ecotourism for the Amazon region. Theoretical Framework: The research is based on sustainability concepts, the environmental impacts of using fossil fuels, and the advantages of using solar energy for water transportation. In addition, previous experiences of implementing similar technologies in other regions and the potential for replicability in the Amazon are considered, focusing on environmental conservation and economic development. Method: This research is a compilation of the master's thesis entitled "Waterway electric propulsion technologies: conceptual design of a hybrid vessel with a focus on meeting environmental, social and Governance (ESG) practices," where the study was carried out in the municipality of Belém, Pará in the year 2023. Results and Discussion: The expected results include identifying significant benefits in terms of reduced carbon emissions, lower noise pollution and improved air quality. The discussion will address the challenges faced in implementation, such as initial investment costs, maintaining the new technologies and adapting operators and tourists to the new transportation conditions. Social acceptance and the potential for a positive impact on local tourism will also be assessed. Research Implications: This research has vast implications, ranging from contributing to climate change mitigation to promoting more sustainable tourism practices in the Amazon. Adopting the Solar Electric Hybrid Catamaran can serve as a model for other areas with similar geographical characteristics, encouraging public policies aimed at using renewable energies in the transportation sector. Originality/Value: This research pioneers the proposal of the replacement of diesel-powered tourist boats with a solar electric hybrid model in the Amazon region. The study adds value by presenting a practical and sustainable solution to the environmental challenges faced by the tourism sector, which is in line with the global sustainability goals set by COP 2030.

Photo Fenton-like oxidation of real textile wastewater: Operating conditions, kinetic modelling and cost analysis

The reusability of the pretreated textile wastewater was improved by using bismuth ferrite/activated carbon hybrid photocatalysts in photo-Fenton-like oxidation process. BiFeO3/WAC (WAC: walnut shell based activated carbon) and BiFeO3/CAC (CAC: Commercial activated carbon) catalysts were synthesized and used for the photocatalytic oxidation of in-situ pretreated textile wastewater. The influences of the mixing speed, oxidant dosage, light source, catalyst loading, and temperature were studied. The highest TOC removal efficiencies were evaluated as 56.3% and 76.2% in the presence of BiFeO3/WAC and BiFeO3/CAC, respectively. A kinetic study was performed to derive the kinetic models expressing the TOC removal as a basis for the semi-pilot and industrial scale studies. The kinetic data fit to a two-step second order reaction rate model in the presence of both of the catalysts. The activation energies of the first and the second steps were calculated as 36.0 and 16.0 kJ/mol, respectively, on BiFeO3/WAC catalyst while 43.4 and 13.3 kJ/mol of activation energies were calculated on BiFeO3/CAC.

Synthesis of biochar-doped MgO catalyst for highly efficient conversion of glucose into formic acid at low temperatures

Formic acid (FA) is not only a significant platform chemical but also a promising candidate for hydrogen storage. Although homogeneous catalysts are commonly employed for the conversion of carbohydrate biomass into FA, which often come with substantial costs and inadequate reusability. It is noteworthy that there has been an increasing focus on the development of heterogeneous catalysts in this area, which aim to address these limitations and offer advantages such as easier separation and better reusability. Herein, an eco-friendly and efficient method for the catalytic conversion of glucose to FA by utilizing a biochar-MgO (BC-MgO) catalyst, which is prepared through pyrolysis of coconut husk biochar impregnated with magnesium chloride (MgCl2), is proposed. The FA yield at 74.6% is attained from glucose at 60 °C within only 3 h, utilizing a mere 0.1 g of catalyst and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) amount of 100%. In conjunction with random forest (RF) algorithms and box-behnken experimental designs, further optimization resulted in an increased yield of 79.1%, with a selectivity of 82.7%, in only 3.8 h at 67 °C, employing 0.1 g of catalyst amount and 125% H2O2 amounts. Notably, the BC-MgO catalyst retains its catalytic efficiency over multiple cycles, only requiring a simple straightforward regeneration procedure. The mechanism underlying the glucose conversion to FA reaction system is demystified via kinetic modeling, time-gradient studies, and model compounds experiments. Life cycle assessment (LCA) indicates that when used for glucose conversion to FA, BC-MgO catalysts generate lower CO2 emissions than traditional homogeneous catalysts such as LiOH. Concurrently, an operation cost analysis indicates that operation cost of FA production from glucose is 4.1 $/kg with the BC-MgO catalyst, which is lower than LiOH catalyst (7.5 $/kg), evidencing the dual advantage of economic viability and an improved environmental impact inherent to this novel process.

Analisis Biaya Operasional Alat Berat pada Pekerjaan Timbunan

Heavy equipment plays an important role in construction work, especially road construction work. The advantage of using heavy equipment is that it can get the job done faster. Improper use of heavy equipment will cause losses, so an analysis of operational costs is very necessary. Accurate and complete calculation of heavy equipment operational costs will help companies to make decisions, especially from a financial perspective. The purpose of this study was to determine the analysis of the operating costs of heavy equipment, and to know the proper and proper handling of heavy equipment. Cost analysis on heavy equipment is expected to provide benefits to be able to plan heavy equipment management in a coordinated, effective and sustainable manner. This research was conducted on the project Peningkatan Jalan Alun-Alun Suka Makmue-Jalan Lingkar Timur Ibu Kota Tahap II which is located in the district Nagan Raya. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, namely research that seeks to describe problem solving based on data that will be obtained in the field. This research was conducted on four types of heavy equipment, namely excavators, motor graders, vibrator rollers and water tanker trucks. The results of the calculation of the operational cost analysis of excavator heavy equipment Rp. 738,617 per hour, motor grader Rp. 572,401 per hour, vibrator roller Rp. 499,735 per hour and water tanker truck Rp. 348,859 per hour. From the results obtained, it shows that for heavy equipment excavators and motor graders there has not been a return on capital, while for heavy equipment vibrator rollers and water tankers there has been a return on capital. So for heavy equipment, vibrator rollers and water tanker trucks, it is feasible to replace them with new tools

Batch electrocoagulation system for the treatment of Borneo urban river in relation to the industrial zone

Urbanization activities on Borneo Island have degraded the water quality of some urban rivers due to increased anthropogenic activities which leading to elevated levels of total organic carbon (TOC) and reduced access to clean water sources. As such, this study aims to develop a batch electrocoagulation treatment system to reduce the TOC levels in Borneo urban river for domestic consumption. Correspondingly, this study analyses the effect of electric current and residence time on TOC reduction efficiency. Subsequent, this study has found that the TOC levels in treated urban river water met domestic consumption safety standard by utilizing a batch electrocoagulation treatment system at 5 A of electric current and 25 minutes of residence time. The treatment system achieves 82.83% of maximum TOC reduction efficiency by decreasing the initial TOC levels from 5.65 mg/L to 0.97 mg/L. The energy operating cost analysis done in this study has reported that electrocoagulation treatment system could generate 116.51 g Al(OH)3 per meter cubic of urban river water at a cost of United States Dollars (USD) 0.32 per m3. Additionally, the reduction of TOC levels in urban river by using in-situ aluminium hydroxide coagulants follows Freundlich isotherm model with a regression coefficient of 0.99, thus, exhibiting a multilayer adsorption. The aluminium hydroxide coagulants could reduce TOC from urban river at 1.40 min−1 of adsorption rate and 0.20 mg/g of maximum adsorption capacity. From the energy dispersive X-ray analysis conducted, this study has observed the presence of electrocoagulation flocs that are constituted with aluminium hydroxide coagulants and carbon element which indicated the occurrence of adsorption process. Overall, this study demonstrates that the batch electrocoagulation treatment system could be utilized to reduce the TOC level from Borneo urban river with an adsorption process which is deemed suitable for domestic consumption at a reasonable cost.

Techno-economic evaluation of a thermochemical waste-heat recuperation system for industrial furnace application: Operating cost analysis

An operational cost analysis was conducted to determine the optimal parameters for achieving maximum net present profit value through thermochemical recuperation (TCR). The parameters of the TCR system (enthalpy, temperatures of exhaust gas and synthesis gas) were determined based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. The results of the CFD modeling were verified using experimental data. The techno-economic evaluation of the TCR system was performed for two types of industrial furnaces with methane mass flow rate of 1.0 kg/s: a glass-melting furnace with an exhaust gas temperature of 1500 °C and a forging furnace with an exhaust gas temperature of 900 °C. The operational parameters of the steam methane reforming process varied during analysis: a residence time of 50–250 kgcat⋅s/molCH4, a feed steam-to-methane ratio of 1.0–3.0 mol/mol, and an operational pressure of 10 bar. Various prices for catalyst, electricity, and natural gas, as well as different replacement periods for the catalyst, were analyzed. It was found that the net present profit had an extreme value that depended on operational and cost parameters. The optimal residence time (specific mass of catalyst per mole flow rate of methane) was determined for various operational and cost parameters of the TCR system.

Electrocoagulation treatment of sugarcane vinasse: Operating parameters and cost analysis by response surface methodology

The production of ethanol biofuel using sugarcane as substrate generates vinasse as the main wastewater from the fermentation–distillation process. The Brazilian legislation allows the use of vinasse for fertigation in limited volumes, and the remaining effluent must be treated prior to its reuse or discharge into the environment. The study aimed to evaluate the electrocoagulation (EC) technique as an alternative treatment process for raw sugarcane vinasse. The effects of the electrode gap (1–3 cm), applied electric charge (0–39000 C/L), current density (2.2–20 mA/cm2), and stirrer speed (0–680 rpm) were evaluated in a batch electrolytic reactor with aluminum electrodes. The evaluation results revealed that dissolved solids were removed and the pH increased during electrolysis in all experimental conditions, which suggested that EC was suitable for the pH neutralization of vinasse without the requirement of salt addition. An electrode gap of 1 cm and a current density of 2.2 mA/cm2 resulted in the lowest electric energy consumption (11.0 kW h/m3) and the lowest increment in the electrolyte temperature (9.5 °C). High vinasse clarification was achieved under the optimal operating conditions of 1 cm electrode gap, 31,000 C/L applied electric charge, 6.1 mA/cm2 current density, and 430 rpm stirrer speed, with 13.5 kW h/m3 and 2.88 kg Al/m3 of consumption. The treatment cost was calculated to be 6.95 US$/m3, from which the electrode dissolution was determined to be 75%. The sludge settling velocity was 0.14 cm/min, which suggested poor sedimentability, possibly due to bubble gas adsorption on the surface of the formed flocs. Results of the proposed operational parameters indicate that EC can be used as a pre-treatment of vinasse, adapting the main sugarcane processing wastewater biotechnological use.

ATM strategies for, and impacts of, space launches

There is a rapid growth of national space launch ambitions and capabilities, e.g. delivering satellites into low-earth and sun-synchronous orbits. With vertical and horizontal delivery methods, and numerous locations under consideration in several continents, the industry has faced early challenges, such as failed launches and licencing timescales. This paper explores the increasing intersection between aviation and air traffic management (ATM) with higher airspace operations (HAOs). It introduces the background and principles of space launches, before addressing the particular impacts on aviation and ATM. The strategic challenges of planning launch windows to align both with orbiting asset congestion and ATM demands, plus promulgating such information to airspace users, is discussed. In the tactical phase, the consequences of impacts on airspace users (such as the re-routing of flights) and on air navigation service providers (such as the demands of coordinating airspace closures in the context of considerable re-entry/splashdown uncertainty) are discussed. A key contribution we make in this paper is the first aircraft-specific, fuel and operating cost analysis of HAO impacts, and the first such European cost assessment, with basic impact geometries. We also propose improved aircraft-specific impact models, which include passenger-centric costs.

Analysis of Passenger Rates on Traditional Ships on the Tarabunga- Tamba Route, Samosir Regency, North Sumatra Province

Tarabunga Pier is a pier located in Palipi District, Samosir Regency, North Sumatra Province which serves the Tarabunga – Tamba route. In organizing crossings, tariffs greatly influence the level of transportation services, especially in fulfilling community services. However, the tariff for the Tarabunga-Tamba route currently in effect is not in accordance with Minister of Transportation Regulation Number PM. 61 of 2021. This research aims to determine the ship operational costs (BOK) for the Tarabunga-Tamba route based on Minister of Transportation Regulation Number PM. 61 of 2021. The research methodology used is direct observation in the field, interviews, documentation and literature/institutional studies. Then, to analyze it, we are guided by Ministerial Regulation Number 61 of 2021 concerning Management of River and Lake Transportation. The analysis used is load factor analysis, ship operational cost analysis and unit rate analysis. The results of this research are that the rates set are not in accordance with the results obtained by researchers based on the calculation of ship operational costs (BOK), namely IDR 1,000/passenger and IDR 3,000 /motorcycle. The tariff for the Tarabunga – Tamba route currently refers to Regent Regulation Number 49 of 2017 (Horsik – Ajibata). This is not relevant because the track distance is different. Meanwhile, based on the Ability to Pay calculation of Rp. 2,733 and Willingness to Pay Rp. 1,008.

Case Article—Digitizing Spare Parts Supply Chain via 3D Printing: An Operational Cost Analysis

The case presents a sourcing problem and a manufacturing problem faced by an original equipment manufacturer, seeking recommendations for sourcing a diverse range of parts for high-voltage equipment, as well as making decisions on the manufacturing strategy for a component used in a water monitoring system. The case provides an opportunity to explore the qualitative and quantitative aspects of three-dimensional (3D) printing versus traditional manufacturing, specifically in terms of operational cost. Furthermore, this case facilitates discussions on the potential impact of 3D printing on supply chains. It is suitable for use in graduate and undergraduate courses, as it introduces key concepts such as manufacturing and inventory policies, queueing theory, and life cycle analysis. Ultimately, the case is designed to promote a deeper understanding of the challenges and opportunities that manufacturers face in today’s rapidly evolving technological landscape. Supplemental Material: The Teaching Note and supplemental data are available at https://www.informs.org/Publications/Subscribe/Access-Restricted-Materials .

Case—Digitizing Spare Parts Supply Chain via 3D Printing: An Operational Cost Analysis

Case—Digitizing Spare Parts Supply Chain via 3D Printing: An Operational Cost Analysis

Road segment and driving schedule effects in real-time operation on electric vehicle performance and operating cost analysis

Electric two-wheelers (E2W) are getting attraction as personal commuting vehicles owing to their key features like zero tailpipe emissions and lower energy consumption. However, the driving range, maximum speed and load-carrying capacity are the major hurdles associated with the E2W penetration rate in modern mobility. Likewise, these performance characteristics are varying based on the powertrain size, driving and atmospheric conditions. To address these challenges, The present study is focused on evaluating the operating regions of E2W powertrain components under three major road segments including rural, highway and urban at different driving schedules such as morning, afternoon and evening. The speed, acceleration and time-related driving parameters for the selected driving routes and trip timings are calculated to study their influence on the performance of E2W along with ambient conditions. Further, this research work is extended to compare the operating cost and CO2 emission of E2W with spark-ignition two-wheeler (SI-2W) based on real-time driving conditions. The energy consumed per km for E2W is 47.10, 40.53 and 41.63 Wh/km for morning, afternoon and evening driving trips. Similarly, the battery state of charge is recorded about 14%, 30% and 27% respectively at the end of the trips. Also, the results revealed that higher energy is consumed on the morning driving schedule due to higher average speeds with unfavourable ambient conditions. On the other way around, the CO2 emission, operating cost per trip and 100 km of E2W are 6.4, 6.5 and 2.4 times lesser than SI-2W.

Integrated Circular Economy Model System for Direct Lithium Extraction: From Minerals to Batteries Utilizing Aluminum Hydroxide.

Aluminum hydroxide, an abundant mineral found in nature, exists in four polymorphs: gibbsite, bayerite, nordstrandite, and doyleite. Among these polymorphs gibbsite, bayerite, and commercially synthesized amorphous aluminum hydroxide have been investigated as sorbent materials for lithium extraction from sulfate solutions. The amorphous form of Al(OH)3 exhibits a reactivity higher than that of the naturally occurring crystalline polymorphs in terms of extracting Li+ ions. This study employed high-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry to explore the energetics of the sorbent polymorphs. The enthalpic stability order was measured to be gibbsite > bayerite > amorphous Al(OH)3. The least stable form, amorphous Al(OH)3, undergoes a spontaneous reaction with lithium, resulting in the formation of a stable layered double hydroxide phase. Consequently, amorphous Al(OH)3 shows promise as a sorbent material for selectively extracting lithium from clay mineral leachate solutions. This research demonstrates the selective direct extraction of Li+ ions using amorphous aluminum hydroxide through a liquid-solid lithiation reaction, followed by acid-free delithiation and relithiation processes, achieving an extraction efficiency of 86%, and the maximum capacity was 37.86 mg·g-1 in a single step during lithiation. With high selectivity during lithiation and nearly complete recoverability of the sorbent material during delithiation, this method presents a circular economy model. Furthermore, a life cycle analysis was conducted to illustrate the environmental advantages of replacing the conventional soda ash-based precipitation process with this method, along with a simple operational cost analysis to evaluate reagent and fuel expenses.

Treatment of tropical peat water in Sarawak peatlands nature reserve by utilising a batch electrocoagulation system

Tropical peat water is abundantly available in peatlands nature reserve, especially on Borneo Island. However, this water source contains humic substances that could be harmful to human health if consumed without undergoing water treatment process. Although tropical peat water could be treated with conventional treatment, the system possesses drawbacks in terms of debris build-up in pipeline networks. As such, this study aims to develop a batch electrocoagulation treatment system to treat tropical peat water for domestic consumption in Sarawak peatlands nature reserve. Correspondingly, this study also investigates the effect of electric voltage ranging from 5 V to 30 V and treatment time between 5 min and 30 min on the reduction of humic substances in peat water by utilising electrocoagulation treatment. Subsequent, this study has found that the batch electrocoagulation treatment system could effectively reduce 97.12% of colour, 95.56% of turbidity, 88.46% of total suspended solids (TSS), 90.00% of total dissolved solids (TDS), and 97.30% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from peat water at 30 V of electric voltage and 25 min of treatment time. These operating conditions could generate an adequate production of aluminium hydroxide coagulants in order to remove humic substances from tropical peat water in the form of flocs. The study has noticed that the treated peat water could be utilised as a clean water source owing to the levels of 13 TCU of colour, 2 NTU of turbidity, 3 mg/L of total suspended solids, 2 mg/L of total dissolved solids, and 4 mg/L of chemical oxygen demand have met the Malaysia Class I standard in National Water Quality Standards (NWQS). From the total operating cost analysis conducted, the treatment of peat water by using batch electrocoagulation system cost only United States Dollars (USD) 0.65 per metre cubic. Overall, this study deduces that a batch electrocoagulation treatment system could be utilized to treat tropical peat water sources in Sarawak peatlands nature reserve.

ANALISIS REALISASI BIAYA OPERASIONAL PENGUPASAN COAL GETTING KHUSUS ALAT UTAMA PENAMBANGAN DI PT DUTA ALAM SUMATERA SITE PT XYZ KABUPATEN LAHAT PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN

Mining activities will definitely require calculation in mining cost. Operational cost can effect the company’s revenue, so an analysis of operational costs is necessary. This study aimed to calculate the estimated production and actual production of coal getting in March 2023 and to calculate the operational costs of estimated production and actual production of coal getting in March 2023. The analysis process was carried out by determining the estimation and realization of coal getting production where the estimated production of coal getting was 35000 tons with 1 unit of digging equipment and 5 units of hauling equipment with operational costs for coal getting production incluiding the realization of diesel fuel of Rp76,926,810.00, oil of Rp500,000.00, operator salary of Rp5,400,000.00, repair/maintenance of Rp42,980,000.00, grease of Rp239,267.00, and Liugong Excavator filter of Rp300,000.00. those were lower than the estimated costs of diesel fuel of Rp103,647,600.00, oil of Rp4,000,000.00, operator salary of Rp10,800,000.00, repair/maintenance of Rp76,680,000.00, grease pf Rp3,800,000.00, and filters of Rp2,100,000.00. whereas for the Dongfeng Dump Truck, the actual costs of diesel was Rp25,000,000.00, oil cost was Rp360,000.00, operator salary cost was Rp25,000,000.00, spare parts cost was Rp270,000.00, grease cost was Rp656,355.00, filter cost was Rp300,000.00, and tires cost was Rp705,000.00 which were lower than the estimated cost of diesel fuel of Rp483,688,800.00, oil of Rp4,000,000.00, operator salary of Rp50,000,000.00, repair/maintenance of Rp76,680,000.00, grease of Rp3,800,000.00, filters of Rp2,100,000.00 and tires of Rp18,350,000.00. thus, the estmated operational cost was Rp777,589,300.00 and the realization was IDR 282,819,689.00.

ANALISIS REALISASI BIAYA PADA KEGIATAN OVERBURDEN REMOVAL DI PT ABC KABUPATEN LAHAT PROVINSI SUMATERA SELATAN

Mining sector is very closely related to mechanical device utilization and is inseparable from cost so that production targets can be achieved. Operational costs can affect the company’s income, so an analysis of operational costs is necessary. This study analyzed the realization of operational costs in fleet 1 overburden removal activities to determine lost opportunities experienced by a company. The analysis process was conductued by identifying the target and actual production of overburden fleet 1. The production target of overburden removal was 15,000 BCM with the tools used 1 digging equipment and 3 hauling equipment and the operational cost consisted of solar cost, oil cost, filter cost, grease cost, tire cost, repair/maintenance cost and operator salary cost. The total operational cost for overburden removal activity was Rp237,579,500 with the overburden transportation cost of Rp29,500 for a distance of 1.2 Km, the gross income carned was Rp435,309,080. The factors that caused the lost opportunity were the unachieved production factor of overburden removal fleet 1 which was Rp7,190,920 and the mechanical equipment maintenance factor which was Rp103,261,000 with a lost opportunity of Rp110,451,920.

Parametric study of an active-passive system for cooling application in buildings improved with free cooling for enhanced solidification

The present study introduces an active-passive system (APS) with phase change material (PCM) integrated into the substructure of the internal walls and ceiling for cooling. To ensure sufficient cooling effect of the system during the daytime cycle, the system must solidify completely during the nighttime cycle and operation costs comparable to the ones of conventional cooling systems. An air gap was formed between the primary wall and ceiling and the PCM substructure and ventilated with the cool outdoor air during the nighttime cycle. A parametric study was performed using ANSYS Fluent followed by the energy performance and operation cost analysis. Different inlet air temperature scenarios (15–20 °C) were tested (suitable PCM thermal characteristics). The required solidification-time of PCM was determined. The model is validated against the experimental tests. The results show that with the current configuration, the PCM plates can be sufficiently solidified at supply air temperatures of 17 °C and below. If the system is ventilated with inlet air temperatures above 17 °C, additional cooling options must be considered. The study also determines the energy performance of the system under the chosen conditions and compares its feasibility to the conventional cooling systems (energy efficiency class A+++ and G air-conditioning device).