Operation Risk Research Articles

Impact of Characteristics of Board of Directors Towards Risk-Taking Level with Chinese Commercial Banks

Based on the situation that the overall economy is facing a huge shock due to COVID-19, China's banking sector plays an extremely important role as a provider of funds in the social economy and risk management is even more important. Therefore, this paper uses the Chinese commercial banks as a research sample of 730 from 2017 to 2021 and explores the moderating role of three board structure characteristics, namely, the board size, the combination of chairman and president, and the proportion of independent directors, on the relationship between banks' operation risk include market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk and risk-taking level in empirical approach method. The research findings revealed that: 1. liquidity ratio and cost-to-income ratio have a significant negative effect on the risk-taking level of commercial banks. 2. Board size has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between liquidity ratio and risk-taking level, which means that a larger board size can help reduce the effect of liquidity ratio on the risk-taking level of commercial banks. 3. Board size has a negative moderating effect on the risk-taking level of commercial banks. 4. The separation of chairman and president has a positive moderating effect on the relationship between liquidity ratio and risk-taking level, which means that having a different chairman and president may increase the impact of poor liquidity ratio on the risk-taking level of commercial banks. However, the cross-section of the cost-of-income ratio and independent director ratio has no significant effect on the risk-taking level. This paper also makes recommendations based on the findings of the study.

The importance of accuracy in consenting in Laparoscopic Appendicectomies and Cholecystectomies in Emergency General Surgery

Abstract Background Emergency General Surgery frequently necessitates expediting the consent due to clinic pressure often reducing the time for extensive and accurate consents. New recommendations from GIRFT, RCS and ASGBI advise the best practice for laparoscopic appendicectomy and cholecystectomies documentation to ensure that clinicians are adhering to safe practice with focus on consenting and informing patients accurately. Aim The aim of this study is to look at the accuracy of the documentation of consent in emergency general surgery laparoscopic appendicectomies and cholecystectomies to ensure and promote best practice. Method A retrospective analysis of 75 patients from the emergency general surgical take requiring laparoscopic appendicectomy or cholecystectomy from 08/09/23-14/9/23 in the Royal infirmary of Edinburgh, a tertiary trauma centre. The consent forms were analysed for scribed operation, legibility, abbreviations, and risks/ complications. The patients’ notes were then analysed to find out the operation carried out and any operative or immediate post operative complications. The consents forms were then compared to the post operative notes looking at the immediate operative complications to assess their accuracy. Conclusion The retrospective study demonstrated that there is scope for improvement within the consenting process to ensure the accuracy of the predicted operation and subsequent risks thus to improve true informed consent. The areas which could easily be improved on as such is the legibility, use of abbreviations and complete documentation of risks/complications the use of Procedure specific consent forms (PSCF) may be beneficial in creating standardisation.

Experimental evaluation of fatigue in wind turbine blades with wake effects

Large investments in the implementation of wind turbines were made in the last decades, which increased the importance of this source in the national electricity systems. The management of this asset can strongly benefit from the development of cost effective monitoring strategies. These may contribute to the extension of the lifespan of existing wind turbines, to the reduction of insurance costs by reducing the operation risk and to the optimization of the design, leading to an increase in the competitiveness of this energy source. This paper is dedicated to the implementation and validation of tools to assess the fatigue condition of wind turbine blades from strains measurements with a set of fiber optic strain gages installed at the blade roots. It describes the data processing needed to obtain accurate experimental estimations of the bending moments applied to the blade roots and the procedure to obtain the accumulated fatigue damage. The instrumentation of two wind turbine rotors aligned with the most frequent wind direction allowed quantifying the interaction between neighboring wind turbines and its effect on fatigue life consumption. The paper presents unique experimental data simultaneously collected in two 1.8 MW wind turbines of an onshore wind farm during 14 months that permitted a very clear illustration of wake effects on fatigue consumption.

Impact of positron-emission tomography on the surgical treatment of locoregionally recurrent colorectal cancer

The effect of positron emission tomography (PET) on the surgical treatment of locoregionally recurrent colorectal cancer (LRRCRC) remains unclear and warrants further investigation. A total of 193 patients with LRRCRC were identified from a prospectively maintained institutional database, of whom 134 LRRCRCs were deemed resectable and underwent resection with curative intent, whereas the remaining 59 LRRCRCs were unresectable. Patients with resectable LRRCRC were further classified according to whether recurrence was detected solely by PET (n=35, PET-only group) or by a combination of computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and PET (n=99, CT/MRI/PET group). Clinicopathologic features, operative morbidity/mortality, and overall survival were compared between the patient groups based on long-term follow-up for at least 5 years. Patients in the PET-only group tended to have less extensive organ resection (p=0.0074), less blood loss (p<0.0001), and shorter operation time and hospitalization (p<0.0001), but surgical complication and readmission rates were not significantly different (p>0.05) compared with the CT/MRI/PET group. Although the PET-only group had significantly higher R0 resection rate (80% vs. 54.55%, p=0.0079), they also had a higher risk (17.14% vs. 2.02%, p=0.0011) of sham operation. The estimated 5-year and 10-year survival rates significantly decreased in order (p<0.0001) from PET-only (85.71% and 57.98%) and CT/MRI/PET (41.41% and 15.93%) to unresectable group of patients (16.95% and 1.88%). Subset analysis of the CT/MRI/PET group indicated that PET improved surgical decision-making because 24 (24.2%) LRRCRCs that manifested on CT/MRI as equivocal lesions were later confirmed by PET as resectable recurrences, while 18 (19.4%) LRRCRCs that manifested on CT/MRI as resectable lesions were later diagnosed by PET as more disseminated unresectable recurrences and precluded futile surgery. PET alone can identify a subset (20.9%) of LRRCRCs with less tumor burden for timely surgery; PET in combination with CT/MRI can better define the resectability of LRRCRCs. The positive impacts of PET can translate into better surgical outcomes, with enhanced safety and patient survival.

Physical and Mental Health Among Surgeons in Gansu Province, China

China is a developing country with a population of more than 1.4 billion, and people are demanding higher quality health care. Meanwhile, population aging and changes in the disease spectrum put new demands on medical and health services, indirectly promoting the rapid development of medicine and raised the tension of physician–patient relationship, which has led to increasing pressure on doctors, especially surgeons. Notably, the high risk of major operation and complicated postoperative conditions result in high comprehensive quality and high mental pressure of surgeons. In addition, the long hours for major operations, bright light stimulation, and fixed positions with a long time led to heavier burden for surgeons, whose physical and mental health need to be focused and researched. Thus, in this study, from May 1, 2021 to July 30, 2021, 316 surgeons in the Provincial General Hospital of Gansu were surveyed on their physical and mental health, and finally, the efficiency of questionnaires was 99%. The results found that most surgeons thought that they were under great pressure in scientific research, professional title, and work. About half of surgeons with experience of medical disputes felt depression and anxiety during medical disputes, of which only 8.14% did not receive professional psychological counseling. About one-third surgeons had different physical diseases and only 32% expressed that they had good physical health status. According to the result of self-report symptom checklist (SCL-90), the top five in percentage order of diseases were cervical spondylosis, digestive diseases, lumbar disease, fatty liver, and hyperlipidemia for surgeons. About 37% surgeons had mental health issues, and the main aspects were obsessive-compulsive, depression, interpersonal sensitivity, somatization, and anxiety. The workload and disease were the main influence factors on mental health of surgeons in Gansu Province, China.

An integrated risk and productivity assessment model for public–private partnership projects using fuzzy inference system

Infrastructural projects based on public–private partnership (PPP) schemes usually struggle with large amounts of resources. Given such projects’ relatively long lifetime, it is expected to encounter a wide range of risks when executing them. This implies that increasing productivity based on cost, time, and quality goals requires accurately identifying and assessing risks in these projects. This study aims at risk assessment and analysing productivity in PPP projects based on an integrated analysis method. To this end, first, library studies are utilized to identify the most significant risks by surveying the PPP-based urban underground construction projects. Expert opinions and the fuzzy Delphi (FD) technique are then employed in three stages to identify 48 secondary risk factors. By identifying the sources of these secondary risk factors, we identify five primary risk dimensions: government, financing, operation, constructability, and organization-related risks. A questionnaire is distributed to acquire experts’ opinions and screen the most critical risks by integrating FD with fuzzy failure mode and effects analysis (FFMEA). Results showed that, in total, 23 secondary risk factors in the five primary risk dimensions exhibited risk priority number (RPNNormalized) values above 0.5, indicating their relatively more critical impacts. In the next phase, a multi-stage fuzzy inference system is designed to evaluate the impacts of critical risks on the productivity of PPP projects. Output results of the inference system indicated very high, high, and medium impacts of the risks on the overall productivity of the PPP projects in terms of time, cost, and quality, respectively.

Optimizing admissible region of nodal net load for active distribution network based on cost/benefit analysis

As the proportion of renewable energy sources (RESs) increases, active distribution network (ADN) operation becomes a more challenging problem due to unpredictable nature of RESs. To address this problem, a new dynamic economic dispatch (DED) for ADN is proposed which can determine the optimal scheduling results based on cost/benefit analysis. Intervals with variable endpoints are applied to describe the nodal net load, which is also named as admissible region in this paper. The admissible region of nodal net load and other scheduling results are simultaneously determined by striking a balance between operation cost when net load varies within the corresponding intervals and benefit represented by reduction of operation risk when net load varies out of their intervals. To facilitate the solution, a new injection shift factor (ISF) of the linearized DistFlow branch equations is proposed, and the voltage magnitude and reactive power can be well addressed, which especially fits for ADN. A surrogate affine policy is applied to avoid the introduction of bilinear terms. And a new step-superimposing linearization method for risk cost is proposed by exploring the specific characteristics of risk cost expression, then binary variables can be eliminated in the model. Finally, this model is recast as a linear programming problem and the computation efficiency can be guaranteed. The validity and effectiveness of the proposed model are illustrated on the IEEE 33-node and 69-node distribution systems.

Fuzzy semi-entropy based downside risk to low-carbon oriented multi-energy dispatch considering multiple dependent uncertainties

Increasing deployment of wind power into integrated energy system becomes a critical pathway for deep decarbonizing the power sector. It is imperative to investigate the impacts of uncertain wind power on integrated power system as the result of the heavy interdependencies among different types of energy in supplying the requirements of economy, low carbon and risk aversion. Here, the concept of fuzzy semi-entropy is presented to quantify the downside risk of uncertain wind power. After that, a mean-semi-entropy model for low-carbon oriented electrical-gas-heat energy system including carbon emission, carbon capture and carbon trading is proposed. In particular, the dependence of wind power outputs from different wind turbines is investigated by the multivariate Gaussian Copula. Results obtained from case studies demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed model in achieving a balanced trade-off among system economy, low carbon emission and operation risk properly. The proposed model enables the reduction in total cost and carbon emission by 2.29% and 5.18% in comparison to these of traditional cost minimization model. In addition, the accommodation level of wind power with multivariate Gaussian Copula improves by 2.17% compared to that without considering coupling.

Complementary scheduling rules for hybrid pumped storage hydropower-photovoltaic power system reconstructing from conventional cascade hydropower stations

The reconstruction of conventional cascade hydropower plants (CHP) into hybrid pumped storage hydropower plants (HPSH) by adding a pumping station has the potential to increase the hydropower's flexibility and promote the consumption of renewable energy into the power grid. However, the complex hydraulic and electric connections between cascade hydropower stations and multi-energy sources pose challenges to safe and economic operation. This study explores the complementary scheduling for hybrid pumped storage hydropower-photovoltaic (HPSH-PV) system and evaluates the operation benefit and risk. First, the complementary scheduling rules that consider the demand for long-distance and across-regions power transmission are proposed to guide the peak-shaving operation of the system. Then a case study is performed with a hydro-PV complementary project in China, and the benefit and risks are evaluated quantitatively while considering the uncertainty of PV power prediction. The results demonstrate that after a pumping station is added (1) the power generation profit can be increased, especially in the dry seasons and the upstream reservoir; (2) the regulation capacity and power-supply reliability of the upstream reservoir is increased, while that of the downstream reservoir is slightly reduced; (3) the reservoir water level fluctuation and operation risk increase, but it can be lowered as the inflow increases.

Performance analysis of irradiated thermo-mechanical coupled petal-shaped fuel rod under different power and heat transfer conditions

As a new type of fuel rod, petal-shaped fuel rod (PSFR) has the advantages of lowering the core temperature and increasing the power density, and thus has a broad application prospect. Based on the thermal elastic–plastic theory, this paper establishes an analytical model for irradiated thermal–mechanical coupling performance of PSFR by user subroutine. Through numerical simulations of the full-cycle operation of PSFR under different power and heat transfer conditions, the performance parameters of fuel rods, such as fuel rod temperature and stress, are obtained, and their spatial distribution and the variation pattern with the operation time are analyzed. The results show that increasing line power leads to a simultaneous increase in fuel rod temperature, stress, maximum deformation, and creep. However, an appropriate reduction in heat transfer coefficient decreases the cladding stresses. The above research results will provide an essential theoretical basis for determining new PSFR’s deformation and operation risk.

Sleeve gastrectomy with one anastomosis bipartition versus one anastomosis gastric bypass: A pilot study.

One anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) is a new recognized metabolic surgery, but the problem that we cannot screen the excluded stomach is a troubling issue in China. The emergence of sleeve gastrectomy plus one anastomosis bipartition (SG + OAB) makes us see a hope to solve this problem. By comparing the efficacy of the two surgical methods, to evaluate whether SG + OAB surgery can solve the dilemma faced by OAGB that the excluded stomach cannot be screened. A retrospective study to compare the patients who underwent OAGB and SG + OAB was conducted. The main outcome measures were (1) operation risk, (2) weight loss, and (3) diabetes remission at 6 months. This study was conducted in the bariatric/metabolic surgical center. From November 2021 to February 2022, a total of 30 patients with obesity who received SG + OAB surgery were recruited. Another matched 60 patients undergoing OAGB were recruited as control group. There was no difference in preoperative age (32.15 ± 9.02 vs. 34.47 ± 7.22; p = .224), female ratio (83% vs. 85%; p = .837), and BMI (36.18 ± 5.30 vs. 34.68 ± 5.58; p = .217) between the two groups. OAGB had a shorter mean operation time (121.67 ± 20.41 vs. 143.50 ± 25.07 min; p < .001) and a lower intraoperative blood loss (21.92 ± 12.35 vs. 32.43 ± 22.01 mL; p = .005), but a longer postoperative flatus passage (2.13 ± 0.43 vs. 1.87 ± 0.43 days; p = .007) compared with the SG + OAB group. Two patients (6.7%) developed major surgical complication in SG + OAB group but no major complication developed in OAGB group. At 6 months after surgery, SG + OAB had a higher %total weight loss than OAGB (31.05 ± 3.12 vs. 28.14 ± 5.43%; p = .015), but diabetes remission rate was similarly high in both groups. SG + OAB operation had a non-inferior or even better weight loss than OAGB, with a similar glycemic control efficacy. However, the high complication rate of SG + OAB is the major drawback that needs attention.

Partial denitrification-anammox granular sludge domesticated from high-strength anammox granules and the high-efficiency performance in treating low-nitrogen wastewater

Partial denitrification (PD) is an effective approach to supply nitrite for the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) reaction, and the PD-anammox process can achieve nearly 100 % nitrogen removal when denitratation, denitritation and anammox processes are well balanced. However, most of the previous studies initiated the PD-anammox process by a mixed inoculation of denitrification and anammox sludges, leading to low anammox bacteria abundance and a risk of unstable operation in the long-term. To address this, this study used high-strength anammox granules as seed sludge for rapid PD-anammox process start-up. During the continuous operation, nitrogen removal efficiencies of 97.6 ± 1.6 % and 91.0 ± 2.0 % were attained under influent conditions of 159.4 ± 3.4 mg N/L and 78.1 ± 3.5 mg N/L, respectively. In addition, the nitrite conversion rate of the sludge reached 5.34 ± 0.37 g N/g VSS/d during the operation, and the anammox activity was stable at 0.27–0.41 g N/g VSS/d, indicating a synergistic PD-anammox relationship. Furthermore, PD bacteria were efficiently enriched in the reactor within a short period of time, with Thauera accounting for 7.6 % of the relative abundance. Notably, the abundances of dominating anammox bacteria, Ca. Brocadia and Ca. Kuenenia were 16.6 % and 4.9 %, respectively, which were among the highest of the reported PD-anammox processes. High anammox microbial abundance is conducive to ensuring the dominance and stability of the anammox reaction, enabling efficient nitrite conversion and nitrogen removal throughout the continuous operation. Finally, nitrogen removal pathways based on mass balance were proposed to clarify the fate of different nitrogen compounds in the PD-anammox system.

Assessing risk and sustainability factors in spice supply chain management

The inopportune organization of spice supply chains (SSCs) results in aided risks, resource wastages, and sustainability issues. Nevertheless, practitioners and academicians alike must investigate spice supply chain management (SSCM) in terms of long-term sustainability. This study draws on the available literature to compile a collection of characteristics and maintain sustainable spice supply chain management techniques which come up with associated risks and relevant obstacles. Existing studies claim that due to a lack of resources, the associated risks are the root of poor SSCM performance. As a result, the goal of this study is to identify the primary risk variables using qualitative data; nevertheless, the attributes must be converted into a scale that is comparable. The fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) was used to obtain valid and reliable attributes from qualitative data, while the fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (FDEMATEL) was used to address uncertainty and interrelationships simultaneously. FDM results suggest that there are eighteen critical risk variables and seven risks threatening effective SSCM. FDEMATEL results reveal qualitative data translated into crisp, comparable values in order to investigate causal linkages between variables and confirm the compatibility of the theoretical structure with industry realities. The findings show fluctuation in the Price (C8), diseases and pests (C20), human contamination (C23), spice adulteration (C24), and loss of food quality, and quantity (C36) are all important risks and sub-risks in these causative interrelationships. The primary risks involved in enhancing SCM include Financial Risk (A5), Ergonomic Risk (A8), and Operation and Management Risk (A10). The study recommends that industry professionals use future marketing tools to protect themselves from price changes which allow them to assess supply and demand circumstances and manage price risks over distance and time. Spices are the key contributors to earning a sizable amount of foreign currency through export in a developing country. It suggests to policymakers, regulatory organizations, and practitioners to develop regulations, raise farmer understanding about pest control, impose stiff penalties on vendors and businesses proven to be involved in spice adulteration, and develop a sustainable fertilizer distribution system. These corresponding action plans for improving the SSC sector and comparing it with agro-food and short-supply chains are investigated. This study contributes to theory by utilizing FDM and FDEMATEL methods for addressing the uncertainty and interrelationship among associated risks that hinder SCM from attaining sustainability.

Reservoir operations under uncertainty with moving-horizon approach and ensemble forecast optimization

Inflow forecasts are a basic pre-requisite to support decisions for anticipating reservoir operations. The fact that hydrological forecasts are uncertain, noting that reservoirs often fulfill multiple purposes, bears the risk of non-ideal reservoir operation. Optimization techniques can help to identify the best operational scheme under given inflow. To address the forecast uncertainty, operators can repeat optimization (moving horizon approach) and optimize for inflow forecast ensembles. This article aims to contribute to a better understanding of how the different methods work, how to interpret the results and what the effect of user choices on the optimization results is. The moving-horizon approach and three ensemble optimization methods were applied on a hydropower reservoir in Norway under flood conditions. The functional principle of each method is explained, and advantages and drawbacks of the different methods are discussed with the help of performance indicators.

Research on water supply model, technology, and management mechanism for villages in China

China's village drinking water has poor protection of water sources, water purification technology and equipment, water supply pipeline network leakage rate, the high risk of secondary pollution, operation and management mechanism, and other issues. How to enhance China's village drinking water through the whole process of the amount of water and the ability to ensure water quality has become the current problem to be resolved urgently. The study summarizes China's village water supply model selection, conventional and non-conventional water sources of water supply key technologies and applications, as well as long-term management measures, and through the application of China's northwestern Gansu's Huanxian and southeastern Zhejiang's Shangyu District, summarizes the success of the experience of the different regional characteristics, and strengthens the leading demonstration. Relevant countermeasures and suggestions are put forward to realize the long-term operation of rural safe drinking water projects.

Heilan Home Asset-light Business Model Financial Risk Control

In recent years, with the rapid development of digital technologies such as Internet, big data and artificial intelligence, enterprises pay more attention to flexibility and efficiency when pursuing maximum business value. The asset-light business model emphasizes the realization of maximum business benefits through minimum capital investment, catering to the dynamic nature of market demand. However, with the rapid development of the asset-light business model, at the same time, the low utilization rate of funds, single financing channels, low inventory turnover, insufficient research and development investment and other problems make enterprises face financial risks in investment, financing, operation, development and other aspects. Heilan Home, as a typical asset-light clothing enterprise, is also faced with such problems. Therefore, how to effectively identify and control financial risks is an urgent problem that Heilan Home and even asset-light enterprises need to solve.

Target spectrum-based risk analysis model for utility tunnel O&M in multiple scenarios and its application

Current utility tunnel operation and maintenance (O&M) risk management suffers from low quality and inefficiency and still lacks a robust analysis method to address various risks. Therefore, this study proposes a theoretical model to build an adaptive system of algorithms and models based on global data linkage and a decision-making system for the target spectrum of intelligent O&M of utility tunnels. In addition, a risk prevention and control platform for utility tunnel O&M is formed, and remote centralized data collection, monitoring, emergency decision-making and other functions are realized to improve the safety of utility tunnel O&M. Finally, the model is validated using data from three typical scenarios, and the Beijing International Horticultural Exhibition utility tunnel is chosen as an example. The findings demonstrate that the model offers effective and adaptable decision support for utility tunnel O&M risk management.

Operational risk assessment for hydroelectric generating units using multi-head spatio-temporal attention and adaptive fuzzy clustering

A novel operational risk assessment method for hydroelectric generating units (HGUs) is presented in this article. First, a multi-head spatio-temporal attention gated network (MSTAGN) is proposed to establish an operation risk benchmark model for HGUs to reveal the intricate relationship between performance and its multiple influencing factors. In particular, MSTAGN learns complex interaction relationships among multiple influencing factors in both temporal and spatial dimensions and automatically extracts important features. Then, a nonlinear mapping function is constructed to extract the deviation of the current measured performance parameters from the predicted baseline performance parameters as the operation risk degree. On this basis, an adaptive fuzzy clustering algorithm is proposed to achieve a clear classification of the operating risk level for HGUs. The proposed method is applied in a HGU in Sichuan province, China. The results of comparative experiments demonstrate its viability and efficacy.

A STUDY ON THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN PREVENTING BUSINESS RISKS (THE CASE OF CENTURY TIANHONG EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.)

Financial management, being an important part of modern enterprise management, is a key force that affects the sustainable development of enterprises. With such significantchanges in the market, enterprises need to constantly improve their core competitiveness, establish and improve a scientific and effective enterprise financial management system and risk mechanism, and strengthen the management and control of enterprise production and operation risks. Therefore, this study collates and calculates the annual report of Century Tianhong Education Technology Co., Ltd. for the three years from 2019 to 2022, outlines the current situation of financial risk management of Century Tianhong Education Technology Co., Ltd. in terms of solvency, profitability and development ability, and uses the financial risk management method to identify and evaluate the financial risk of Century Tianhong Education Technology Co., Ltd. Through the quantitative research on the hypothesis, the research results are as follows: Century Tianhong Education Technology Co., Ltd. has management problems in terms of solvency, profitability and development ability, and the improvement of these three aspects has a significant impact on the role of financial management to prevent business risks. This studyputs forward the following suggestions: 1) strengthen the concept of capital flow management and risk prevention; 2) accelerate the modernization of the accounts receivable system; 3) clarify the cost components of different products; 4) establish the prevention of harmonious financial management level of enterprises. It is expected to scientifically evaluate and predict the future earnings of Century Tianhong Education Technology Co., Ltd., and effectively improve the overall financial management level of the company.

Study on the pump schedule impact in hydraulic fracturing of unconventional reservoirs on proppant transport law

In unconventional reservoir hydraulic fracturing, using a pump schedule with proppant concentration constant (PCC) instead of the proppant concentration stepwise increasing (PCSI) is considered an innovative approach to reduce operation costs and risks. However, the large-scale application of PCC lacks sufficient theoretical support. This study investigates the impact of two pump schedules on proppant transport behavior through visualized proppant transport experiments and the model that couples fracture propagation with proppant transport. The experiments demonstrate that PCC facilitates proppant transport and reduces flow fluctuations in complex fractures, while PCSI enhances the filling of near-well fractures. The proppant concentration (the ratio of proppant volume to fracturing fluid volume) reaches 20 % or when a combination of 40/70-mesh and 20/40-mesh quartz sands is used for injection, the pump schedule influence becomes negligible. An increase in fracture complexity, proppant size, and proppant concentration all lead to a reduced influence of the pump schedule on the dune shape. Numerical simulation reveal that the fracture area and average fracture conductivity is similar for different pump schedules, but PCC yields a slightly larger propped fracture area (ranging from 1 % to 4 %) and results in a more uniform conductivity. PCC could achieve similar fracture filling when the proppant concentration is more than 15 % or there is no significant demand for near-well conductivity. Overall, both two pump schedules have a relatively insignificant impact on the transport process of proppants and the final sand dune shape. By comparing pressure curves during hydraulic fracturing, it was evident that PCC resulted in fewer fluctuations. Analyzing production data from 93 wells with PCSI and 59 wells with PCC, it was observed that PCC enhances production and reduces proppant flowback post-fracturing. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the application of PCC pump schedule in hydraulic fracturing.