Operation Of Residential Buildings Research Articles

Tech Note. Analysis of practices of layer-by-layer use of expanded polystyrene in the operation of residential buildings

The purpose of this paper is to consider three aspects of the use of polystyrene as an effective heat-insulating material in three-layer load-bearing and enclosing structures of reinforced concrete residential buildings. The first aspect is related to the dependence of the enclosure heat transfer resistance degree on the method of combining expanded polystyrene with stone structural materials. For example, prefabricated expanded polystyrene concrete blocks for the construction of walls of low and medium-rise buildings and cast-in-situ expanded polystyrene concrete poured into the voids of the well brickwork in high-rise buildings. It is shown that the layer-by-layer application of pure expanded polystyrene and the concrete layers protecting it multiplies the degree of thermal insulation of the enclosing structure while retaining its strength and equal consumption of raw materials. The second aspect is associated with the fire resistance of reinforced concrete load-bearing and enclosing structures of residential buildings. A sufficient degree of fire resistance when protecting expanded polystyrene with cast-in-situ reinforced concrete layers is shown using examples. The third aspect shows the feasibility of using outer three-layer reinforced concrete walls with polystyrene insulation for panel heating of the buildings.

Прогнозирование энергозатрат в системах управления домашним энергопотреблением с применением метода машинного обучения

Reducing energy consumption by capital construction projects at all stages of their life cycle is an urgent task for the construction industry and the housing and communal complex. The article discusses ways to reduce energy costs in the operation of residential buildings. The aim of the study is to develop a methodology for predicting energy costs when using a home energy management system based on the machine learning method. All devices included in the "smart home" system are divided into three types, for each of them a method for calculating energy consumption is described. The algorithm of the home energy management system is to receive information from the energy supplier about their cost an hour in advance, calculate the energy consumption of all devices and predict energy consumption based on the reinforcement machine learning method. The effectiveness of the chosen method and the reliability of forecasting were evaluated by comparing the results with real costs for the selected time and calculating the average absolute error and the average absolute error in percent. The results of the study indicate the promise of using the method of machine learning with reinforcement to build a home energy management system based on forecasting energy consumption over time.

Problems of mass housing typology development for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine

The article examines the problems of designing mass housing for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine. One of these problems is the changes in regulatory documents in the field of construction and architecture, which were developed before the start of Russia's large-scale aggression and approved after its start, which significantly increase the estimated cost of new housing. As a result of the analysis of the experience of Ukraine’s reconstruction after World War II, it was found that mass housing construction and provision of housing to all who need it in conditions of limited resources are impossible without maximally reducing the cost of construction and operation of residential buildings. The need to suspend all recent changes in regulatory documents, which lead to a significant increase in the estimated cost of construction, is argued.
 It is noted that in the conditions of possible large-scale emergency or planned power outages, which make it impossible to mass-use such evacuation routes as smoke-free stairwells of types N2, N3, N4, the use of fire elevators for rescuing people, the use of fire-proof lobby of the 1st type for arrangement of fire-safe zones for people with reduced mobility (PRM), the safest place for placing apartments for PRM is the ground floor of a residential building.
 One of the promising options for mass housing is defined as sectional houses of medium storeys.
 Corridor residential buildings of medium storey are proposed as a promising type of housing for temporary accommodation of internally displaced persons. Planning solutions for fire safety zones on a typical floor for medium-rise residential buildings and multi-story residential buildings with a conventional height of up to 26.5 m have been developed.

Adaptive cold and permafrost home

Severe natural and climatic conditions, remoteness from industrial centres, and poorly developed infrastructure in the northern (Arctic) regions strongly affect the life and comfort of the population. In such conditions, the construction of a maximally habitable, available for construction, energy-efficient and climate-adaptive dwelling house is in particular demand. The main criteria for creating an adaptive house were: 1) cost-effective construction; 2) minimum heat loss during exploitation; 3) maximum use of available and local materials; and; 4) adaptability to climate change. The adaptive individual house was created taking into account many years of experience in the design, construction and operation of residential buildings in the Far North and the peculiarities of the arrangement and way of life of the northern peoples. In the process of work on the project, the main principles of choosing building materials and constructions, design and construction of an individual house in the conditions of the cold climate and permafrost were generalized and specified. It is necessary to note, that projects of adaptive houses should be developed taking into account climatic conditions of the area of construction and logistics as well as modern requirements of resource and energy saving, ecological and fire safety. Such designs should be tested in Central Yakutia, and then replicated for northern and arctic areas.

Overview of occupant behaviour in modelling high-performance residential buildings

As the goal-setting in the European Green Deal is to reach carbon neutrality by 2050, great efforts have been put to improve the energy efficiency in residential buildings. As residential buildings are towards high energy efficiency, building envelopes are becoming better thermally insulated and systems are becoming more energy-efficient. Therefore, the role of occupants in the actual building performance is becoming more important. However, contradictions exist between the uncertainties caused by occupant behaviour (OB) and the over-simplified consideration of OB in building design. Therefore, this paper aims to present a state-of-the-art of how OB is represented in residential buildings. Through a literature study, this paper first reviews different occupant behaviours and how they are considered in the design and operation of high-performance residential buildings. Modelling methods are categorized by occupant activities. In addition, behavioural theories in the application of analysing building performance are reviewed. How the behavioural theories are integrated with state-of-the-art building technologies is outlined. Finally, challenges and suggestions for representing the interaction between occupants and buildings in the design and operation of residential buildings are discussed.

Carbon Mitigation in the Operation of Chinese Residential Buildings: An Empirical Analysis at the Provincial Scale

The rapidly growing carbon emissions of residential building operations have become an obstacle to China’s commitment to achieving its carbon-neutral goals by 2060, but they also demonstrate great carbon mitigation potential. To help buildings reach carbon neutrality targets, this study decomposes the drivers of carbon emissions and evaluates the changes in carbon mitigation of residential buildings across 30 Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2018. The results indicate that (1) the operational carbon intensity increased in most provinces and the average annual growth rate across the 30 provinces was 4.2%; (2) from 2001 to 2018, North China and Northeast China had the highest average annual carbon mitigation intensity, at 602.7 and 376.9 kg of carbon dioxide per household, respectively. However, Northwest China had the highest carbon mitigation efficiency, with a carbon mitigation rate of 23.5%; and (3) in most cases, the total carbon mitigations of the operational residential buildings assessed at the provincial scale higher than those assessed nationwide, with a difference of 14.4 million tons of carbon dioxide on average. In addition, this study reviewed the energy efficiency codes for residential buildings and summarized effective energy efficiency measures. Overall, this study fills a gap in our understanding of carbon mitigation tools and provides a reference for the evaluation of historical carbon mitigation effects in the operation of residential buildings.

Method for determining the optimal value of the specific heat capacity and temperature regime of a short-term heat accumulator of passive solar heating systems with a flat reflector of radiation

The article presents the results of the analysis and generalization of the experience of operating residential facilities with solar heating systems, even a slight accumulation of the daytime excess heat of solar radiation is determined, which can significantly increase the replacement coefficient of the heat load for heating the systems under consideration. An unjustified increase in the capacity of the heat accumulator has been determined that does not give a noticeable increase in the replacement coefficient for the heat load of the system. Studied and developed new and improved existing insolation passive solar heating systems. The article shows the results of the analysis and operation of residential buildings with solar systems, it is determined that a slight accumulation of daily excess heat of solar radiation can significantly increase the replacement coefficient for the heat load on the heating of the systems under consideration.

Analysis of electricity use and economic impacts for buildings with electric heating under lockdown conditions: examples for educational buildings and residential buildings in Norway

• Electricity use profiles before and during the COVID-lockdown were investigated • Energy saving potentials in educational buildings during lockdown were observed • Small apartment was observed with higher electricity density and sensitivity • Three scenarios of electricity use in these buildings were developed • Area and ratio of building type, operation mode may influence local energy planning The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant impacts on energy demand in Norway and many countries. It is important to improve the existing knowledge of building operation under unforeseeable disturbances. This study aimed to identify the potential problems of electricity use patterns for four building types with electric heating: kindergartens, schools, apartments, and townhouses. By comparing the electricity profiles for the lockdown period 2020 with the normal condition in previous years, it showed that the electricity demand in the two educational institutions was almost on the same level, while there were apparent changes for the residential buildings. To estimate the energy saving potential and increase, three scenarios were developed considering different operation strategies: Scenario 1 considered operation under normal settings; Scenario 2 considered operation of educational buildings under nighttime and weekend settings; Scenario 3 considered operation of residential buildings under work-at-home conditions. Energy signature curve models were built to predict yearly demand. The results showed that the electricity demand might be reduced by one-third in educational buildings by following Scenario 2. Meanwhile, the electricity density of small apartment varied more significant than the townhouse, causing an electricity increase of 27% for the apartment and 1.3% for the townhouse under Scenario 3.

THE PROBLEMS OF INCREASING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

This article is devoted to one of the most important problems of the XXI century - energy efficiency and energy saving of residential buildings. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the fact that energy saving and energy efficiency of buildings are important areas of the national economy. The paper considers the main problems of increasing the energy efficiency of construction and existing residential buildings in the republic. Opportunities for overcoming barriers aimed at improving energy-saving activities in the construction and operation of residential buildings are covered. The main ways of an organizational nature to improve the energy efficiency of residential buildings through consistent energy studies and the implementation of effective energy saving measures are noted. Conclusions are formulated for the development of an integrated and systematic approach of measures in order to strengthen the organizational structures of energy efficiency management in residential buildings.

Implementation of Digital Project Management for Construction and Operation of Energy-Efficient Residential Buildings

The paper considers an issue of transition to digital management technologies in the field of construction and housing and communal services in Russia, as well as in other countries. An optimization methodology for the application of the digital economy has been developed using the example of the existing real estate management system in the Stolichny Microdistrict of Izhevsk city (Udmurt Republic, Russian Federation). The existing and developed new projects of digital technologies are described, the introduction of which will increase the efficiency of the construction and operation of residential buildings. A methodology has been formed for creating an optimization mathematical model for managing construction and operation projects of energy-efficient residential buildings. Prerequisites and a scheme for the joint implementation of this model and digital technologies are given to improve the quality of construction and operation of residential buildings. The paper proposes a phased methodology for the introduction of digital technologies in urban planning, as well as in the field of housing and communal services within the framework of the national program “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation”. The advantages of using block-chain technology in the management of projects for the construction and operation of energy-efficient residential buildings have been studied in the paper. The application of the developed methods that meet the needs of participants in construction activities, as well as the housing and utilities sector, will improve the efficiency of not only the management system for the construction and operation of energy-efficient residential buildings, but also the overall effectiveness of the introduction of digital management in real estate. The proposed ABRIS software can be used in housing and communal services to optimize and track the expenditure of resources vital for a comfortable living of the population.

Predictive control co-design for enhancing flexibility in residential housing with battery degradation

Buildings are responsible for about a quarter of global energy-related CO2 emissions. Consequently, the decarbonisation of the housing stock is essential in achieving net-zero carbon emissions. Global decarbonisation targets can be achieved through increased efficiency in using energy generated by intermittent resources. The paper presents a co-design framework for simultaneous optimal design and operation of residential buildings using Model Predictive Control (MPC). The framework is capable of explicitly taking into account operational constraints and pushing the system to its efficiency and performance limits in an integrated fashion. The optimality criterion minimises system cost considering time-varying electricity prices and battery degradation. A case study illustrates the potential of co-design in enhancing flexibility and self-sufficiency of a system operating under different conditions. Specifically, numerical results from a low-fidelity model show substantial carbon emission reduction and bill savings compared to an a-priori sizing approach.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ СОЦІАЛЬНО ДОСТУПНОГО ЖИТЛА В УКРАЇНІ: ФІНАНСОВО-ЕКОНОМІЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ

The article examines the state and factors of influence on the development of construction (acquisition in the secondary market) of socially affordable housing in Ukraine. The well-known interpretations of the terms "social" and "affordable" housing are considered and the author's understanding of the term "socially accessible housing" through the use of affordable mortgages with the support of the state is proposed, which is a financial and economic tool for solving the social housing problem. The existing regulatory framework and plans of the state leadership to regulate the issue of providing state support and providing citizens with affordable housing are considered. The urgency of the development and implementation of the strategy for the restoration of the mortgage market in Ukraine, which was initiated by the President of Ukraine and the Government, was noted. Using the example of a hypothetical family of 4 people living in the regional center of Ukraine – a millionaire (Dnipro), calculations have been made that demonstrate that the development of socially affordable housing will be relevant for a long time in Ukraine, because now there is a significant gap between the incomes of citizens and the conditions for the provision of state financial support for the acquisition of affordable housing. The article analyzes statistical data on the volume of housing purchases by citizens with the support of the state in 2010-2020 against the background of an analysis of the dynamics of the country's housing stock and the construction of apartments in new buildings for the same period. Objective macroeconomic and political and legal factors, as well as internal, specific for Ukraine, factors of influence on the development of the socially affordable housing market have been identified. Specific impact factors include: administrative and legal improvement of the activities of joint investment institutions and asset management companies in the field of housing construction; settlement of issues of transparent land allocation for construction and implementation of a systematic approach to urban planning based on the principles of development; regulation of the principles of activity and the status of condominiums. The need for a systematic consideration of the entire life cycle of a project for the construction and operation of residential buildings with the aim of integrated implementation of energy efficient technologies, materials, engineering equipment, the concept of a circular economy was emphasized.

Comparative analysis of environmentally friendly materials

Woodworking industry currently generates a large amount of unused waste suitable for recycling. The solution to this urgent problem is the use of this raw material in construction industry, which would solve many economic and environmental problems. The article describes the main technologies for the construction of residential houses from wood concrete blocks and the features of the construction and operation of such buildings. Methods of comparative analysis of the structure of wood concrete and brick housing construction and the possibility of ecological materials’ effective use in the conditions of the Rostov region on the basis of thermal engineering calculation are also presented. Having analyzed the main characteristics and properties of ecological building material, the main advantages and disadvantages of wood concrete in the construction and further operation of residential buildings are considered.

Анализ дефектов жилых зданий, выявленных в период гарантийного обслуживания

The article is devoted to the analysis of defects in residential buildings identified during the warranty period. The purpose of the study is to reduce the costs of construction organizations during the warranty period of maintenance of residential buildings and improve the quality of construction. A residential complex consisting of twenty low-rise buildings was selected to study the operation of residential buildings and estimate costs. Key defects were identified and analysed. In the course of the research, a scheme of operational quality control has been developed, with the help of which it is possible to increase the level of quality management of construction and installation works, reduce the costs for construction organizations during the warranty period of service and, as a result, increase customer satisfaction and loyalty.

An insight into the quality of internal built environment in Vladivostok. Part 2: Studying the sanitary and microbiological condition of indoor air

Introduction. This work is devoted to study the microbiological composition of the air 110 dwellings in the city of Vladivostok and the assessment of the impact of various factors on the microbiological condition of premises. The study is aimed at obtaining information about the real sanitary and hygienic conditions of the exploited residential area and identifying patterns of changes in environmental indicators from design decisions, building parameters and conditions of its operation. Research statistics are the result of field research with laboratory processing of the samples obtained. The relevance of scientific work also lies in the possibility of further factor analysis and verification of sanitary norms and rules with the practice of real design and operation of residential buildings. Materials and methods. Surveys were conducted on the basis of air sampling with subsequent assessment of the content of bacteria in the air of apartment buildings of different types, built at different times from different materials. Results. The section presents analytical data on the content of three main groups of bacteria in the air of residential premises located on the territory of Vladivostok. Based on the accumulated data, a comparative analysis was carried out to establish a correlation between the number of microorganisms in the air and the city area, the type of building material of the house, the density of apartment occupancy, and the presence of pets. Conclusions. Data on the influence of apartment occupancy density on the sanitary and microbiological situation were obtained. The assessment of the influence on the density of microbiological contamination of such factors as: the presence of pets, the type of building materials from which buildings are built, as well as the territorial location of the surveyed apartments.

Анализ организации эксплуатации инженерных систем жилых зданий на основе модели массового обслуживания с перерывами и задержками

In resent years has been increasing interest for application of probabilistic methods, in particular queueing theory for estimation of activities of managing companies of residential buildings. Maintenance of residential buildings is a set of measures that ensure the highest reliability of all elements and systems of a building. The main element of the technical operation of residential buildings is a system of scheduled prophylactic inspections and repairs. However even with its rational organization, there is always a positive probability of failure of building elements, which depends not only on the aging factors of the structure. The goal of the managing company is, on the one hand, to prevent the formation of a too long queue of emergency calls, and on the other, to complete all planned prophylactic maintenance work. 
 As a mathematical model we consider a single-server queue with vacations and close-down periods. The service team can start a scheduled preventive repair only when all request for sudden mailfunctions are satisfied.
 This period we call vacation. There is a close-down period before vacation. This time period is required for preparation and organization of the prophylactic and inspection work.
 Based on the methods of the queuing theory, the system’s characteristics that determine the quality of its work, as well as the boundaries of the change of parameters at which the system copes with the work from the standpoint of a particular criterion are defined.

A Comparison of the Environmental Performance of Cooling and Heating among Different Household Types in China’s Hot Summer–Cold Winter Zone

Cooling and heating consume a large amount of energy during the operation of residential buildings in the hot summer–cold winter zone. It causes serious ecological damage and negatively affects natural resources. Occupant usage behaviors of cooling and heating systems are driven by various factors, and correlations between the driving factors and corresponding environmental impacts (EIs) are not well quantified. This study focuses on two occupant-related driving factors: household size and age composition, and combines a questionnaire survey, an energy simulation, and an EIs assessment into an integrated model. A case study is conducted in Jiangsu, China, to demonstrate the model. Nearly 1800 samples are collected from a large sample questionnaire survey and then classified into nine household types according to their household sizes and age compositions. The EIs due to cooling and heating of different household types in a typical year are then assessed and compared. The assessment results show that different household types have various environmental performance. Households with larger size, elderly people, and children have higher EIs. This newly established model is applicable and builds a bridge between driving factors and the environmental performance of cooling and heating. These assessment results will help better understand the role of household type.

Efecto de amortiguamiento térmico de una barrera verde de Arundo donax como elemento de bioclimatización en edificios

Entre los principales impactos ambientales derivados de la operación de edificios habitacionales está la generación de gases de efecto invernadero resultante del consumo eléctrico de sistemas de climatización. El uso de sistemas de vegetación representa una alternativa para disminuir dicho consumo energético. Las barreras verdes son sistemas de vegetación empleados como protección contra el viento, aunque recientemente se ha explorado su uso como sistemas de amortiguación acústica. En este trabajo se analiza su posible aplicación como sistemas de aislamiento térmico para edificios. En específico, se reporta el comportamiento de una barrera verde de Arundo donax como elemento de bioclimatización. Los resultados se analizan a partir de las temperaturas medidas en el interior y exterior de edificios prototipo, en función de la presencia de una barrera verde. Adicionalmente se determinó la traspiración del Arundo donax en condiciones ambientales extremas.

A study of energy efficiency in residential buildings in Knoxville, Tennessee

Abstract Energy efficiency is an essential aspect in the design and operation of residential buildings. Residential energy consumption is shown to account for approximately 8% of the electricity and 3.5% of the natural gas consumption in the U.S. The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system and lighting system are two major factors influencing energy consumption in residential buildings. About 52–72% of the average energy consumed by residential buildings is used to keep buildings at comfortable temperatures, provide hot water, and circulate fresh air indoors. In the service region of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 92% of the electricity is non-renewable electricity, and approximately 41% is generated by coal. Therefore, energy consumption in residential buildings directly relates to the proportion of pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions from the power plants. With the development of advanced technology and strict energy policies, however, the energy consumption in the residential sector and the corresponding emission of pollutants can be significantly reduced. This study presents an approach for analyzing the energy efficiency metrics in residential buildings based on three dimensions: sustainable physical infrastructure, energy efficient equipment, and energy efficient behavior. The results of this analysis subsequently provide a residential building system with a strategy for conversion to cleaner energy sources by identifying opportunities in each of the three primary dimensions. For this study, energy consumption data for each of the metrics are collected by a survey of 102 participating residential buildings in Knoxville, Tennessee in the United States.

Experience with construction and operation of residential buildings on shell-foundations in Igarka : Goncharov, Y M Soil Mech Found EngngV27, N3, May–June 1990, P91–96

Experience with construction and operation of residential buildings on shell-foundations in Igarka : Goncharov, Y M Soil Mech Found EngngV27, N3, May–June 1990, P91–96