Operation Of Power Units Research Articles

Assessment of the impact of the BN-800 reactor operation on the radionuclides content in local foodstuffs in the vicinity of Beloyarsk NPP

The research results are presented as an analysis of long-term data on the effect of gas-aerosol emissions and liquid discharges of Beloyarsk NPP and the Institute of Reactor Materials on the content of artificial radionuclides in local foodstuffs. It was noted that the distance and directions from radiation-hazardous facilities do not significantly affect the accumulation of 90Sr and 137Cs in potatoes and milk. The investigation of a wide range of foodstuffs from the private households of 23 settlements, forests, rivers, and a reservoir of the 30-km zone of the Beloyarsk NPP influence showed that the operation of the BN-800 reactor since 2016 did not lead to a registered increase in the content of artificial radionuclides in agricultural and natural foodstuffs. The maximum specific activities of 90Sr (0.84 Bq/kg) and 137Cs (0.26 Bq/kg) in root vegetables, potatoes, melons and vegetables were noted before the start of operation of the new power unit and were 45 and 300 times, respectively, lower than the current SanPiN standards. The highest content of 90Sr in milk (0.41 Bq/l) was 60 times lower than the requirements of SanPiN, 137Cs (0.11 Bq/l) was 900 times less than the permissible levels. In poultry, the specific activity of 90Sr (0.2-0.3 Bq/kg) and 137Cs (0.13-0.16 Bq/kg) has remained stable low in recent years, and the standardised content of 137Cs in beef (maximum 0.12 Bq/kg) more than 1.5 thousand times lower than the requirements of SanPiN. The highest concentration of 137Cs in wild berries, found in strawberries (1.27 Bq/kg), was 125 times less than SanPiN standards. The content of 90Sr in mushrooms was at the level of 0.1-2.5 Bq/kg, the content of 137Cs is slightly higher than - 0.6-5.8 Bq/kg. The maximum recorded specific activity of 137Cs in mushrooms was more than 80 times lower than the requirements of SanPiN. During the observation period, a decrease of up to 20% or more in the content of artificial radionuclides in samples of 5 fish species was noted; the maximum levels of 90Sr and 137Cs in it were 14 times lower than the strictest SanPiN standards (using fish for baby food). Selective radiation monitoring of foodstuffs of Beloyarsk NPP area aimed at 3H and 14C showed that the content of these radionuclides in foodstuffs was low, close to the background level. In agricultural products, 3H and 14C accumulated to a greater extent in potatoes and milk, and in natural products – in rough boletus and bream. There was noted a need to continue research on the accumulation of 3H and 14C in foodstuffs of Beloyarsk NPP vicinity.

Research on Optimization of Boiler Air Distribution System based on Deep Neural Network

The boiler air distribution system has an important influence on the stable operation of the thermal power unit. It directly affects the combustion efficiency, which in turn affects NOx emission of the boiler. However, boiler efficiency and NOX emission are a pair of contradictory goals, which will be one-sided if one is adjusted separately. In addition, thermal power units often face the impact of variable boundary conditions in operation. In this study, DNN-PSO modeling optimization was performed on air distribution system of a 1000MW double-tangential boiler. The deep neural network (DNN)is used to establish the boiler’s air distribution system model, and the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) is used to optimize the opening of the secondary air baffle and the over fire air baffle. According to the on-site adjustment test based on the optimized guidance value, the NOX emission was reduced by 36.31mg/Nm3, and the boiler efficiency was increased by 0.09%, which proved the feasibility of using this model to guide the operation of the boiler air distribution system.

Dynamic Matrix Based Thermal Power Tracking Control of Nuclear Power Reactor

power control of nuclear power plant is an important technology to ensure the safe and efficient operation of nuclear power unit. Because the power system of nuclear power reactor belongs to nonlinear system, there are many factors affecting the distribution of thermal power, which leads to the uncertainty of the tracking target of thermal power of nuclear power reactor. Therefore, this paper proposes a dynamic matrix-based thermal power tracking control method for nuclear power reactors. The dynamic matrix algorithm is used to establish the prediction model of the controlled object, to determine the tracking target value, to design the dynamic matrix controller, and to formulate the switching strategy combined with the minimum value of the cumulative prediction error, and to realize the thermal power tracking control of the power reactor. Simulation results show that the proposed method has different target values under different working conditions in accordance with the actual control value, it has better engineering value and practical significance for reducing the working intensity of operators and improving the performance of load tracking.

THE METHOD OF CONTINUOUS AUTOMATED RESISTANCE CONTROL OF HIGH VOLTAGE MOTOR INSULATION

Electrical machines are widely used in various branches of the national economy. In particular, electric motors are one of the main elements in electrical power generation systems. The electric machines used at this ensure reliable operation of individual power units and the entire power supply system in general. The reliability of engines’ operation is largely determined by the quality of its insulation, that is why the improvement of methods for controlling the isolation of high voltage asynchronous motors is an actual task.
 The aim of the research is to develop a method of continuous automated control of electric insulation condition in stator windings of an asynchronous motor basing on the analysis of experimental and industrial operation data making it possible to estimate the dynamics of changes in the main insulation parameters.
 The main elements showing reliability of high-voltage electric machines, applied electro-insulation structures, methods for controlling insulation resistance in a high-voltage electric motor are considered in the article. The research performed was based on the results of the experimental and industrial operation of the automated system of insulation control under working voltage at the real facility carried out by the group of companies «Energopribor» of the town of Cheboksary.
 The analysis of existing methods for insulation control is given, the scheme of insulation control by superpositioning test current with the frequency which is different from industrial one. The authors propose the method to estimate the dynamics of resistance changes in insulation of stator windings of the asynchronous motor, to reveal its approximation to the maximum permissible state in the process of operation and in reserve shutdown. Software modeling was carried out, the results of which correspond to the data of experimental and industrial operation.
 The results obtained during the research allowed to systematize the obtained experimental data, to modernize the hardware part of the diagnostic complex DUKAT-SCAD, to outline the criteria area for its applicability.

Selecting optimal conditions for the turbine warm and hot start-up

The paper discusses optimization issues related to start-ups from intermediate states defined as hot and warm, i.e. start-ups carried out after a few or several hours of downtime. Such start-ups are characterized by a non-uniform field of the initial temperature. For this reason, any simulation of start-up processes should be preceded by simulations of the cooling process to obtain a close-to-real temperature distribution at the moment when the start-up process is to begin. This is of particular importance in the case of elements in contact with the outer environment, such as outer casings and rotors. The simulation results indicate that it is possible to speed up the start-up procedure as recommended by the turbine manufacturer without exceeding allowable stresses in the turbine elements. Naturally, this will have a beneficial impact on the flexibility of the power unit operation. Rotors are characterized by the most difficult operating conditions and it is for them directly that start-ups should be optimized. The maximum start-up rate is determined by the initial temperature field of the turbine element material. For this reason, the paper presents a concept of initial heating of the turbine key elements. Running the process during the boiler heating and start-up might substantially shorten the total time needed to restore the power unit operation. Instead of sequential heating, the boiler heating and the turbine heating processes could be carried out in parallel.

Application of Software Tools for Predicting the Corrosion-Erosion Rate to Ensure Integrity of Equipment and Piping of Power Units at Nuclear Power Stations

Basic principles are examined of the application of software tools (ST) for predicting the erosion-corrosion (EC) rate to ensure the integrity of equipment and piping of nuclear power station (NPS) power units. Methods for solving the erosion-corrosion problems encountered in NPS power units have been determined. Software tools that are used most widely throughout the world to solve erosion-corrosion problems in the nuclear power industry are reviewed. The specifics in the application abroad and in Russia are highlighted. Attention is given to the successful foreign experience in improving the corrosion-erosion resistance of piping and equipment based on the solution implemented in designing NPS power units. Information is presented on the development of Russian software tools and the results of their application to render the integrity of piping and equipment of NPS power units with a VVER reactor or fast breeder reactor due to numerical prediction and early detection of the maximum allowable erosion-corrosion metal thinning. The feasibility is substantiated of using the software tools in designing new NPS power units with a VVER-1200 reactor, assessing the residual service life, and prolonging the operation of existing NPSs. Examples are given of the ways for reduction in the erosion-corrosion rate of equipment components and piping of nuclear power units, for example, by controlling the intensity of the hydrodynamic component of erosion-corrosion and proper selection of the metal. It is demonstrated that the cost of power units with a VVER-1200 reactor (including export deliveries) can be reduced by a change-over to less erosion-corrosion resistant but relatively inexpensive steels. The prospects are noted on application in practice of STs to assess the carry over of iron-rich corrosion-erosion products into the working fluid of an NPS with a VVER-reactor. It is pointed out that, when changing over to operation of NPS power units at a super-rated power, this factor should be estimated using STs, and its effect on the wear rate and location of the zones wherein is the highest rate of thinning of the pipeline walls and equipment must be considered.

Stochastic power management approach for a hybrid solid oxide fuel cell/battery auxiliary power unit for heavy duty vehicle applications

The present paper aims to develop an innovative real-time power management strategy dedicated to the efficient operation of an auxiliary power unit (APU) in a heavy-duty vehicle. Specifically, the APU comprises a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system and a Lead-Acid battery pack. The power management strategy envisages optimal power sharing between the APU elements and it is defined based on Simultaneous Perturbation Stochastic Approximation (SPSA) principle, pursuing SOFC power profile smoothing in real-time. The SPSA-based algorithm introduced here overcomes real-time operation issues remarked in other implementations (fuzzy logic, genetic algorithms), accounting for a robust and less complex formulation. The power management strategy is implemented in a dynamic model developed in Matlab/Simulink, simulating SOFC-based APU behavior. Simulation outcomes highlight that the proposed strategy allows a global energy saving over 6% if compared to a conventional power management, based on power split control. Moreover, comparing the power profiles corresponding to the battery and the SOFC, it is remarked as SOFC power oscillations evaluated over 1 s timeframe are halved, achieving values lower than 4.5 W/s for more than 80% of the operation time.

Physical Simulation of Dynamic Processes in Hydroeleastic Systems at Nuclear Power Stations

Basic approaches are outlined to solving complex engineering problems arising in the design and operation of power units at nuclear power stations (NPS) and based on large-scale physical simulation of dynamic conditions and parameters of dynamics and structural strength of modern power facilities. A procedure for physical simulation of specific dynamic processes in hydroelastic systems has been developed. Taking into account the identified distributions of pressure pulsations and flow rates on the surfaces of the structures of the investigated reactor plants (RU), hydrodynamic loads in various structures and facilities of modern power-machine buildings were determined considering the found distribution of fluctuations in flow pressure and velocity acting on the structure surfaces. The dynamic response parameters of the main structural members, such as dynamic strains and stresses, were obtained and analyzed. The effect of added masses of liquid, damping, and other factors on the dynamic processes in hydroelastic systems and ways for its reduction to increase the durability and service life of structures, first of all the critical elements of the studied power systems for each commissioned reactor, are determined. This approach is based on a comprehensive investigation of the interaction of a turbulent flow with the multicomponent structure of a reactor unit. The results of investigation confirmed the structure serviceability as to the relative error. The fitness for service of a structure during a specified operation time of the power unit was assessed. The implementation of the proposed approach involving large-scale physical simulation and, in many cases, numerical modeling, confirmed its effectiveness and the validity of the results obtained by the authors.

Detection of fuel washout from leaking fuel rods during operation of WWER power units

Fuel failures still occur during operation of nuclear power plants. One of the possible and most severe consequences of a fuel failure is that fragments of fuel pellets or fuel grains may be washed out from the leaking fuel rod into the coolant. Reliable detection of fuel washout is important for further handling of leaking fuel assemblies. An indication of fuel washout is achievable in the frame of coolant activity evaluation during reactor operation. For this purpose, 134I activity is historically utilized in WWER power units. However, observed 134I activity may increase during operation even in cases when leaking fuel in the core is absent, and fuel deposits are the only source of the fission products release.The present paper discusses a criterion elaborated for detection of fuel washout from leaking fuel rods during operation of WWER power units. Some examples of application of this criterion at operating NPPs are demonstrated.

Research on effect of Helmholtz resonance on the stability of reactor coolant flow measurement

Reactor coolant flow measurement plays an important role in ensuring the normal and safe operation of nuclear power unit, but Helmholtz resonant cavity structure is easy to be formed in the flow measurement system, which affects the stability of flow measurement. In this paper, the influences of the length of the pressure-tapping pipe, the volume of the gas collector and the damping of the pressure-tapping pipe on Helmholtz resonance are studied by simulation analysis. The influence of these factors on reactor coolant flow measurement is researched by experiment. The results show that, by changing the length of the pressure-tapping pipe, the volume of the collector or the damping of the pressure-tapping pipe, the natural frequency of the system can be changed, the resonance phenomenon can be avoided, and the stability of the flow measurement can be improved. The results of this paper can be used as a theoretical basis to optimize the design of flow measurement system and solve the problem of flow fluctuation caused by resonance.

A Distributed Cooperative Control Strategy of Offshore Wind Turbine Groups with Input Time Delay

With large-scale development of offshore wind power and the increasing scale of power grid interconnection, more and more attention has been drawn to the stable operation of wind power units. When the wide area measurement system (WAMS) is applied to the power system, the time delay mainly occurs in the signal measurement and transmission of the power system. When 10MW wind turbines transmit information through complex communication network, time delay often exists, which leads to the degradation of performance and instability for system. This affects the normal operation of a wind farm. Therefore, in this paper, the distributed control problem of doubly fed wind turbines with input time delay is studied based on the Hamiltonian energy theory. Firstly, the Port-controlled Hamiltonian system with Dissipation (PCH-D) model is implemented with the Hamiltonian energy method. Then, the Casimir function is introduced into the PCH-D model of the single wind turbine system to stabilize the time delay. The wind turbine group is regarded as one network and the distributed control strategy is designed, so that the whole wind turbine cluster can remain stable given a time delay occurring in the range of 30–300 ms. Finally, simulation results show that the output power of the wind turbine cluster with input delay converges to the expected value rapidly and remains stable. Additionally, the system error caused by time delay is greatly reduced. This control method can effectively solve the problem of input time delay and improve the stability of the wind turbine cluster. Moreover, the method proposed in this paper can adopt the conventional time step of dynamic simulation, which is more efficient in calculation. This method has adaptability in transient stability analysis of large-scale power system, however, the third-order mathematical model used in this paper cannot be used to analyze the internal dynamics of the whole power converter.

Improving the power unit operation flexibility by the turbine start-up optimization

This paper is focused on the optimization of turbine start-up. Thermal and strength analyses are conducted for the HP part rotor using the FEM for boundary conditions varying in time and space. The optimization is carried out using the RSM-GA approach. A sensitivity analysis is also performed for the steam parameters in individual stages of the start-up process. The testing results indicate that maximum stress values in the start-up initial stage are considerably affected not only by the steam-metal temperature difference but also by the temperature distribution in the element. Even if classed within the same category, start-ups differ substantially in the duration of downtimes and, consequently, in the level and distribution of initial temperature. It is therefore recommended that the start-up analysis should be preceded by a simulation of the cooling process. The optimization resulted in new start-up curves that make it possible to run the entire start-up process in less than half of the previous. Two stress maxima are observed during the start-up procedure. If the steam initial temperature is appropriately selected to the temperature of the rotor, the start-up duration is most affected by the rate at which the process is run in the final stage.

Power unit load system modelling research based on BP neural network

A thermal power unit is a very complex non-linear multi-variable control object. It has the characteristics of strong coupling, large inertia, large delay and time-varying parameters. The traditional mathematical model is difficult to describe the non-linear characteristics among the parameters of the unit, and it is difficult to meet the control requirements of unit load, main steam pressure and so on. Based on the more advanced BP neural network modeling method, the mathematical model of the operation of 600MW thermal power unit under low, medium and high load is established by using the actual operation data on site. The method used is novel, and the simulation analysis shows that the model also has a strong engineering practice.

ASPECTS OF STABILIZATION OF THE HEAT CONDITION OF HIGH PRESSURE CYLINDRICAL CASES OF STEAM TURBINES IN THE STARTING AND VARIABLE MODES

An application of the method of creating inverse temperature non-uniformity for steam turbine high pressure cylinder inner split housings by controlling their heat state in the starting and variable modes is studied. Criteria are defined, namely: temperature differences between steps; constant difference of total tangential stresses from the pressure difference on the wall of the cylinder body; tangential stresses of the temperature with the linear law of temperature change along the radius of the cylinder, regulation of which, according to their respective programs, allows to stabilize the heat state of the cylinder body when starting a turbine from various thermal conditions and exploiting it in variable modes. Technical solutions are proposed aimed at increasing the technical and economical characteristics of the operation of steam turbines and power unit.

Novel Concept of Cogeneration-Integrated Heat Pump-Assisted Fractionation of Alkylation Reactor Effluent for Increased Power Production and Overall CO2 Emissions Decrease

Alkylate produced by catalyzed reaction of isobutane and olefin-rich streams is a desired component for gasoline blending. Fractionation of the alkylation reactor effluent is energy demanding due to the presence of close boiling point components and solutions cutting its energy intensity; expenses associated with this process are investigated intensely nowadays. This paper presents a novel conceptual design and techno-economic analysis of alkylation reaction effluent fractionation revamp to reach a cut in energy costs of the fractionation process without the need to revamp the rectification columns themselves, providing thus an alternative approach to a more sustainable alkylation process. Two cases are considered—A. additional steam turbine installation or B. combustion engine-driven heat pump-assisted rectification. Mathematical modeling of the considered system and its revamp is applied using the “frozen technology” approach. Real system operation features and seasonal variations are included considering the refinery’s combined heat and power (CHP) unit operation and CO2 emissions balance both internal and external to the refinery. Case A yields an expectable yearly benefit (saved energy minus additionally consumed energy minus CO2 emissions increase; expressed in financial terms) of €110–140 thousand, net present value (NPV) of −€18 to €272 thousand and produces 3.3 GWh/year of electric energy. Case B delivers a benefit of €900–1200 thousand, NPV of −€293 to €2823 thousand while producing 33 GWh/year of electricity. Both cases exhibit analogous simple payback periods (8–10 years). Marginal electric efficiency of Case B (78.3%) documents the energy integration level in this case, exploiting the system and CHP unit operation synergies. CHP unit summer operation mode and steam network restrictions significantly affect the seasonal benefit of Case B. CO2 emissions increase in both cases, Case A and Case B, considering the refinery level. However, including external CO2 emissions leads to emissions decrease in both cases of up to 26 kton/year (Case B.) The presented results document the viability of the proposed concepts comparable to the traditional (reference) solution of a high performance (COP = 8) heat pump while their performance sensitivity stresses the need for complex techno-economic assessment.

Current state and prospects of wind energy development in Ukraine

The analysis of the development of alternative energy sources in the developed countries of the world was carried out, as well as the strategy of the implementation of wind energy in Ukraine was considered. The emphasis was on the design and operation of wind power units and the investment of investment funds in modernizing existing wind power plants and building new ones. The most attractive regions for wind power use in Ukraine was presented. The advantages and disadvantages of using nontraditional energy sources and the features of operation of wind power plants were substantiated.

Possible solutions for the reduction of carbon emissions during operation of lignite power unit

In order to continue their operation, the power plants of the Maritsa East Complex have to meet the contemporary environmental requirements, which are becoming more and more stringent. Along with them, there is an increase in the cost of carbon allowances that every fossil fuel power plant needs to buy in order to continue its operation. This increases the cost of electricity produced by them. One way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions CO2 generated by power plants burning Bulgarian lignite is to implement a more efficient power generation cycle.

Деякі проблемні питання в ядерній енергетичній галузі України

Institute for Safety Problems of Nuclear Power Plants (NPP) of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine at a meeting of the National Commission for Radiation Protection of Ukraine on June 1, 2020. It is described the crisis in the nuclear industry due to approval of the new energy balance for 2020 by the Ministry of Energy and Environmental Protection of Ukraine. According to this balance, the volume of electricity production by NPP decreased and at the same time the share of thermal power plants and “green energy”, which produce much more expensive electricity, increased in the energy market. The situation is analyzed and recommendations are given for the implementation of measures to improve it. It is shown that the main task of the Ukrainian energy sector will be to continue the course of market relations and to abandon excessive market regulation. Market relations will lead to the fact that generating companies with cheaper energy will be able to sell it not at the cost level price, but at tariffs that have formed in the market. The price of nuclear energy will be brought up to the level of the price of energy produced by thermal power plants. Consumption costs will increase, but government generation will receive more funds, and the state will decide where to direct them: to subsidies for the population or to the development of nuclear or renewable energy. It is proposed to make the necessary changes to the legislation on “green energy”; establish a reasonable tariff for energy produced at NPPs; to introduce technical and organizational measures to ensure the operation of NPP power units in shunting modes. It is concluded that the optimal solution for the future from the standpoint of the both environmental and economic policy of Ukraine is the gradual replacement of NPP power units, which have “exhausted” project resource, with modern new ones with a higher level of safety. This will support the share of NPPs in the energy balance of Ukraine at 40−50%, as well as contribute to the fulfillment of its commitments to increase the use of low-carbon technologies in energy. As for solving energy problems of Ukraine on the basis of promising technologies — small modular reactors (SMR), this strategy does not yet have a proper feasibility study and is not confirmed by the necessary proven practice, as in the world such reactors are still being developed. Observations on the construction of the Central Spent Fuel Storage Facility (CSFSF) for long-term storage of spent fuel from the power units of Rivne, Khmelnytskyi and South-Ukraine NPPs were made. The construction of the CSFSF is under threat because already at the final stage of construction it was decided to liquidate the division of NNEGC “Energoatom”, which was engaged in the construction. Such an incomprehensible decision will not lead to anything positive, but will only delay the commissioning period of the storage facility by 1−2 years. It is shown that the construction of a New Safe Confinement (NSC) over the Shelter object of the Chornobyl NPP is just an intermediate stage in the transformation of the Shelter object into an ecologically safe system. In the near future, it is necessary to perform dismantling of building structures of the Shelter object, the term of operation of which ends in 2023. This is prompted by cases of destruction and collapse of building structures of this object, which occurred last year, and therefore this issue requires immediate solution. The critical state of nuclear science in Ukraine is reflected and it is warned that if the financial support does not change properly, in the coming years the country will be left without a unique scientific institution that conducts research on the safety of nuclear facilities, including the most dangerous in the world Shelter object. Emphasis is placed on the complete absence of a safety culture at the highest level of the country’s leadership, the lack of which is manifested in violations of national norms and international standards, the absence of some leaders in nuclear industry and dangerous enterprises, as well as the attitude of government agencies to the nuclear industry.

Вдосконалення методу контролю ізоляції блока ‘’генератор-трансформатор’’

In the conditions of significant aging of the main production capacities and prolongation of the service life of electrical equipment of power plants of Ukraine, the question of development and implementation of methods of continuous control of the technical condition of the generator–transformer unit equipment is urgent. Modern information-measuring systems and relay protection terminals, operated on generator–transformer units, enable control of electrical, thermal, mechanical parameters and parameters characterizing the status or position of technological fittings and auxiliary equipment, as well as providing relay protection of electrical equipment a wide range of possible damage. However, the existing information-measurement systems do not allow the tracing of the following electrical parameters of the stator winding isolation such as resistance, capacitance and tangent of angle of the dielectric loss, and relay protection may be insensitive to the occurrence of single-phase ground fault near the neutral point of the stator winding and symmetric decrease of parameters of the stator winding insulation, and does not allow detecting the occurrence of damage at an early stage of its development and signal this to the service personnel. There is also the possibility of false actuations at unit start-ups due to the asymmetry of voltages in the machine phases, which is especially acute in synchronous hydrogenerators. The paper proposes a method of controlling the isolation of a stator winding of a synchronous generator operating in a block with a transformer, a block diagram and basic formulas for signal processing and calculation of electrical insulation parameters. The proposed method is based on the overlay on the circuit containing the stator winding, alternating voltage signals with a frequency lower than the rated network frequency, DC voltage, the use of energy of the pre-charged capacitor and the calculation of the isolation parameters of the generator–transformer unit. The proposed solutions will allow increasing the efficiency of operation of power units by providing operational and repair personnel with reliable information on the technical condition of isolation of equipment in the scheme of power unit output.

Methodological provisions of the assessment of the increase degree in the intelligence of TPP ACS TP on the basis of modern PTC

Abstract The article deals with the actual problems of increasing the intelligence of TPP (thermal power plant) control systems built on the basis of modern software and hardware complexes (PTC). It is shown that from the standpoint of the modern approach, complex technical control systems satisfy the definition of intelligent control systems as systems that act rationally and optimally. It is from these positions that the report considers the problems of increasing the intelligence of the TPP control system on the basis of creating a unified system of optimal control of technological and production processes in all modes of operation of power units and the station as a whole. As assessment of the degree of intellectuality is considered the conventional factor of intelligence, which is the fraction of intelligent technologies in the total functions of ACS on a given task or level of control.