Performance Of Internal Combustion Engines Research Articles

The Effects of Nano-Additives Added to Diesel-Biodiesel Fuel Blends on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine: A Review

How to improve the combustion efficiency and reduce harmful emissions has been a hot research topic in the engine field and related disciplines. Researchers have found that nano-additives to diesel-biodiesel fuel blends have achieved significant results. Many research results and both current and previous studies on nanoparticles have shown that nano-additives play an essential role in improving the performance of internal combustion engines and reducing the emission of harmful substances. This paper summarizes the recent research progress of nanoparticles as additives for diesel-biodiesel fuel blends. Firstly, the excellent properties of nanoparticles are described in detail, and the preparation methods are summarized and discussed. Secondly, the effects of several commonly used nanoparticles as diesel-biodiesel fuel blends on combustion performance and harmful substances emissions in terms of combustion thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, CO, UHC and NOx, are reviewed. Finally, the effects of nano-additives on internal combustion engines, the environment and human health are discussed. The work carried out in this paper can effectively contribute to the application of nanomaterials in the fuel field. Based on our work, the researchers can efficiently select suitable nano-additives that enable internal combustion engines to achieve efficient combustion and low-emission characteristics.

An Artificial Neural Network Model to Predict Efficiency and Emissions of a Gasoline Engine

With global warming, and internal combustion engine emissions as the main global non-industrial emissions, how to further optimize the power performance and emissions of internal combustion engines (ICEs) has become a top priority. Since the internal combustion engine is a complex nonlinear system, it is often difficult to optimize engine performance from a certain factor of the internal combustion engine, and the various parameters of the internal combustion engine are coupled with each other and affect each other. Moreover, traditional experimental methods including 3D simulation or bench testing are very time consuming or expensive, which largely affects the development of engines and the speed of product updates. Machine learning algorithms are currently receiving a lot of attention in various fields, including the internal combustion engine field. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was built to predict three types of indicators (power, emissions, and combustion phasing) together, including 50% combustion crank angle (CA50), carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), and indicated thermal efficiency (ITE). The goal of this work was to verify that only one machine learning model can combine power, emissions, and phase metrics together for prediction. The predicted results showed that all coefficients of determination (R2) were larger than 0.97 with a relatively small RMSE, indicating that it is possible to build a predictive model with three types of parameters (power, emissions, phase) as outputs based on only one ANN model. Most importantly, when optimizing the powertrain control strategy of a hybrid vehicle, only a surrogate model can help establish the relationship between the input and output parameters of the whole engine, which is the need of the future research. Overall, this study demonstrated that it is feasible to integrate three types of combustion-related parameters in a single machine learning model.

Performance of Internal Combustion Engine - A Review

To maintain a machine running, a variety of fuels are required. Millions around the world have continued to work on the Internal Combustion (IC) engine, its processes, and its development despite the passage of time. In recent years, the main focus has been on improving fuel economy and lowering emissions. There is no alternative type that provides significant fuel economy or controlled emission perks, and none that compares to today's engines in terms of overall ease, protection, and adaptability, according to researchers. Thus, in this paper, we are discussing combustion engines, their types, and how they work, as well as the work done by a number of researchers to improve the efficiency of heat exchangers in combustion engines of various geometries.

A Review of the Effect of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) on Combustion and Emission Performance of Internal Combustion Engines

In order to reduce the environmental pollution caused by conventional internal combustion engines, the application of natural gas in internal combustion engines and the combustion and emission performance of natural gas internal combustion engines have been widely studied by scholars. Because the physical and chemical properties of natural gas are different from those of conventional gasoline or diesel, the operating performance of natural gas internal combustion engines in practical applications is also different from that of conventional internal combustion engines. This paper presents the physicochemical properties of compressed natural gas, the two combustion modes (premixed combustion and non-homogeneous diffusion combustion) in internal combustion engines and the effect of compressed natural gas on the performance of internal combustion engines. Compared with gasoline engines, natural gas internal combustion engines have relatively lower power and higher effective power loss; lower effective fuel consumption rate in terms of economy; and lower CO and NOx emissions than gasoline engines in terms of emissions.

Effect of laser ignition on combustion and performance of internal combustion engine: A Review

• Laser ignition system as a prominent alternative to spark plug ignition has been reviewed. • Laser ignition is superior in context of ignition, combustion, and emission characteristics. • Effect of laser parameters on the performance of internal combustion engines have been studied. • Feasibility of laser ignition with respect to varying ignition location and possibility of multipoint combustion initiation has been reviewed. Internal combustion engines have undergone many technological advancements over the period keeping in mind economic aspects and stringent emission norms in context of global environment changes. Research in this field mainly emphasizes performance enhancement. Improved performance can be in terms of efficiency improvement, emission reduction or higher power output keeping inputs variables unchanged. The key process that can affect all mentioned perspectives is combustion. The ignition system initiates the combustion process and ensures that it happens in an organized manner as per expectations. Laser ignition systems have numerous benefits over spark ignition systems like superior lean burn capacity, excellent control over ignition timings, flexible ignition locations and improved performance and emission characteristics. Majority of studies have used Q-switched Nd: YAG lasers for their research. Laser ignition system comprises different attributes like minimum ignition energy (MIE), wavelength, pulse duration and focal length of lens and focal spot size which has a vital influence on engine combustion characteristics. The purpose of this article is to examine the scope and current level of research towards implementing laser ignition systems in real-world automobiles. Compactness, cost, and misalignment of the laser system due to real-time vibration of engines are a few of the major hurdles. Further research into these important issues, together with the improved benefits of laser ignition, could result in a significant contribution in the automobile sector, with the goal of commercialization.

A review of fuel additives' effects and predictions on internal combustion engine performance and emissions

<abstract> <p>In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in additives for fuel research in the field of internal-combustion engines. Many studies have been conducted to improve the performance and emissions of the engine. Many kinds of additives in the form of solids, liquids, and gases have been used. The objective of this review is to examine the effects of having additives on the performance and emissions of an internal combustion engine. Additives such as alcohol, hydrogen, and metal oxides are proven to be successful in improving performance or reducing emissions. Results from selected papers are discussed and summarised in a table. With the new developments in nanotechnology, many researchers have shown an increased interest in carbon-based nanoparticles such as multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT). Lately, with the discovery of graphene production techniques, graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) have also been applied as fuel additives. In addition to understanding the effects of the additives on the engine performance and emissions, researchers extended the research to predict the outcome of the performance and emissions. The experiments involving the predictions efforts are summarised in a table. From the summary, it is found that the prediction of the GNP as fuel additive effects to the performance and emissions has not yet been explored. This gap is an opportunity for researchers to explore further.</p> </abstract>

Effect of fuel additives on internal combustion engine performance and emissions

Internal combustion (IC) engines have been an underlying part of our civilization since their invention. Internal combustion engines play major role in transport of goods and humans. Use of renewable and cleaner fuels in IC engines are recommended due to the depletion of fossil fuels and its harmful impact on environment. Biodiesel has been considered as a potential replacement of diesel in compression ignition (CI) engines. Higher density, lower calorific value, poor oxidation stability, higher nitric oxide emissions and poor cold flow properties etc. are major hindrances for the utilization of biodiesel in higher percentage. Fuel additives are used with biodiesel to solve these problems and enhance the efficiency and reduce the emissions of diesel engines. In this paper the use of different types of fuel additives to improve the properties of biodiesel and its impact on engine behaviour are discussed. Different classes of additives such as oxygenated additives, metal additives, antioxidant additives and their impacts on environment have also been covered in this article.

Impact of algal biodiesel and its diesel blends on performance and emission characteristics of compression ignition engine

The current situation demands for the production of a more efficient diesel engine fuel replacement due to the increased fuel consumption, diesel fuel exhaustion, and, eventually, social and economic repercussions. Extensive to the point research has been done where it is still looking at prospective alternatives for diesel. In this scenario, the internal combustion engine's performance is a critical point to guarantee an effective and efficient alternative fuel. In this paper, a bibliographic review of the most widely debated engine operating characteristics, such as fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, and brake power, has been carried out. Furthermore, this study investigates a state-of-the-art comparison of the compression ignition engine characteristics utilizing algae biodiesel as fuel. This work has demonstrated the application of a great deal of information to assess and explain the many types of fuels and engines. Following a thorough analysis, it was revealed that the brake power has increased by 1% to 20%, the brake specific fuel consumption has increased by 0.9% to 13.90%, and the thermal efficiency has decreased by 1% to 27.65%. As a result, algae and its blend characteristics are shown to be compatible with diesel. Because algal biodiesel and its blends have performance and emission properties that are very similar to diesel, they can be utilized as diesel engine fuel without modification. Physicochemical characteristics and the impact of algae biodiesel blends on compression ignition engine performance and emissions could be investigated in addition to blend preparation.

Study on performance characteristics of diesel engine using lemon balm oil based bio-diesel and a nano-additive

The combustion characteristics and thermal performance of the diesel fuel-burned internal combustion engine (DICE) were explored inside this paper, after employing bio-diesel (containing a blend of lemon balm oil, nano-titania and diesel) in steady state operation. Lemon balm oil had utilized as a bio-diesel and a fixed proportion (10 ppm) of nano-titania had deployed as the nano-additive. They were mixed with diesel fuel in varying lemon balm oil concentrations of 5 %, 15 %, and 25 %, respectively. The DICE utilized in this study was a single-cylinder, four-stroke water cooled diesel engine. The analysis revealed that when the percentage of bio-diesel is increased, brake thermal efficacy (BTE) drops. When a 5 % mix was used, the BTE of the DICE was nearly identical to that of plain diesel. Excluding the NOx emissions, the emissions parameters had significantly suppressed by incrementing the volume percentage of lemon balm oil. The greatest NOx emission had been discovered for a 25 percent concentration of lemon balm oil along with nano-titania in diesel.

Current status of research on the effect of injection timing on the performance of dual-fuel internal combustion engines

In order to optimize the power, economy and emission of dual-fuel internal combustion engine, this paper summarizes the effect of different injection timings on the combustion performance and emission of mixed fuels such as natural gas diesel, and the selection of suitable injection timings in different mixed fuel combustion can significantly reduce carbon smoke and NOx emission, and can maintain the basic consistency with pure diesel combustion in terms of power and economy. Finally, it is pointed out that under the pressure of environmental pollution, global warming and energy crisis, new technologies of clean, efficient and energy-saving internal combustion engines are emerging, and China should pay full attention to clean and efficient internal combustion engine technology when formulating the development plan of automobiles, and on this basis, the research on the combustion performance of dual-fuel internal combustion engines relative to the injection timing also needs to be continuously deepened.

Assessment of density and kinematic viscosity of two methyl ester blends at elevated temperatures

Fuel properties are essential components in the performance and emission of internal combustion engines. To measure density, viscosity and other properties of methyl esters and two methyl esters blends in the temperature range of 25°C-95°C. Experimental investigations is carried out using standard equipments and methodology. Test fuels considered are Pongamia, Jatropha and Simarouba biodiesels and blends of two biodiesels in different volume fraction of 0% to 100%. Density of Pongamia-Jatropha and Pongamia-Simarouba biodiesel blends increases linearly with increase in volume fraction of Pongamia methyl esters at all the temperatures. Density of Jatropha-Simarouba biodiesel blends increases with increase in volume percentage of Jatropha in the blends. The kinematic viscosities of blends are found to reduce almost logarithmically with increase in temperature. Viscosity of the blends lies between the constituent fuels. The measured value of density and viscosity is correlated as function of blend percentage and temperature through an empirical relation. The correlations developed are unique and are model equations. The maximum % density variation between the experimental results and estimated results is 0.4%, where as percentage viscosity variation between experimental results and estimated results from correlation is 5%.

ERFWHG CHANGE IN THE PULSE-POWER CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENGINE WORKING WITH THE CYLINDER DISCONNECTING IN IDLE MODE

The parameters of gas-dynamic processes in the engine cylinders affect the forces on the supports. By evaluating the impulse actions and peak values of the forces on the supports, it is possible to evaluate the efficiency of each cylinder. (Research purpose) The research purpose is studying the process of changing the external impulse-power characteristics of an internal combustion engine operating in idle mode with some disconnected cylinders. (Materials and methods) The article presents a methodology for quantifying the impulse effect of the engine on the supports during the combustion cycle and expansion of each cylinder and experimental studies on a diesel four-cylinder four-stroke engine D-243. During the research, the fuel supply to one, two and three cylinders was gradually turned off and the forces arising in the supports were recorded using strain sensors and a set of measuring equipment. (Results and discussion) With uniform engine operation with a minimum crankshaft rotation speed in idle mode, the peak values of the forces on the supports during the combustion and expansion cycles reached an average value of 200 newtons, the magnitude of their impulse action takes an average value of 8.2 kilonewtons-seconds equal for all cylinders. With the gradual shutdown of the cylinders, the peak values of the forces on the supports at the combustion and expansion stroke increase to 910 newtons when working with only one cylinder, and the average value of the force pulse is 50 kilonewtons-seconds. The depressurization of non-working cylinders increases the peak force effect of the working engine cylinder on the supports to 1200 newtons, and the pulsed force effect up to 85 kilonewtons-seconds. (Conclusions) The proposed methodology for evaluating the parameters of the gas-dynamic processes of the engine based on the external pulse-power characteristics will allow to quickly assess the technical condition and efficiency of each cylinder and the engine as a whole.

Research of the influence of gasoline-methanol fuel mixture composition on the technical and economic performance of 4-stroke internal combustion engine in partial loading mode

Research of the influence of gasoline-methanol fuel mixture composition on the technical and economic performance of 4-stroke internal combustion engine in partial loading mode

Concepts for Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines and Their Implications on the Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment System

Hydrogen as carbon-free fuel is a very promising candidate for climate-neutral internal combustion engine operation. In comparison to other renewable fuels, hydrogen does obviously not produce CO2 emissions. In this work, two concepts of hydrogen internal combustion engines (H2-ICEs) are investigated experimentally. One approach is the modification of a state-of-the-art gasoline passenger car engine using hydrogen direct injection. It targets gasoline-like specific power output by mixture enrichment down to stoichiometric operation. Another approach is to use a heavy-duty diesel engine equipped with spark ignition and hydrogen port fuel injection. Here, a diesel-like indicated efficiency is targeted through constant lean-burn operation. The measurement results show that both approaches are applicable. For the gasoline engine-based concept, stoichiometric operation requires a three-way catalyst or a three-way NOX storage catalyst as the primary exhaust gas aftertreatment system. For the diesel engine-based concept, state-of-the-art selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts can be used to reduce the NOx emissions, provided the engine calibration ensures sufficient exhaust gas temperature levels. In conclusion, while H2-ICEs present new challenges for the development of the exhaust gas aftertreatment systems, they are capable to realize zero-impact tailpipe emission operation.

Cylinder sleeve of the internal combustion engine. Mathematical model of the deformation process

During the operation of internal combustion engines, deformation of the cylinder sleeve is possible, which causes its premature wear during the operation of the “piston ring – sleeve” pair. Imagine the sleeve as a two-stage hollow cylinder with forces applied to it, which cause deflection in the section. It can be assumed that if the greatest deformation of the cylinder is in the section of the application of forces, then with distance from this place it will decrease. At some distance from the point of application of forces, the deflection of the sleeve will be equal to zero. It is required to simulate a mathematical formula that would make it possible to evaluate the possibility of estimating the value depending on the basic geometric dimensions of the cylinder sleeve. A mathematical model of the deformation process of a hollow two-stage sleeve of an internal combustion engine has been developed, an analytical dependence has been obtained for the value of the “neutral” section depending on the main geometrical dimensions of the cylinder sleeve of the engine, a rather extensive analysis of the influence of various parameters on the value of the “neutral” section has been carried out.

Investigation of piston ring wear engines by the mathematical statistics method

Improving the reliability and durability of internal combustion engines makes it possible to increase productivity and reduce the cost of operation. The study of nature and magnitude of piston rings wear is relevant and represents a scientific novelty. During the operation of internal combustion engines, it is almost impossible to determine the influence of various factors on the wear rate and the resource of piston rings. One of the most accurate ways to study the wear intensity and the service life values of internal combustion engines piston rings during operation is the statistical method. The method of mathematical statistics allows us to study the nature and magnitude of individual parts wear with a sufficient degree of accuracy, to determine the main causes of wear, to outline ways of increasing the parts wear resistance, to establish durability criteria, to reasonably assign standard service life of parts and plan the parts need for any period with a given probability, with climatic conditions being taking into account. The article presents the collected statistical material on the internal combustion engines piston rings wear of construction and road vehicles operated at construction sites of Rostov region. It has been processed according to the normal Gauss law and data on the wear and service life of piston rings are obtained. The obtained experimental data on the wear of piston rings in height are reliable to the distribution law and can be used to determine the intensity of engines piston rings wear at repair enterprises.

RCCI combustion with renewable fuel mix – Tailoring operating parameters to minimize exhaust emissions

This article demonstrates a feasible approach towards minimizing negative impact of combustion, which comprises low net carbon emissions operation of internal combustion engines while achieving ultra-low engine-out exhaust emissions. Ultra-low emission operation was achieved by combining Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) combustion concept and the use of an advanced fuel mix featuring low carbon life cycle emissions. This fuel mix consists of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) as a representative of high reactivity renewable fuel and a methane rich (greater than95% by volume) natural gas (MRNG) being a model fuel representing biomethane. Comprehensive mapping and identification of optimal operating regions of a small-swept volume engine was performed using an experimental setup comprising advanced real-time acquisition and control systems, developed specifically for robust RCCI engine operation. Combustion process was tailored to comply with limits of mechanical stresses of engine components, favourable thermodynamic parameters and ultra-low engine-out emissions. Combustion and thus engine operation was optimized based on a sensitivity analysis of the rate of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and energy share supplied by MRNG, which are the main influencing parameters to control NOx and soot emissions in RCCI combustion concept. Experimental results demonstrate that it is possible to simultaneously achieve ultra-low engine-out emissions of NOx, PM and PN with an innovative fuel mix resulting in a significant decrease in life-cycle carbon emissions compared to conventional fuels on an account of higher CO and THC emissions, what is a known disadvantage of RCCI concept.

A Review of Dynamic-Tribological Simulation Methods for Sliding Bearings in Internal Combustion Engines

The problem of friction reduction and wear resistance of sliding bearings is one of the key factors in determining the overall performance of internal combustion engines. This paper investigated and summarized the theoretical and simulation models of multi-body dynamics of crankshaft system, tribology of sliding bearings, and the wear calculation methods of the shaft-bearing friction pairs. Existing studies show that the dynamics model, hybrid lubrication model, and the friction and wear models request to be upgraded by comprehensively considering the material, structure, manufacturing process, working conditions, and etc. Based on the research status and existing problems of the above analyses, this paper summarizes the simulation models applicable to the field of dynamics and tribology of sliding bearings and presents the prospects for optimization of wear calculation methods for sliding bearings.

Heat Dissipation Characteristics of a FSAE Racecar Radiator

In recent times, the rise in performance and power of internal combustion engines has resulted in an increased demand for more efficient cooling systems. Customized engineered coolants, additives, radiator materials, redesigned coolant pumps and radiators help to meet these increased demands. In case of FSAE racecar, designing a radiator is an important part for controlling the engine operating temperature and increasing the effectiveness of the cooling system. In this work, an attempt is made to develop a simple yet reasonably accurate analytical model to calculate the effectiveness of a radiator. The model is then applied to predict the operating temperature of the engine at varying load conditions. Experimental investigations were performed using a customized radiator test rig to replicate the field test conditions. The rate of heat dissipation through the radiator with respect to the inlet temperature is analyzed by changing the surface area of the radiator. The developed model is able to predict the engine operating temperature in close agreement with the experimentation conducted. A marginal increase in surface area of the radiator resulted in significant drop in engine operating temperature. Thereby reduction in engine operating temperature will boost the performance of FSAE race car.

Comparative study of alternative fuels for sustainable IC engine operation

The increasing environmental concerns, coupled with the rapid depletion of conventional fossil fuels, have prompted the automotive industry to explore alternative energy sources that can support the continued operation of internal combustion (IC) engines in a more sustainable manner. The need to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, reduce dependence on finite fossil resources, and meet stringent environmental regulations has led to extensive research and development efforts in identifying viable alternative fuels. These fuels must not only align with the performance requirements of modern IC engines but also minimize their environmental footprint.This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of various alternative fuels, including biodiesel, ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas, and synthetic fuels, each of which offers unique advantages and challenges. The study evaluates these fuels across key parameters, such as fuel availability, energy content, emissions profile, required engine modifications, and overall sustainability. The analysis takes into consideration the economic feasibility and infrastructure requirements for large-scale adoption of each fuel.Furthermore, the paper highlights the technological advancements and modifications necessary to optimize IC engines for these alternative fuels. This includes the impact of alternative fuels on engine efficiency, power output, fuel economy, and maintenance requirements. Special attention is given to emissions reduction strategies, with a focus on how each fuel contributes to lowering carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), and particulate matter (PM) emissions.In addition to evaluating the current state of alternative fuels, the paper addresses the challenges associated with their adoption, including production scalability, distribution infrastructure, and compatibility with existing vehicle technologies. Finally, the future prospects of integrating these fuels into automotive applications are explored, considering the rapid rise of electric vehicles and other emerging technologies that may further influence the role of IC engines in the transition to sustainable transportation.The findings of this study suggest that while no single alternative fuel is likely to fully replace conventional gasoline and diesel in the near future, a combination of fuels, along with continued innovation in fuel production, engine technology, and policy support, will be necessary to achieve sustainable IC engine operation. The paper concludes by outlining the critical research areas and policy initiatives needed to promote the wider adoption of alternative fuels in the automotive sector.