Operation Of Electrical Networks Research Articles

The Role of Flexibility in the Integrated Operation of Low-Carbon Gas and Electricity Systems: A Review

The integration of gas and electricity networks has emerged as a promising approach to enhance the overall flexibility of energy systems. As the transition toward sustainable and decarbonized energy sources accelerates, the seamless coordination between electricity and gas infrastructure becomes increasingly crucial. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art research and developments concerning the flexibility in the operation of low-carbon integrated gas and electricity networks (IGENs) as part of the whole system approach. Methods and solutions to provide and improve flexibility in the mentioned systems are studied and categorized. Flexibility is the system’s ability to deal with changes and uncertainties in the network while maintaining an acceptable level of reliability. The presented review underscores the significance of this convergence in facilitating demand-side management, renewable energy integration, and overall system resilience. By highlighting the technical, economic, and regulatory aspects of such integration, this paper aims to guide researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders toward effective decision-making and the formulation of comprehensive strategies that align with the decarbonization of energy systems.

Improving the Method of Short-term Forecasting of Electric Load in Distribution Networks using Wavelet transform combined with Ridgelet Neural Network Optimized by Self-adapted Kho-Kho Optimization Algorithm

This paper proposes a new method for short-term electric load forecasting using a Ridgelet Neural Network (RNN) combined with a wavelet transform and optimized by a Self-Adapted (SA) Kho-Kho algorithm (SAKhoKho). The aim of this method is to improve the accuracy and reliability of electric load forecasting, which is essential for the planning and operation of competitive electrical networks. The proposed method uses the Wavelet Transform (WT) to decompose the load data into different frequency components and applies the RNN to each component separately. The RNN is, then, optimized by the SAKhoKho algorithm, which is an improved version of the KhoKho algorithm that can adapt the search parameters dynamically. The proposed method is trained and tested on the Zone Preliminary Billing Data from the PJM regulatory area, which is updated every two weeks based on the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) figures. The proposed method is compared with six other cutting-edge methods from the literature, including SVM/SA, hybrid, ARIMA, MLP/PSO, CNN, and RNN/KhoKho/WT. The results show that the proposed method achieves the lowest Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 7.7704 and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 17.4132 among all the methods, indicating its superior performance. The proposed method can capture the temporal dependencies in the load data and optimize the RNN's weights to minimize the error function. The proposed method is a promising technique for electric load forecasting, as it can provide accurate and reliable predictions for the next hour based on the previous 24 h of data.

Series and shunt FACTS controllers based optimal reactive power dispatch

Optimal reactive power dispatch involves the determination and management of reactive power resources in a power system to maintain voltage stability, improve power transfer capability, and minimize system losses. Reactive power is essential for maintaining voltage levels within acceptable limits and ensuring the reliable operation of electrical networks. The whale optimization algorithm (WOA) has been proposed to obtain the optimal location of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) components. The efficacy of WOA is tested using conventional IEEE 14 and 30 bus test systems. Static var compensator (SVC) is used as shunt and the thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) as a series FACTS controller. The analysis is carried out for both the systems with and without FACTS controllers. Optimization techniques are applied to select the optimal control parameters. The suggested strategy is compared to other contemporary techniques such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) and grey wolf optimization (GWO). At various loading situations, the WOA-based technique outperforms other two techniques.

Assessment of the reliability of the mathematical model of the 0.4 kV rural electric network in Matlab Simulink on the example of a study of the steady-state mode of a single-phase short circuit

PURPOSE. Currently, modeling is one of the most reliable ways to study normal and emergency modes of operation of electrical networks. In this regard, a mathematical model of the 0.4 kV rural electric network was developed in the MATLAB Simulink program.PURPOSE. Evaluation of the accuracy of the parameters of the operating modes of the 0.4 kV rural electric network obtained by modeling in MATLAB Simulink by estimating the values of the steady-state single-phase short circuit current at different distances from the transformer substation.METHODS. The currents obtained using the 0.4 kV electrical network model developed in MATLAB Simulink were compared with the currents obtained using other calculation methods (according to GOST 28249-93, the simplified phase-zero loop method and the mathematical model «Project RZA»).RESULTS. It was revealed that the discrepancy in the results at individual points was 9-11%. When simulating a steady-state single-phase short circuit in MATLAB Simulink, it was found that the voltage of the damaged phase A decreases to 0 V, while the voltages on the two remaining intact phases increase by 1.4-1.5 times, i.e.E. by a factor of 2 to the values of 335-354 V when short-circuiting at the transformer terminals and to the values of 329-338 V when short-circuiting behind a section of a 0.4 kV power line.CONCLUSIONS. The resulting mathematical model of a 0.4 kV rural electric network in the MATLAB Simulink program can be used to study normal and emergency operating modes, study the modes of joint operation of renewable energy sources with a centralized network, and the processes of switching on backup generation sources.

Electric Network Operation Mode Optimization According to the Minimum Active Power Loss Criterion

Electric Network Operation Mode Optimization According to the Minimum Active Power Loss Criterion

Analysis of power grid operation modes considering the influence of tooth harmonics

A harmonic analysis of the magnetic field of an asynchronous motor was carried out, taking into account bilateral gearing and magnetic asymmetry of the air gap. The spectrum is obtained in the form of infinite series of spatio-temporal harmonic components. Magnetic asymmetry of an asynchronous motor takes into account static and dynamic eccentricity, magnetic asymmetry of steel. 27 different spatial harmonics of the field in the air gap of the induction motor were obtained. The considered spectrum of harmonics of the magnetic field will be induced in the stator windings by the electromotive force with the corresponding frequencies. The fields with γр ± κ pairs of poles rotate asynchronously with the rotor and are damped by the fields created by the currents of the rotor cage. Thus, the magnetic asymmetry affects the spatial harmonics of the magnetic field, changing the angular velocities of their rotation in the air gap. The appearance of magnetic asymmetry causes a redistribution of the spatio-temporal distribution of the harmonics of the magnetic field of the tooth frequency, which leads to a change in the amplitude and phase relationships between the quantities. This leads to the appearance of an asymmetric system of electromotive force of tooth frequency in the stator windings, and, therefore, to a different effect of the asymmetry of the air gap at the level of symmetrical components. In the general case, at the level of symmetric components, the electromotive force of the gear frequency is influenced by two groups of factors that determine asymmetric or different from the nominal operating modes of an asynchronous motor of the same size. An increase in the magnetic asymmetry of the air gap causes a nonlinear, close to parabolic character of the growth of the existing symmetrical components. Symmetric components of the electromotive force of the toothed frequency cause currents of the corresponding components to flow through the closed circuits of the stator windings of the asynchronous motor and the entire power supply system. The calculation scheme for replacing a three-phase network for toothed harmonics of electromotive force is given. The phase resistances of the windings of rotating electric machines for asymmetric three-phase networks are not the same for different sequences. The main method of calculating the considered network is the method of symmetrical components. The calculation is made for one main phase according to the substitution schemes, which corresponds to the symmetrical components of the electromotive force of the tooth frequency. As a result of theoretical studies, functional dependences of the influence of magnetic asymmetry on the level and distribution of phase currents of the toothed frequency were obtained. The nature of the influence at the level of symmetric components is close to parabolic, and the most sensitive to changes in magnetic asymmetry is the minor symmetric component of the zero sequence. The method of calculating the currents and voltages of the toothed frequencies of asynchronous motors in the conditions of power consumption has been developed. Theoretical propositions are confirmed by experimental studies. It has been established that the levels of toothed harmonics in power supply systems, as a rule, do not exceed 10–15 % of the level of the fundamental frequency. This leads to a decrease in the reliability of the operation of electrical networks and a shortening of the service life of the main energy equipment at the enterprise. However, frequency-amplitude resonance at tooth frequencies causes the greatest threat to the power plants of industrial enterprises. This is due to the specific nature of gear harmonics of asynchronous motors (parity, dependence on load and various technological factors). The biggest threat arises when using the same type of asynchronous motors with similar operating modes. Oscillograms of experimental studies are given.

Study of the variation of operation of a low voltage electric network due to the integration of distributed energy resources—Steady state condition

Distributed energy resources (DERs) can significantly impact distribution networks, necessitating characterization studies to understand the technical consequences in various operating conditions. Existing literature primarily applies deterministic or probabilistic techniques for modeling and simulating networks and DERs, but lacks studies that integrate multiple DERs simultaneously. Additionally, assessing various indicators is necessary to determine the influence of DERs on network operation. Furthermore, resilience approaches often overlook DER integration as a disruptive event. To address these gaps, this work employs deterministic, probabilistic, and harmonic distortion analyses to characterize the impact of photovoltaic systems, storage units, and electric vehicles on a reference low voltage network. The study investigates how these DERs influence network operation at different time intervals throughout the day. By examining parameters and indicators (PaI) such as RMS values of voltages and currents, voltage unbalance, and harmonic distortions, the individual and collective effects of DERs are estimated. An adapted resilience evaluation technique groups the PaI values to generate a representative population of a single R indicator for each hour, allowing for quantification of network operation variations. Data for the analysis is obtained through PowerFactory-Python co-simulation, encompassing twenty operating scenarios.

A new robust modified capuchin search algorithm for the optimum amalgamation of DSTATCOM in power distribution networks

Very sensitive loads require the safe operation of electrical distribution networks, including hospitals, nuclear and radiation installations, industries used by divers, etc. To address this issue, the provided paper suggests an innovative method for evaluating the appropriate allocation of Distribution STATic COMpensator (DSTATCOM) to alleviate total power losses, relieve voltage deviation, and lessen capital annual price in power distribution grids (PDGs). An innovative approach, known as the modified capuchin search algorithm (mCapSA), has been introduced for the first time, which is capable of addressing several issues regarding optimal DSTATCOM allocation. Furthermore, the analytic hierarchy process method approach is suggested to generate the most suitable weighting factors for the objective function. In order to verify the feasibility of the proposed mCapSA methodology and the performance of DSTATCOM, it has been tested on two standard buses, the 33-bus PDG and the 118-bus PDG, with a load modeling case study based on real measurements and analysis of the middle Egyptian power distribution grid. The proposed mCapSA technique's accuracy is evaluated by comparing it to other 7 recent optimization algorithms including the original CapSA. Furthermore, the Wilcoxon sign rank test is used to assess the significance of the results. Based on the simulation results, it has been demonstrated that optimal DSTATCOM allocation contributes greatly to the reduction of power loss, augmentation of the voltage profile, and reduction of total annual costs. As a result of optimized DSTATCOM allocation in PDGs, distribution-level uncertainties can also be reduced.

Experimental assessment of active power control of distributed generation units

To secure balanced operation of electric networks and mitigate costly grid reinforcements, distributed generation (DG) units play a role in providing flexibility activation services. This paper analyses high-resolution measurements and reports lessons learnt from experimental active power control (APC) of installed DG units – two PV plants, a wind farm, and a biogas plant – in operation on the Danish island of Bornholm. The paper evaluates how quickly these units can respond to flexibility requests and how accurate and precise their output is when following specific active power setpoints. This assessment helps exploring the potential of DG units in providing grid services, either standalone or as part of a virtual power plant, within existing technology standards. The experiments demonstrate satisfactory performance of DG units when receiving APC requests, with PV inverters and biogas generators exhibiting high accuracy (mean deviation from setpoints of ±0.1% and ±0.15%, respectively). Furthermore, when subject to power limitation requests, PV inverters and wind turbines show less variation in their responses (±0.05% and ±0.6%, respectively) compared to biogas generators (±1%). The results further highlight the significance of appropriately tuning internal control settings within DG units to ensure continuous flexible operation and avoid undesirable dynamics.

Research and calculation of the levels of higher harmonics of rotary electric machines in active-adaptive networks

In the materials of the article, the parameters of the higher harmonics of the groove frequency are analyzed, which affect the reliability of the operation of electrical equipment and the loss of electrical energy in active-adaptive networks. The influence of higher harmonics of rotary electric machines on the modes of operation of active-adaptive networks and their power equipment is considered. It was established that this influence depends on the energy level of higher harmonics and the modes of operation of active-adaptive networks. A technique is proposed that allows determining the levels of groove harmonic components in the phase windings of electric machines. The calculation of the energy level of higher harmonics was carried out taking into account the electromagnetic asymmetry of rotating electric machines and asymmetric modes of operation of three-phase electric networks using the method of phase coordinates. The obtained results are based on theoretical and experimental studies of the influence of higher harmonics of rotating electric machines on the modes of operation of electrical networks and power energy equipment.

Strategic risks of reforming the energy market of Ukraine in the context of the energy security

Monopoly structures and complete control over pricing deform the electric energy environment. An example of the European model of reforming the electricity market, which is based on transparency and consumer accessibility to electricity services, is shown. On this basis, the goals, and vectors of reforming the regional markets of electric energy services have been determined. It is foreseen that the reform process should be carried out on a combination of organizational, economic, technical, social, and other goals. The advantages and disadvantages of reforming the electric power market of the region and the country were identified using the author's SWOT analysis method. The proposed closed cycle of reforming the electricity market covers an interchangeable combination of the following components: regional electricity networks, market environment, information environment, financial and credit support, integration, labor resources, and communication links. Vectors of further reform are outlined. Competitiveness presupposes the free choice of a supplier by consumers in the absence of barriers to the supply and sales market. The new European format of the electricity market model creates new challenges and threats to the operation of electricity market enterprises, which relate to transparent and objective conditions of access to consumption and operation of electricity networks, impartial accelerated development of the electricity market to the requirements of the dynamism of the economic system. Reforming the electricity market combines the processes of achieving organizational, economic, technical, social, and environmental goals. However, this combination causes various consequences and risks associated with profit maximization. One of the most critical problems of the multi-system operator's functioning is ensuring its independence and mutual respect for all market participants. For this, the following measures are legally justified: procurement of related services on a competitive basis; transparent information about the available list of related services, their volumes, costs, terms, and requirements for suppliers; formation of accounting of the expense and income component when implementing the centralization of dispatching management from other types of activity; formation of access to the capacity of interstate electrical networks by conducting electronic auctions; submission of the UES development plan to the CMU of Ukraine for consideration, even in the case of inconsistency between the interested authorities; the investment component of the region will grow only under the conditions of reforming the electricity market. However, the processes of introducing a new model of the electric power services market are being formed under tight deadlines, the introduction and adoption of legislative acts, the implementation of organizational and structural transformations, and software approvals; despite everything, the processes of reforming the electric energy services market are an integral attribute of the region's integral investment policy. Keywords: energy market, energy security system of Ukraine, energy system, energy risks, strategic risks.

Usage of Methanol Fuel Cells to Reduce Power Outages in the Etelä-Savo Region, Finland

The operation of the electricity grid can be heavily affected by unexpected meteorological phenomena which generate emergency situations that cause extensive outages. This often has to do with weather-related events. In several places in the world, an electricity network operator is responsible for fairly compensating end-users. In Finland, there are areas where these weather-related impacts are significantly harsher than those in other areas. Based on this and historic data, the applicability and viability of a high-temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) backup power system was studied in order to assess the opportunity for its installation in the affected municipalities and regions. When implemented on a larger scale, from both technoeconomic and social perspectives, such systems have the potential to yield significant benefits. Compared to a diesel generator, the HT-PEMFC produced nearly half of the volume of CO2 and its fuel costs were six times smaller; however, it remains inapplicable to individual detached households.

Effects of the size and cost reduction on a discounted payback period and levelized cost of energy of a zero-export photovoltaic system with green hydrogen storage

Zero-export photovoltaic systems are an option to transition to Smart Grids. They decarbonize the sector without affecting third parties. This paper proposes the analysis of a zero-export PVS with a green hydrogen generation and storage system. This configuration is feasible to apply by any self-generation entity; it allows the user to increase their resilience and independence from the electrical network. The technical issue is simplified because the grid supplies no power. The main challenge is finding an economic balance between the savings in electricity billing, proportional to the local electricity rate, and the complete system's investment, operation, and maintenance expenses. This manuscript presents the effects of the power sizing on the efficacy of economic savings in billing (ηSaving) and the effects of the cost reduction on the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and a discounted payback period (DPP) based on net present value. In addition, this study established an analytical relationship between LCOE and DPP. The designed methodology proposes to size and selects systems to use and store green hydrogen from the zero-export photovoltaic system. The input data in the case study are obtained experimentally from the Autonomous University of the State of Quintana Roo, located on Mexico's southern border. The maximum power of the load is LPmax = 500 kW, and the average power is LPmean = 250 kW; the tariff of the electricity network operator has hourly conditions for a medium voltage demand. A suggested semi-empirical equation allows for determining the efficiency of the fuel cell and electrolyzer as a function of the local operating conditions and the nominal power of the components. The analytical strategy, the energy balance equations, and the identity functions that delimit the operating conditions are detailed to be generalized to other case studies. The results are obtained by a computer code programmed in C++ language. According to our boundary conditions, results show no significant savings generated by the installation of the hydrogen system when the zero-export photovoltaic system Power ≤ LPmax and DPP ≤ 20 years is possible only with LCOE ≤ 0.1 $/kWh. Specifically for the Mexico University case study, zero-export photovoltaic system cost must be less than 310 $/kW, fuel cell cost less than 395 $/kW, and electrolyzer cost less than 460 $/kW.

Study of the quality of electric power in electric networks with semiconductor converters

At present, semiconductor converters have found wide application in the electric power industry [6]. One of the most common semiconductor converters is a frequency converter, as it provides a three-phase voltage with adjustable frequency from a three-phase mains voltage. However, it, like other semiconductor converters, is the cause of the appearance of harmonics and, as a result, the non-sinusoidal shape of the voltage curve [1]. Harmonics are the cause of such negative effects in the electrical network as concomitant heating of the windings of motors, transformers, etc., false alarms in distribution networks, asymmetry in industrial networks with three-phase sources when harmonics occur in one phase, the occurrence of noise in communication networks, the influence on adjacent low-current and power cables due to the induced EMF, and also with the appearance of harmonics, there is a need to increase the cross section of neutral wires due to the summation of harmonics multiple of the 3rd in three-phase networks [3]. Therefore, the study of the harmonic components of the voltage is an urgent task.
 Subject of research: processes occurring in electrical networks with a frequency converter.
 Purpose of research: to identify the presence of harmonic voltage components in electrical networks with a frequency converter.
 Object of research: a research stand that simulates the operation of electrical networks with a frequency converter.
 Methods of research: in the process of performing research, scientific and technical generalization of literary sources on the initial prerequisites for research, methods of the theoretical foundations of electrical engineering and the theory of electrical networks, the method of analytical research, methods of system analysis were used. Experimental studies were carried out by a complex method using the Resurs-PKE device.
 Results of research he study: based on the studies carried out, it was shown that the frequency converter is a source of harmonic voltage components, while harmonics appear only in certain sections of the electrical circuit.

Optimal operation of battery storage systems in standalone and grid-connected DC microgrids using parallel metaheuristic optimization algorithms

This study addresses the problem of optimal operation of batteries in standalone and grid-connected Direct Current (DC) Microgrids (MGs) that include photovoltaic (PV) generators operating at maximum power point. For that purpose, a mathematical model was formulated considering three objective functions: (1) the minimization of operating costs, (2) the reduction of energy losses associated with energy transport in DC MGs, and (3) the minimization of the total emissions of CO2 into the atmosphere produced by conventional generators. The model integrates a set of constraints that represent the operation of DC microgrids. Three parallel versions of well-known solution methodologies were used here: Parallel Particle Swarm Optimization (PPSO), the Parallel Vortex Search Algorithm (PVSA), and the Parallel Ant Lion Optimizer (PALO). These methodologies were implemented to optimize the hourly power flow method based on successive approximations and evaluate the objective functions and constraints. To validate the effectiveness of the solution methods proposed in this paper, two test systems were used: a standalone network and a grid-connected network (both in Colombia). Furthermore, to test the effectiveness of the proposed energy management system (regarding solution, repeatability, and processing times) each solution methodology was executed 100 times in each test system using MATLAB software. Based on the results of the simulations, the methodology with the best performance for standalone grids was the PVSA. In turn, the methodology that achieved the best results in the grid-connected network was the PALO. In both scenarios, the best average reductions in energy fixed costs, variable costs, energy losses, and CO2 emissions were 0.0282%, 1.3039%, 9.1655%, and 0.1254%, respectively. Although these were important benefits in technical and environmental aspects, the results of the economic indicator suggest that the operation of electrical networks should consider variable costs in order to improve the impact of energy management systems in the future.

Network flexibility regulation by renewable energy hubs using flexibility pricing-based energy management

This article presents the energy management of electrical and thermal networks in the presence of renewable energy hubs to regulate the flexibility of these networks based on flexible pricing services. Hubs consist of renewable sources and bio-waste units in addition to energy storage and responsive loads. The bio-waste unit produces electrical and thermal energy simultaneously. The proposed scheme minimizes the difference between the network's energy cost and the hub's flexibility income. It is subject to the optimal power flow equations and flexibility limitation in networks, operation model of resources, storage, and responsive loads in form of energy hub, and hub flexibility model. Unscented transformation-based stochastic optimization models uncertainties of load, renewable power, and energy price. Finally, the numerical results demonstrate the capability of the proposed scheme in extracting the optimal state of flexibility, operation, and economic situation of electric and thermal networks with optimal energy management of renewable hubs based on flexible pricing services. The inclusion of renewable resources, storage generators, and responsive loads into a renewable hub improves the economic situation by 32.9% and the status of operation indicators of the energy networks by 22.4–42% in condition of 100% flexibility.

An Innovative Cloud-Fog-Based Smart Grid Scheme for Efficient Resource Utilization.

Smart grids (SGs) enhance the effectiveness, reliability, resilience, and energy-efficient operation of electrical networks. Nonetheless, SGs suffer from big data transactions which limit their capabilities and can cause delays in the optimal operation and management tasks. Therefore, it is clear that a fast and reliable architecture is needed to make big data management in SGs more efficient. This paper assesses the optimal operation of the SGs using cloud computing (CC), fog computing, and resource allocation to enhance the management problem. Technically, big data management makes SG more efficient if cloud and fog computing (CFC) are integrated. The integration of fog computing (FC) with CC minimizes cloud burden and maximizes resource allocation. There are three key features for the proposed fog layer: awareness of position, short latency, and mobility. Moreover, a CFC-driven framework is proposed to manage data among different agents. In order to make the system more efficient, FC allocates virtual machines (VMs) according to load-balancing techniques. In addition, the present study proposes a hybrid gray wolf differential evolution optimization algorithm (HGWDE) that brings gray wolf optimization (GWO) and improved differential evolution (IDE) together. Simulation results conducted in MATLAB verify the efficiency of the suggested algorithm according to the high data transaction and computational time. According to the results, the response time of HGWDE is 54 ms, 82.1 ms, and 81.6 ms faster than particle swarm optimization (PSO), differential evolution (DE), and GWO. HGWDE's processing time is 53 ms, 81.2 ms, and 80.6 ms faster than PSO, DE, and GWO. Although GWO is a bit more efficient than HGWDE, the difference is not very significant.

Bi-level deep reinforcement learning for PEV decision-making guidance by coordinating transportation-electrification coupled systems

The random charging and dynamic traveling behaviors of massive plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) pose challenges to the efficient and safe operation of transportation-electrification coupled systems (TECSs). To realize real-time scheduling of urban PEV fleet charging demand, this paper proposes a PEV decision-making guidance (PEVDG) strategy based on the bi-level deep reinforcement learning, achieving the reduction of user charging costs while ensuring the stable operation of distribution networks (DNs). For the discrete time-series characteristics and the heterogeneity of decision actions, the FEVDG problem is duly decoupled into a bi-level finite Markov decision process, in which the upper-lower layers are used respectively for charging station (CS) recommendation and path navigation. Specifically, the upper-layer agent realizes the mapping relationship between the environment state and the optimal CS by perceiving the PEV charging requirements, CS equipment resources and DN operation conditions. And the action decision output of the upper-layer is embedded into the state space of the lower-layer agent. Meanwhile, the lower-level agent determines the optimal road segment for path navigation by capturing the real-time PEV state and the transportation network information. Further, two elaborate reward mechanisms are developed to motivate and penalize the decision-making learning of the dual agents. Then two extension mechanisms (i.e., dynamic adjustment of learning rates and adaptive selection of neural network units) are embedded into the Rainbow algorithm based on the DQN architecture, constructing a modified Rainbow algorithm as the solution to the concerned bi-level decision-making problem. The average rewards for the upper-lower levels are ¥ -90.64 and ¥ 13.24 respectively. The average equilibrium degree of the charging service and average charging cost are 0.96 and ¥ 42.45, respectively. Case studies are conducted within a practical urban zone with the TECS. Extensive experimental results show that the proposed methodology improves the generalization and learning ability of dual agents, and facilitates the collaborative operation of traffic and electrical networks.

Design and Implementation of Smart Power Voltage and Frequency Synchroniser in Power Distribution System

Voltage and frequency are usually considered and assessed independently in the design and operation of electrical networks. However, these two are linked. Each and every malfunctioning electrical system has an impact on both voltage and frequency. This paper presents the opportunity for monitoring the distributed electrical energy by means of a system that monitors, controls, and provides a breakpoint based on high or low voltage and frequency tripping mechanism that avoids any damage to the load. The designed system comprised a switch mode power supply (SMPS), a direct digital synthesizer (DDS), and PIC16F876A microcontroller techniques for stable voltage and frequency outputs. Proteus design suite version 8.11 software and Benchcope SDS1102CN were used for modeling and simulation. The hardware prototype was implemented at a telecom cell site for data capturing and analysis. Test results showed that the implementation of the prototype provided stable and constant outputs of 222 V/50 Hz and 112 V/60 Hz which constituted 99% and 99.8% efficiency for voltage and frequency performance respectively. The paper also discusses different technologies that can be adopted by the system to mitigate voltage and frequency effects on customer appliances.

Economic interval analysis of loads for selection of cross-section surfaces of electrical transmission lines

In this article, the implementation of comprehensive measures for the use of modern approaches to the selection of the main parameters of the system in the development of the electric power industry of our Republic, including the development of methods for optimizing, updating and increasing the reliability of electric transmission networks, as well as the selection of the most optimal cross-sectional surface of the conductors of power transmission lines written about the problem and the widespread use of the method of economic intervals to solve this problem. In addition, the action strategy for the further development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017-2021 defines the tasks of “… to reduce the energy and resource capacities of the economy, to widely introduce energy-saving technologies into production, which are implemented in accordance with the target parameters of reducing energy consumption in economic sectors,…” and these tasks. It has been reflected that determining the optimal parameters of electrical networks, carrying out theoretical and scientific work on increasing their reliability, and receiving appropriate recommendations for the design, construction, modernization and operation of rural electrical networks are considered to be one of the most important issues for implementation.