Version Of Operating System Research Articles

The Case for Medical Device Cybersecurity Hygiene Practices for Frontline Personnel

The Case for Medical Device Cybersecurity Hygiene Practices for Frontline Personnel

Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Pemilihan Distro Linux Menggunakan Metode Simple Additive Weighting (SAW)

Linux is a kernel whose development has been very active since it was first released to the public. With a large community, Linux development has penetrated into various fields in the world of computerization, including personal computers. Today, Linux can be used on a variety of devices from personal computers to embedded systems. The development is very active thanks to the large community and Linux adopting open source, many developers are making their own version of the Linux-based operating system. Versions and types of Linux-based operating systems are called distros or distributions. The number of versions and types of Linux-based operating systems, of course, confuses users who are trying Linux for the first time or who want to fully switch to Linux from another operating system. Decision support systems can provide alternative solutions for those users who are confused about choosing a Linux distribution. By using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method, the existing criteria can be used as benchmarks in determining the Linux distribution of choice and therefore the accuracy of the system can exceed 90%

GreenHub: a large-scale collaborative dataset to battery consumption analysis of android devices

The development of solutions to improve battery life in Android smartphones and the energy efficiency of apps running on them is hindered by diversity. There are more than 24k Android smartphone models in the world. Moreover, there are multiple active operating system versions, and a myriad application usage profiles. In such a high-diversity scenario, profiling for energy has only limited applicability. One would need to obtain information about energy use in real usage scenarios to make informed, effective decisions about energy optimization. The goal of our work is to understand how Android usage, apps, operating systems, hardware, and user habits influence battery lifespan. We leverage crowdsourcing to collect information about energy in real-world usage scenarios. This data is collected by a mobile app, which we developed and made available to the public through Google Play store, and periodically uploaded to a centralized server and made publicly available to researchers, app developers, and smartphone manufacturers through multiple channels (SQL, REST API, zipped CSV/Parquet dump). This paper presents the results of a wide analysis of the tendency several smart-phone characteristics have on the battery charge/discharge rate, such as the different models, brands, networks, settings, applications, and even countries. Our analysis was performed over the crowdsourced data, and we have presented findings such as which applications tend to be around when battery consumption is the highest, do users from different countries have the same battery usage, and even showcase methods to help developers find and improve energy inefficient processes. The dataset we considered is sizable; it comprises 23+ million (anonymous) data samples stemming from a large number of installations of the mobile app. Moreover, it includes 700+ million data points pertaining to processes running on these devices. In addition, the dataset is diverse. It covers 1.6k+ device brands, 11.8k+ smartphone models, and more than 50 Android versions. We have been using this dataset to perform multiple analyses. For example, we studied what are the most common apps running on these smartphones and related the presence of those apps in memory with the battery discharge rate of these devices. We have also used this dataset in teaching, having had students practicing data analysis and machine learning techniques for relating energy consumption/charging rates with many other hardware and software qualities, attributes and user behaviors. The dataset we considered can support studies with a wide range of research goals, be those energy efficiency or not. It opens the opportunity to inform and reshape user habits, and even influence the development of both hardware (manufacturers) and software (developers) for mobile devices. Our analysis also shows results which go outside of the common perception of what impacts battery consumption in real-world usage, while exposing new varied, complex, and promising research avenues.

Исследование безопасности пользовательских данных мессенджера Signal в операционной системе Android

The article presents the security analysis of locally stored enduser data, as well as the specifics of working with them in the application called “Signal” based on Android OS. The investigated version 5.3.12 was the most recent one up to the time of writing this article. According to a certain scenario, test user data was generated in the application, and then the sources information with critical data was extracted from this data. Using the open-source code available, the mechanisms of the application's operation, including the implementation of protection measures, wit the specified critical data were identified and analyzed. A qualitative assessment of implementing protection mechanisms for locally stored critical data was made to distinguish the data with typical protection measures inherent for any mobile applications, and the one specific for applications of this particular class of messengers. As a result, the flaws were discovered related to the inaccessibility of certain protective mechanisms on specific versions of the Android operating system, which could compromise the user data. As an advantage of the messenger protection, the database encryption module could be specified, which provides strong protection against unauthorized access to information due to the lack of a specific version of the assembly for personal computers. This article also proposes an approach to decrypt messenger databases, which requires either an emulator of an Android-based device, or a real mobile device with a specially developed application

Model-Based Approach for Automatic Generation of Hardware Architectures for Robotics

Increasingly complex robotic platforms incorporate heterogeneous sensors and actuators. They are usually coupled with embedded computers but relying on software solutions not entirely suited for processing large amount of data concurrently and fast enough to keep real-time constrains. FPGAs are ideal candidates to enhance those systems computing capabilities while still being programmable. However, it is cumbersome to manually incorporate them into new or existing systems because providing accelerators with a specific integration capability limits their applicability. This work presents an approach to integrate multiple hardware accelerators into a robotic system. A model-based toolchain automatically generates the necessary hardware components (VHDL modules) from existing message specifications to exchange data with the accelerators. The goal is to seamlessly replace software components with FPGA-based ones while retaining the same communication interface. Instead of writing several hundred lines of VHDL, a dozen input specification lines are sufficient with our approach. The results are validated through an evaluation of all message specifications included in the latest Robot Operating System (ROS) versions. The 2295 messages evaluated show the robustness in our capabilities to support arbitrarily large ROS messages types, multiple data types, and nested messages. Moreover, our approach facilitates the extension from ROS1 to provide support for ROS2 easily. Finally, two use cases are shown to prove the feasibility of our approach on real applications. The first one incorporates a hardware accelerator for image processing obtained by High Level Synthesis (HLS) into an existing software architecture. The second one consists of a fully FPGA-based mobile platform with ROS features incorporated.

Understanding and Detecting Fragmentation-Induced Compatibility Issues for Android Apps

Android ecosystem is heavily fragmented. The numerous combinations of different device models and operating system versions make it impossible for Android app developers to exhaustively test their apps, and thus various compatibility issues arise. Unfortunately, little is known on the characteristics of such fragmentation-induced compatibility issues. No mature tools exist to help developers quickly diagnose and fix these issues. To bridge the gap, we conducted an empirical study on 220 real-world compatibility issues collected from five popular open-source Android apps. We further interviewed Android practitioners and conducted an online survey to gain insights from real practices. Via the studies, we characterized compatibility issues, investigated common practices to handle compatibility issues, and disclosed that these issues exhibit common patterns. With these findings, we propose a technique, FicFinder, to automatically detect compatibility issues in Android apps. FicFinder performs static code analysis based on a model that captures Android APIs as well as their associated context by which compatibility issues can be triggered. FicFinder reports actionable debugging information to developers when it detects potential issues. We evaluated FicFinder with 53 large-scale open-source Android apps. The results show that FicFinder can precisely detect compatibility issues in these apps and uncover previously-unknown issues.

Accessibility of mobile applications for tourism—is equal access a reality?

With the increasing use of smartphones in people’s daily lives, mobile accessibility has become a key factor for them. Tourism is one of the sectors that has benefited the most from this growth but has not yet reached its full potential as accessibility has not yet been fully exploited. The main goal of this study is to assess accessibility in mobile applications for the tourism sector. Thus, 14 mobile applications were analyzed, using a manual and automatic methodology through the proposal of an evaluation model divided by quantitative and qualitative requirements, as well as the use of features such as VoiceOver and TalkBack. The results show a high overall number of errors in most quantitative requirements as well as non-compliance with most qualitative requirements. On iPhone 4, “Viseu – Guia da Cidade” was the application with the highest rating, while on Wiko GOA, it was the “JiTT.Travel Funchal” application. In turn, on iPhone 6 Plus, iPhone XR, Nokia 5.1 and OnePlus 6 devices, the best results were achieved by the “Viseu – Guia da Cidade,” “JiTT.Travel Funchal” and “TUR4all” applications. Regarding the accessibility of mobile applications on different versions of the same mobile operating system, it was concluded that there are no differences in their accessibility on both operating systems (iOS and Android). Finally, regarding the accessibility of applications on smartphones with different screen sizes, there are also no differences in their accessibility.

Memory Analysis of macOS Page Queues

Memory forensics is the examination of volatile memory (RAM) for artifacts related to a digital investigation. Memory forensics has become mainstream in recent years because it allows recovery of a wide variety of artifacts that are never written to the file system and are therefore not available when performing traditional filesystem forensics. To analyze memory samples, an investigator can use one of several available memory analysis frameworks, which are responsible for parsing and presenting the raw data in a meaningful way. A core task of these frameworks is the discovery and reordering of non-contiguous physical pages in a memory sample into the ordered virtual address spaces used by the operating system and running processes to organize their code and data. Commonly referred to as address translation, this task requires a thorough understanding of the memory management mechanisms of the hardware architecture and operating system version of the device from which the memory sample was acquired. Given its critical role in memory analysis, there has been significant interest in studying the operating system mechanisms responsible for allocating and managing physical pages so that they can be accurately modeled by memory analysis frameworks. The more thoroughly the page handling mechanisms are modeled in memory forensics tools, the more pages can be scrutinized during memory analysis. This leads to more artifacts being reconstructed and made available to an investigator. In this paper, we present the results of our analysis of the macOS page queues subsystem. macOS tracks pages in a number of different states using a set of queues and as we will illustrate, the reconstruction of data from these queues allows a significant number of memory pages to be analyzed that are currently ignored by memory forensics tools. Through incorporation of these artifacts into analysis, memory analysis frameworks can present an even richer set of artifacts and data to investigators than ever before.

Development of a Database of Coagulazonrgative Staphylococcus Strains, Circulating in Hospitals of Different Profiles

Object of development: database «Strains of coagulase-negative staphylococcus, persisting in hospitals of different profile».The purpose of the study: inclusion of modern information technologies in the system of epidemiological surveillance and monitoring of infections caused by ecovars of coagulasenegative staphylococcus circulating in Nizhny Novgorod. Methodology: source data was converted into a set of related tables and organized into a hierarchical two-tier database. The database contains information about 1045 strains, circulated in hospitals of different profile of Nizhny Novgorod. To form a sample describing of clinical, epidemiological and phenotypic characteristics of strains requests are made. As a result of the query, a table is formed, where each line corresponds to one strain and contains information about the date, source and location of the recovery, the phenotype of antibiotic and phage resistance, the presence of the mecA gene, as well as sensitivity to different classes of disinfectants and the ability to form biofilm. The database is refillable. It was created using Microsoft Office Access with a standard application package. The database includes 17 queries and 14 tables. Type of implementing computer: IBM PC-compatible PC. View and version of the database management system: Access 2002 and later. Operating system version: Windows 7 and later. The developed database allows searching and processing of epidemiologically significant information about strains of coagulaze-negative staphylococcus.The application of the database is to improve the microbiological monitoring system in epidemiological surveillance of healthcare-associated infections.

Design of RIVAL (Cari Travel Malang) Application as One Stop App Solution for Travel Reservation in Malang

Reservations can be interpreted as order transaction for place, ticket, or goods between business owners or service providers with consumers. In travel reservation, especially in Malang, people do some travel reservations manually. They reserve the travel by phone to the travel customer service or came to the travel office. Based on the problem, the author made an application called RIVAL (Cari Travel Malang) as one-stop app solution for travel reservation in Malang that runs on mobile platform with android operating system. In this design phase, application is still local or runs on the developer local server and runs online for application testing to several people. With this application it is expected that travel reservation that are initially carried out manually by coming to service provider, now it can be done anywhere. The results of the implementation and testing were given to eight respondents with several different versions of the Android operating system namely Android Lollipop, Marshmallow, Oreo, and Pie. It was found that the application runs well without any UI constraints or main functions in the application with additional data response obtained from the test questionnaire form that the application is easy to understand from the user interface, provided information, and easy to use. With this application, it is expected travel reservation in Malang can be done easily and efficiently. Keywords : Mobile application, reservation, travel application.

Analysis of Open Source Simulation Applications

This study seeks to understanding the growth and popularity of Open Source Software (OSS) development for simulation modeling under Science and Engineering domain on SourceForge online service platform. The objectives include understanding the importance, if any, of the features such as, license type, programming language, Operating System version, review rating in influencing the popularity of a given software application as measured by downloads. For obvious reasons, end-users select and adopt specific applications based on their usage needs and the suitability of a given application in meeting their needs. Nevertheless, some applications may be easily adoptable than the other given the different options available for customization as well as scalability opportunities present in an application. So, other factors remaining common, popularity gained by an application with the increased downloads tends to draw prospective users to a specific application more than the others. This study analyses the availability and accessibility of simulation modeling software on the Source Forge website, undeniably, a very large repository of open source software resources. Limiting the search to “Simulations” within “Science and Engineering” domain /category. The top 250 applications’ data is downloaded and analyzed. Useful insights and metrics are developed and compiled to assist end-users to understand the profile of open source simulation applications available for users for free downloads.

The Version Effect of Apps and Operating Systems in Mobile Commerce

Using a unique large-scale clickstream data set from a mobile commerce retailer, we examine the effect of the mobile shopping app and mobile operating system versions on consumer search and purchase behaviors in mobile commerce. We find that the consumers with an up-to-date shopping app or mobile operating system (but not both) compared to previous versions conduct more searches in terms of increased product page views and time spent on product pages, which in turn results in higher consumer purchase probability. Surprisingly, the consumers with both an up-to-date shopping app and mobile operating system have reduced search activities and lower purchase probabilities. Our results show that the mobile commerce environment affects the consumer shopping process in a non-linear fashion and indicate that there exists a sweet spot with the right level of smoothness in the mobile shopping environment. Our computations show that when compared to the baseline of using previous versions of both, using an up-to-date mobile shopping app alone increases consumer search activities by 336 more product pages or 1,975 more seconds spent, and using an up-to-date mobile operating system alone increases consumer search activities by 976 more product pages or 7,258 more seconds spent. However, using both an up-to-date mobile shopping app and mobile operating system only increases consumer search activities by 270 more product pages or 1,569 more seconds, compared to the baseline. One more product page viewed or one more second spent increases the average consumer purchase probability by 4.38% or 1.35%, respectively.

Characterization of Neocarya Macrophylla Seed Oil using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) Techniques

Aim: Modern researches described incorporating gingerbread plum (Neocarya macrophylla) kernel oils into food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products by exploiting its physicochemical properties.
 Study Design: Experimental and instrumental study was done to determine the general and the saturated fatty acids present in the seed oil and its suitability for industrial applications. This study examined the fatty acids by qualitative determination from hexane extracts of Neocarya macrophylla seed using GC-MS.
 Materials and Methods: Indigenous Neocarya macrophylla seeds obtained from Gingerbread plum tree were collected in the Month of August from Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria. soxhlet extraction method was used for the oil extraction. The GC-MS analysis was by coupling system of Shimadzu QP2010 series gas chromatography with Shimadzu QP2010 plus mass spectroscopy detector (GCMS). For the FT-IR analysis, software of OMNIC operating system (Version 7.0 Thermo Nicolet) was connected to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer Nicolet 8400S equipped with a detector of deuterated triglycine sulphate (DTGS).
 Conclusion: These results showed the potential of this oil in cosmetic industry.

Elastic Computing in the Fog on Internet of Things to Improve the Performance of Low Cost Nodes

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network widely used with the purpose of connecting almost everything, everywhere to the Internet. To cope with this goal, low cost nodes are being used; otherwise, it would be very expensive to expand so fast. These networks are set up with small distributed devices (nodes) that have a power supply, processing unit, memory, sensors, and wireless communications. In the market, we can find different alternatives for these devices, such as small board computers (SBCs), e.g., Raspberry Pi (RPi)), with different features. Usually these devices run a coarse version of a Linux operating system. Nevertheless, there are many scenarios that require enhanced computational power that these nodes alone are unable to provide. In this context, we need to introduce a kind of collaboration among the devices to overcome their constraints. We based our solution in a combination of clustering techniques (building a mesh network using their wireless capabilities); at the same time we try to orchestrate the resources in order to improve their processing capabilities in an elastic computing fashion. This paradigm is called fog computing on IoT. We propose in this paper the use of cloud computing technologies, such as Linux containers, based on Docker, and a container orchestration platform (COP) to run on the top of a cluster of these nodes, but adapted to the fog computing paradigm. Notice that these technologies are open source and developed for Linux operating system. As an example, in our results we show an IoT application for soundscape monitoring as a proof of concept that it will allow us to compare different alternatives in its design and implementation; in particular, with regard to the COP selection, between Docker Swarm and Kubernetes. We conclude that using and combining these techniques, we can improve the overall computation capabilities of these IoT nodes within a fog computing paradigm.

ANALISIS QUALITY OF SERVICE (QoS) LIVE STREAMING WIRELESS IP CAMERA XONZ BERBASIS SMARTPHONE ANDROID

Quality of Service (QoS) on Live Streaming has the main parameters, namely bandwidth, jitter, loss and delay, which are measured on the implementation of Wireless IP Camera based on Android Smartphone. The test tools used iperf and ping software, to capture data packets. The network design in this study uses Xonz Wireless IP Camera, wifi router, Server/Laptop and Android Smartphone to monitor or access the services provided. Surveillance/reconnaissance or surveillance by accessing live streaming can be done from anywhere as long as there is still an intranet network. wifi router provides DHCP service, Server/Laptop provides a Virtual Machine using MS Windows Server 2003 Operating System. Web Server is not installed on Real Machine but on Virtual Machine. The smartphone used has the Android Operating System version 4.4.2. IP Camera Xonz model XZ-12Z-HR/W has one major drawback that it can only be accessed via Internet Explorer Browser which can only run on MS Windows Operating System. Some applications that are already available on Google Play and installed on Android Smartphones cannot detect the Wireless IP Camera. The outcome or impact of this research is the creation of a simple Live Streaming application that can be accessed by all browsers on all platforms including Android Smartphones. Measurements were made using iperf and ping. The results showed that the Xonz IP Camera can still be used for mobile room monitoring as far as a maximum of about 20 m from the wifi router and still meets the standard QoS values ​​set by TIPHON and ITU-T G.114.

Handoff All Your Privacy – A Review of Apple’s Bluetooth Low Energy Continuity Protocol

Abstract We investigate Apple’s Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Continuity protocol, designed to support interoperability and communication between iOS and macOS devices, and show that the price for this seamless experience is leakage of identifying information and behavioral data to passive adversaries. First, we reverse engineer numerous Continuity protocol message types and identify data fields that are transmitted unencrypted. We show that Continuity messages are broadcast over BLE in response to actions such as locking and unlocking a device’s screen, copying and pasting information, making and accepting phone calls, and tapping the screen while it is unlocked. Laboratory experiments reveal a significant flaw in the most recent versions of macOS that defeats BLE Media Access Control (MAC) address randomization entirely by causing the public MAC address to be broadcast. We demonstrate that the format and content of Continuity messages can be used to fingerprint the type and Operating System (OS) version of a device, as well as behaviorally profile users. Finally, we show that predictable sequence numbers in these frames can allow an adversary to track Apple devices across space and time, defeating existing anti-tracking techniques such as MAC address randomization.

A proactive malicious software identification approach for digital forensic examiners

Digital investigators often get involved with cases, which seemingly point the responsibility to the person to which the computer belongs, but after a thorough examination malware is proven to be the cause, causing loss of precious time. Whilst Anti-Virus (AV) software can assist the investigator in identifying the presence of malware, with the increase in zero-day attacks and errors that exist in AV tools, this is something that cannot be relied upon. The aim of this paper is to investigate the behaviour of malware upon various Windows operating system versions in order to determine and correlate the relationship between malicious software and OS artifacts. This will enable an investigator to be more efficient in identifying the presence of new malware and provide a starting point for further investigation.The study analysed several versions of the Windows operating systems (Windows 7, 8.1 and 10) and monitored the interaction of 90 samples of malware (across three categories of the most prevalent (Trojan, Worm, and Bot) and 90 benign samples through the Windows Registry. Analysis of the interactions has provided a rich source of knowledge about how various forms of malware interact with key areas of the Registry. Using this knowledge, the study sought to develop an approach to predict the presence and type of malware present through an analysis of the Registry. To this end, different classifiers such as Neural Network, Random forest, Decision tree, Boosted tree and Logistic regression were tested. It was observed that Boosted tree was resulting in a correct classification of over 72% – providing the investigator with a simple approach to determining which type of malware might be present independent and faster than an Antivirus. The modelling of these findings and their integration in an application or forensic analysis within an existing tool would be useful for digital forensic investigators.

Click vs. Tap: Substitution Effects of Smartphones on Computers

With the prevalence of smartphones, it is important to understand the relationship between the smartphone channel and the computer channel. In this paper, we examine the extent to which smartphones substitute for or complement computers. We utilize unique panel data on individuals’ smartphone and computer usage, which contain detailed information on all domains and apps individuals visit on their smartphones and computers. In order to estimate the effect of that smartphone usage has on computer usage, we exploit the panel nature of the data and additionally employ instrumental variables. We instrument for smartphone usage time using the Android operating system version. We find that an increase in smartphone usage time decreases computer usage time, indicating that smartphones and computers are substitutes. When we additionally examine the heterogeneity in substitution effects across domain and app categories, we find larger substitution effects for categories where computers may have been a dominant traditional digital channel prior to smartphones. Our domain-app level analysis consistently shows that smartphone usage for a particular app decreases computer usage at the corresponding domain. We find that the substitution effect is greater for individuals with lower income and for younger individuals.

Forensic source identification using JPEG image headers: The case of smartphones

A common problem in forensic investigations is the identification of the source of multimedia data, i.e., determining the model, make or individual device that recorded media content. In contrast to methods based on sensor noise, source linkage based on header information of media items allows for easy automation. Such header information involves metadata like EXIF tags and the parameterization of the JPEG algorithm. While traditional digital cameras typically had a fixed software stack that makes it straightforward to fingerprint a device, modern mobile devices vary considerably in their software stack over time. We perform a large-scale study of JPEG header information from Apple smartphones to investigate the effect of this development on the possibility to perform source identification. Our analysis shows that identification of the concrete hardware is much harder for smartphones than it is for traditional cameras. However, identification of software stack, particularly the operating system version and selected apps, is well feasible.

Debugging and monitoring of applicationprograms in the BagrOS-4000 real-time operation system based on the Elbrus architecture

The article is concerned with the problems of monitoring and debugging of operating system processes, the effectiveness of which in the hard real-time operating system version does not allow any stopping to analyze the state of software and/ or hardware. The paper describes the concept of a debugging and monitoring system developed taking into account this feature in the Sukhoi design bureau for the BagrOS-4000 hard real-time operating system on the Elbrus architectural platform together with the specialists of MCST JSC. The method of non-stop monitoring and data collection in hard realtime processes in the multiprocess multimodular systems is discussed. An approach to the management of debugging targets in terms of source code using the DWARF debugging information specification is presented. The transition from the instrumental machine to the system server built into the target computer is described. Given the rationale for the use of client-server architecture in the debugging and monitoring system for BagrOS-4000. A comparative analysis of the key functionality of the debugging and monitoring system with the existing debugging systems has been carried out; the key aspects of the DMS architecture have been considered. The design of a machine-dependent interface required for the integration of the independent hardware platforms into the BagrOS-4000 system when implementing the system on an integrated avionics module of the onboard complex is discussed. The results of testing of the debugging and monitoring systems are analyzed in terms of efficiency versus the classical method of using the debug console prints when debugging a real-time operating system. Most of the above solutions are universal and have been successfully tested using other microprocessor platforms on multi-threaded application programs of real-time operating systems running on multi-core processors, including the MIPS, Power PC, Intel platforms.