Operation Mechanism Research Articles

Turnkey generation of MIR soliton and NIR second-harmonic microcombs.

Mid-infrared (MIR) microcombs exhibit remarkable advantages for trace molecule detection, facilitating fast and precise spectral analysis. However, due to limitations in tunability and size of available MIR pump sources, it is difficult to achieve compact MIR mode-locked microcombs using traditional methods. Here, we propose the turnkey generation of MIR soliton and near-infrared second-harmonic microcombs in a single microresonator. The self-starting method based on self-injection locking eliminates the complex tuning process and is compatible with modular packaged MIR distributed-feedback lasers. By simultaneously leveraging second- and third-order nonlinearities, frequency up-conversion can be achieved without relying on external nonlinear media, facilitating the integration of f-2f self-referencing. Additionally, the direct turnkey generation of breathing solitons and two-soliton states has been achieved. Meanwhile, a new method is proposed that allows for quickly switching between different soliton states by simply changing the pump power. We provide operational guidelines and explain its operating mechanism. Dynamical analysis shows that the detuning automatically converges to the red detuning region corresponding to the target soliton state. Our work provides a full-system miniaturized mode-locking scheme for MIR microcombs and offers new potential for fast switching of soliton states and self-referencing of single-resonator.

Principles Governing the Exercise of Discretionary Powers by Public Authorities: Systematic Structure and Constitutional-Legal Foundation

This study aims to substantiate the need to establish a modern system of principles for the implementation of the discretionary powers of public authorities as a fundamental element of their operational mechanism. This study provides an overview of the principles of the principles governing the exercise of discretionary powers, as outlined in international and national legal frameworks. Key principles such as the rule of law, legality, reasonable restraint, equality, legal certainty, objectivity, impartiality, and proportionality are identified, and their constitutional and legal interpretations are analyzed. Special attention should be given to the importance of constructing a coherent system of principles for exercising discretionary powers. The following classifications are proposed: 1) Fundamental principles: the rule of law and legality is of paramount importance in shaping the legal institution of discretionary powers; 2) General principles: proper use of discretionary powers, equality before the law, objectivity, impartiality, and reasonable timeframes; 3) Special principles: proportionality and constitutional restraint. In addition, the principle of prudentiality is highlighted as a distinct principle, despite its absence in national legislation, as it is applied in the practices of certain authorities. This study concludes that the formal legal establishment and practical application of the aforementioned principles not only share the nature and outcomes of interaction between public authorities but will also provide robust guarantees for the rights, freedoms, and legitimate interests of individuals and organizations, protecting them from abuse and arbitrariness

Rectifying behavior of organic electrochemical transistors

In organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), the effective coupling of ionic and electronic charge carriers enables efficient modulation of current flow through an organic channel layer. This charge coupling imparts OECTs with unique properties, including high transconductance and low-voltage operation. Another distinctive characteristic of OECTs is the significant asymmetry observed in output curves at positive and negative drain biases. Despite extensive research on various properties of OECTs, the asymmetry in their output curves has received limited attention. This asymmetry is an inherent property of OECTs, stemming from their operational mechanism, and can be harnessed to create a new type of current rectifiers that can be classified as organic electrochemical rectifiers (OERs). In this study, we investigate the current rectification mechanism in OECTs and demonstrate that single accumulation-mode OECT can function as polarity-switchable rectifier. Utilizing Bernard's model for OECTs, we analyzed the rectification properties of OECTs and tested the rectification behavior of OECTs based on a poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) channel layer. This study provides insight on rectification behavior of OECTs, which allow expanding their functionality.

Key Technologies and Typical Applications in Deepfake Detection

As deepfaking technology advances, it increasingly facilitates the seamless splicing of a person's voice, facial expressions, and body movements into source images or videos to create hyper-realistic virtual content. This growing technological sophistication, paired with the open-source nature of neural network algorithms, has unfortunately led to the exploitation of deepfake technology by individuals for illicit activities, seeking financial gain. This situation highlights the urgent necessity to thoroughly understand and vigilantly monitor the evolution of deepfake technology. This paper delves into the fundamental concepts and operational mechanisms underlying contemporary deepfake detection methods. It aims to augment the comprehension of these technologies and assesses the strengths and weaknesses of current detection approaches. This evaluation provides critical insights into their operational efficacy and reliability in differentiating genuine from manipulated content. Furthermore, the paper explores the challenges that current technologies face, such as the rapid evolution of deepfake methods that may outpace detection capabilities. By thoroughly analyzing these technologies, the paper endeavors to offer a comprehensive overview and projects future trends in deepfake detection. It anticipates developments that could significantly enhance the efficacy of countermeasures and thus bolster the fight against digital identity fraud and misinformation, safeguarding digital media integrity in an increasingly synthetic landscape.

Regulating Solvated Sheath with Anion Chelant Enables 4.6 V Ultra-Stable Commercial LiCoO2.

Increasing cut-off voltage of lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) (>4.6 V) is an effective strategy to satisfy the ever-increasing demand for high energy density. However, the irreversible phase transition significantly destroys the structure of high-voltage LCO, especially the surface lattice. Considering that the structural stability of LCO is primarily dominated by the intrinsic merits of electrode-electrolyte interface (EEI), we explored and disclosed the operating mechanism of anion chelating agent tris(pentafluorophenyl) borane (TPFPB) and regulate the CEI layer on LCO electrode. Benefiting from the high HOMO energy level and preferential decomposition of TPFPB-PF6 -, a robust LiF-rich CEI layer is constructed and greatly improves the stability of electrode/electrolyte interface. The well-designed electrolyte composed of 1 mol L-1 LiPF6 in EC/EMC with TPFPB additives endows Li/LCO half cells and 4 Ah Gr/LCO pouch cell with enhanced cycling stability under a high voltage condition. This work provides pave a new direction for the development of economical high-voltage LIBs.

Tunable and polarization-dependent electromagnetically induced transparency analogy in graphene-based terahertz metasurfaces

In this paper, we theoretically and numerically demonstrate a tunable and polarization-dependent electromagnetically induced transparency analogy based on graphene terahertz metasurfaces. The unit cell of the metasurface consists of three-layer graphene strips embedded in a silicon grating. The dynamic adjustment of the transparent window can be achieved by changing the coupling distance between the graphene layers and the polarization direction of the incident lights. The operation mechanism behind the phenomenon can be attributed to the near-field interaction and electromagnetic coupling of modes in graphene strips. Furthermore, the full wave electromagnetic simulations obtained by the finite-difference time-domain method agree well with the theoretical fitting results based on the three-harmonic oscillator model. In addition, by changing the Fermi levels, it can not only realize the outstanding slow-light effects with a maximum group index of 3750 but also obtain the four-frequency asynchronous optical switch function in terahertz regions. Therefore, our proposed metamaterial device may have potential applications in image switching, optical switches, slow-light device, optical communication, and optical storage.

Overview and suggestion about Chinese health-related non-governmental organization's participation in global health governance

Non-governmental organization (NGO) is one of the important non-state actors in global health governance. The importance of NGO's participation in the global health governance tend to be more prominent due to its flexibility, professionalism, voluntariness and autonomy. The World Health Organization (WHO) established a Civil Society Commission (CSC) in 2023 aiming at strengthening dialogue, facilitating collaboration so as to play its bigger role in the global health governance. This paper is to make analysis to the importance of NGO in global health governance, WHOCSC's organizational structure and operational mechanism, current status and problem of Chinese health-related NGO's participation in the global health governance, and to provide policy suggestions for strengthening Chinese health-related NGOs' participation in global health governance, including incubating Chinese NGOs into national strategy for global health, strengthening resources mobilization and coordination, as well as advocating transparency and society involvement, emphasizing international humanitarian, public welfare and propaganda.

Photonic Ising machines for combinatorial optimization problems

The demand for efficient solvers of complicated combinatorial optimization problems, especially those classified as NP-complete or NP-hard, has recently led to increased exploration of novel computing architectures. One prominent collective state computing paradigm embodied in the so-called Ising machines has recently attracted considerable research attention due to its ability to optimize complex problems with large numbers of interacting variables. Ising model-inspired solvers, thus named due to mathematical similarities to the well-known model from solid-state physics, represent a promising alternative to traditional von Neumann computer architectures due to their high degree of inherent parallelism. While there are many possible physical realizations of Ising solvers, just as there are many possible implementations of any binary computer, photonic Ising machines (PIMs) use primarily optical components for computation, taking advantage of features like lower power consumption, fast calculation speeds, the leveraging of physical optics to perform the calculations themselves, possessing decent scalability and noise tolerance. Photonic computing in the form of PIMs may offer certain computational advantages that are not easily achieved with non-photonic approaches and is nonetheless an altogether fascinating application of photonics to computing. In this review, we provide an overview of Ising machines generally, introducing why they are useful, what types of problems they can tackle, and how different Ising solvers can be compared and benchmarked. We delineate their various operational mechanisms, advantages, and limitations vis-à-vis non-photonic Ising machines. We describe their scalability, interconnectivity, performance, and physical dimensions. As research in PIMs continues to progress, there is a potential that photonic computing could well emerge as a way to handle large and challenging optimization problems across diverse domains. This review serves as a comprehensive resource for researchers and practitioners interested in understanding capabilities and potential of PIMs in addressing such complex optimization problems.

Research on the Strategy of Film and Television Operation Management Mode

At this stage, with the rapid development of the film industry, more and more film and television works have emerged, mainly films, TV series, and online dramas. The film industry is an important part of the cultural industry of various countries. Analysing the operation mechanism of the film production management model will help the prosperity and development of the film industry. The research is mainly about the operation and management mode of the film and television industry. It uses the methods of searching for literature, searching on the Internet, and finally summarises the steps and strategies of film and television operation. The operation steps of film and television mainly include four links: shooting, production, distribution, and screening. Each link is quite important and needs to be carefully arranged and operated, with a strong team and psychological quality to deal with various emergencies. It must invest much money and energy in every step to complete perfect work and create profits in the final release. The operation of film and television is still advancing and will continue to develop new models and update strategies to meet the development of the times.

A review of research on the utilization of deep learning in adaptive learning 2014-2024

Deep learning is a highly popular and rapidly advancing technology in today's world. Adaptive Learning based on learners individual needs shed lights in education. The combination of them may be the pivotal point in the future. This is a review mainly concerns the application of deep learning(DL) in adaptive learning(AL). The search is carried on Web of Science and Scopus. The author proceeds the research by asking several questions regarding the category of deep learning application in Adaptive Learning, the strength and weakness of those publications and the gap for future scientific research concerning deep learning in AL. This study finds some patterns in research category, figure out the most of the current researches resides in KT. One of the key advantages of deep learning is its capacity to closely mimic the structure and operational mechanisms of the brain. While it has weakness in computation cost, hardness in interpretation and data collection and so forth. This study points out the gap of research may lie in how to use deep learning to find the representation and leverage LLM in adaptive learning.

Robotic Button Mushroom Harvesting Systems: A Review of Design, Mechanism, and Future Directions

The global demand for button mushrooms has surged in recent years, driven by their health benefits, creating a significant challenge for the mushroom industry in meeting this increasing demand. The increasing reliance on human labor, which is becoming unsustainable due to labor shortages and rising wage costs, highlights the urgent need for automated harvesting solutions. This review examines the integration of automated systems in button mushroom harvesting, delving into the key components such as robots, mechanisms, machine elements, programming, and algorithms. It offers a thorough analysis of the performance, design, operational mechanisms, and advantages and limitations of robotic systems, comparing the different methods employed in automated harvesting. This paper compares the performance of all the mushroom harvesters, including the commercially available ones with manual harvesting, and identifies their potential and limitations. The commercial harvesters are shown to pick 2000 mushrooms per hour on average, which is similar to how much a skilled worker picks at the same time. However, commercial automation harvesting has a relatively low success rate, high initial cost, high operating cost, and energy consumption, identifying areas for future research and challenges. This paper serves as a valuable resource for researchers and industry professionals striving to advance automated harvesting technology and improve its efficiency in meeting the rising demand for button mushrooms.

Mn vacancy engineering design of Fe/Mn based cathodes for breaking the spell between “sodium limiting” in air-stabilization and “sodium promoting” on kinetics

Fe/Mn-based cathode is considered a viable choice for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of its affordability and high theoretical capacity. Nonetheless, bad actually comprehensive performance still impede its commercial application. In this work, based on the systematic study of P2-Na2/3Fe1/2Mn1/2O2 cathode materials with fewer Mn vacancies (NFM-Q), we realized a superior rate, cycling performance, air stability and more importantly unraveled the operation mechanism. Specifically, dual function of fewer Mn vacancies were explicitly clarified, which included the effect of shrinking sodium layers and the sodium-ion diffusion promoting effect, as confirmed by combining XRD, XANES, XAFS, EIS and GITT. So Mn vacancy engineering had the potential to break the contradiction between “sodium limiting” based on air-stabilization mechanism and “sodium promoting” based on kinetics. This has rarely been found before. And a series of characterizations strongly declared rapidly cooling rate could effectively regulated the creation of Mn vacancies. As a result, NFM-Q cathode not only delivered outstanding discharge capacity (192.7 mAh/g), cycling stability (123.8 mAh/g, 65 %, after 50 cycles) and energy density (574.0 Wh Kg−1), but also possessed splendid air stability (185.8 mA h/g, 61.8 % after 50 cycles and immersion). Moreover, ex-situ XRD and XAS further expounded structural evolution and charge compensation mechanism of NFM-Q cathode, confirming its superior performance. This work might offer fresh understanding about the roles of Mn vacancy engineering, which could open up new possibilities on the material design and the property improvement of Fe/Mn-based cathodes.

Impact of piezoelectric driving waveform on performance characteristics of vibrating mesh atomizer (VMA)

Vibrating mesh atomizer (VMA) is a specific type of ultrasonic atomizer known for its low power consumption and production of uniformly fine droplets. While previous research has provided a basic understanding of VMA operation, it has primarily focused on driving the piezoelectric actuator with continuous and symmetrical waveforms, such as sine and square waveforms. This study aims to experimentally investigate the impact of different driving waveforms on the ultrasonic atomization process and the associated performance characteristics. Specifically, the effects of pulse waveforms (Gauss and Lorentz pulse) were analyzed with high rates of energy deposition and asymmetrical hybrid waveforms (trapezia and absolute sine), featuring distinct negative cycles, by comparing them with conventional symmetrical waveforms (sine and square). Pulse waveforms suppress the growing stage but provide a high flux of input energy, facilitating the detachment of liquid into fine droplets, resulting in uniformly distributed droplets with VMDs of 5.84 μm and 4.71 μm for Gauss and Lorentz waveforms, respectively. Conversely, shorter negative cycles in asymmetrical hybrid waveforms reduce liquid suction into the micronozzle, leading to higher energy flux during subsequent positive cycles that promote the growing stage, producing larger droplets with VMDs of 10.82 μm and 11.86 μm for trapezia and absolute (abs) sine waveforms, respectively. Additionally, high-speed imaging reveals irregular pulsating behaviors in the atomization process when using pulse waveforms, suggesting a reciprocating-pump-like operation mechanism in VMA atomization. These new insights contribute to an improved understanding of the atomization mechanism in VMAs.

Recent Advancements in Nanomaterials for Near‐Infrared to Long‐Wave Infrared Photodetectors

AbstractNanomaterials have superior electronic, optical, and mechanical properties making them highly suitable for a range of applications in optoelectronics, biomedical fields, and photonics. Nanomaterials‐based IR detectors are rapidly growing due to enhanced sensitivity, wide spectral range, and device miniaturization compared to commercial photodetectors. This review paper focuses on the significant role of nanomaterials in infrared detection, an area critical for enhancing night vision and health monitoring technologies. The latest advancements in IR photodetectors that employ various nanomaterials and their hybrids are discussed. The manuscript covers the operational mechanisms, device designing, performance optimization strategies, and material challenges. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current developments in nanomaterial‐based IR photodetectors and to identify key directions for future research and technological advancements.

Microscopic Origin of Polarity-Dependent VTH Shift in Amorphous Chalcogenides for 3D Self-Selecting Memory.

Ovonic threshold switching (OTS) selectors based on amorphous chalcogenides can revolutionize 3D memory technology owing to their self-selecting memory (SSM) behavior. However, the complex mechanism governing the memory writing operation limits compositional and device optimization. This study investigates the mechanism behind the polarity-dependent threshold voltage shift (ΔVTH) through theoretical and experimental analyses. By examining the physical principles of threshold switching and conducting defect state analysis, the ΔVTH as a memory window is confirmed to be attributed to the dynamics of charged defects and their gradient near electrodes, influenced by the nonuniform electric field after threshold switching. This study provides critical insights into the operational mechanism of OTS-based SSM, known as selector-only memory, highlighting its advantages for developing high-density, low-cost, and energy-efficient memory technologies in the artificial intelligence era.

A Comprehensive Review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Sprayers Used in Modern Agriculture

Global demand for food is increasing daily due to increase in population growth. Hence to meet these food demands for the growing population crop productivity must be enhanced. Plant pests and diseases are major threats to crop productivity causing an annual reduction of 20 to 40% in global crop production. For management of these pest and diseases spraying using manual sprayers is quite laborious and also not precise. Further manual spraying is hazardous to farmer’s health, World Health Organization (WHO) reported one million incidences of illness as a result of manually application of insecticides to crop fields. As a result, new automated drone technology techniques were unveiled. This review examines the application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) sprayers in modern agriculture, highlighting their transformative role in enhancing crop management and increasing efficiency. UAV technology has emerged as a vital tool for precision agriculture, offering benefits such as targeted pesticide and fertilizer application, reduced labor costs, and minimized environmental impact. This paper discusses the various types of UAV sprayers, their operational mechanisms, and the advantages they provide over traditional methods. Additionally, we explore challenges associated with UAV adoption, including regulatory issues, technical limitations, and the need for operator training. The review emphasizes the future potential of UAV sprayers in sustainable agriculture, suggesting that continued advancements in technology and regulatory frameworks will further integrate UAVs into mainstream agricultural practices.

Design and Fabrication of SCARA for Image Processing in Industry

The scope of our project is the design and fabrication of SCARA (Selective Compliance Articulated Robot Arm) robots optimized for image processing tasks within industrial environments. This report presents a comprehensive review of the design, control, and applications of SCARA robots, focusing on their integration with image processing technologies to enhance industrial automation. We delve into the underlying principles governing the kinematics and dynamics of SCARA robots, elucidating their operational mechanisms and capabilities. Advancementsin end-effector design and sensor integration have enhanced the adaptability of SCARA robots, enabling them to tackle complex tasks in unstructured environments.

RF NEMS switches based on graphene for low pull-in voltage and excellent RF performance

This study introduces a novel graphene RF NEMS capacitive switch and conducts an extensive analysis of its RF performance using CST and COMSOL Multiphysics software. The switch’s characteristic impedance matching is accomplished through a coplanar waveguide (CPW) structure, incorporating a dielectric layer topped with conductive graphene beam electrodes. Simulation results reveal that the monolayer graphene RF NEMS switch maintains an insertion loss of 0.003 ~ 0.015 dB and an isolation greater than 40 dB across an ultra-wideband (UWB) frequency range of DC ~ 140 GHz. Moreover, the switch demonstrates a switching time of 4.03 ps at a pull-in voltage of 1 V. The performance of multilayer graphene RF NEMS switches was also evaluated. The study further investigates the operational mechanism of the graphene RF NEMS switch and performs finite element analysis on the proposed design. The graphene RF NEMS switch discussed herein offers significant advantages, including minimal size, lightweight, cost-effectiveness, low pull-in voltage, rapid response time, excellent RF performance, and reduced space consumption in circuitry. Its potential applications span a range from L to F bands, encompassing data storage, communication systems, sensors, remote sensing and military uses.

Analysis of knowledge services efficiency and influencing factors of public libraries in China: a mixed study based on the SBM model and dynamic QCA

PurposeThe core objective of this study is to provide an in-depth quantitative assessment of the efficiency of public library knowledge services (PLKS) in China and to scrutinize the factors that have a significant impact on the efficiency of PLKS. Furthermore, this study also aims to examine the characteristics and evolving patterns of PLKS in China and to propose strategies for enhancing the quality of services provided by public libraries. The findings of this paper are expected to provide valuable references for current academic research and practice areas, guiding and promoting exploration and development in related fields.Design/methodology/approachTo analyse and evaluate the operation mechanism and efficiency of PLKS, this study creatively constructs a multi-stage PLKS efficiency evaluation model and provides related indicators. Based on this process, the super-efficiency network slacks-based measure model was used to analyse the efficiency, and dynamic qualitative comparative analysis was adopted to analyse the recipes about the influencing factors of PLKS. Ultimately, through a comprehensive interpretation of the measured data and the integration of extant societal development conditions, the authors put forth relevant recommendations.FindingsIn the first stage, PLKS in China meets the basic requirements, but in the second stage, there is evident resource wastage. In addition, there are five recipes in PLKS of China. These five recipes reveal the configuration relationship between the factors that affect PLKS. The results show that PLKS in China are different in different regions, and the effects of the influencing factors are also different.Originality/valueIn this study, the authors provide an exhaustive deconstruction and interpretation of PLKS, thereby proposing a three-stage PLKS efficiency conversion process. Furthermore, the authors have identified a set of readily accessible and quantifiable indicators. It is worth emphasizing that the authors have taken a unique approach to analyse the elements affecting PLKS from the perspective of configuration, which has significantly broadened the boundaries and depth of PLKS research.

Empowerment of Farmers Through GAPOKTAN to Improve Farmers' Welfare

The general background the empowerment of farmers is crucial for improving their welfare and ensuring sustainable agricultural development. Specific background This study focuses on the role of Farmer Group Associations (GAPOKTAN) in Dukuhsari Village as a platform for farmer empowerment. Knowledge gap Despite the recognized importance of farmer groups in community development, there is limited understanding of how these associations function to enhance farmers' welfare in specific contexts. Aims the research aims to analyze and describe the effectiveness of GAPOKTAN in empowering farmers within Dukuhsari Village. Results the findings indicate that GAPOKTAN has successfully facilitated the fulfillment of farmers' basic needs, improved access to resources, and fostered critical awareness among farmers. Participation of farmers in group activities has been instrumental in enhancing their involvement in agricultural management and empowerment processes. Novelty this study contributes to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the operational mechanisms of GAPOKTAN in a local context, highlighting its multifaceted role in promoting welfare among farmers. Implications the results suggest that strengthening GAPOKTAN and similar associations can lead to more effective agricultural policies and community development initiatives, ultimately contributing to better living standards for farmers and sustainable agricultural practices. Highlights: GAPOKTAN plays a crucial role in fulfilling farmers' basic needs. Participation in farmer groups enhances farmers' involvement in agricultural management. Critical awareness among farmers leads to better access to resources and support. Keywords: Farmer Empowerment, GAPOKTAN, Welfare, Participation, Community Development