Operating Cost Analysis Research Articles

Advanced treatment of landfill leachate through combined Anammox-based biotreatment, O3/H2O2 oxidation, and activated carbon adsorption: technical performance, surrogate-based control strategy, and operational cost analysis

The complexity of landfill leachate makes it difficult to treat it with a single biological/ physical/chemical process. Moreover, the dynamic leachate characteristics pose a challenge for effective process control. Therefore, a combined treatment, consisting of a one-stage partial nitrification-Anammox process, an O3/H2O2 process, and a granular activated carbon filtration (GAC) process, was investigated. Meanwhile, a novel surrogate-based ozone dose control strategy for O3/H2O2 process was evaluated. Results show that this three-stage process offers high removal of total nitrogen (> 90%), COD (chemical oxygen demand, 60–82%), and micropollutants (atrazine, alachlor, carbamazepine, and bisphenol A, > 96%), satisfying discharge requirements. In the combined post-treatment, ozone dosing for COD removal can be real-time controlled by UVA254 reduction monitoring, based on a specific correlation between COD and UVA254 changes. On the other hand, O3/H2O2 pre-treatment controlled at a 50% UVA254 reduction shows to be the optimal point, when adsorption is designed as the main step for COD removal. Cost analysis shows that post-treatment with low (high) organic load i.e., COD ≤ (≥)540 mg/L, a combination with O3/H2O2 (GAC) as the main step appears to be more cost-effective. Therefore, a dynamic operation strategy in response to the leachate change is recommended.

Passenger car cost development through 2050

• Techno-economic analyses show competitiveness of battery and fuel cell cars. • Long-term invest similar for many concepts, including plug-ins and range extenders. • Total cost of ownership of battery and fuel cell cars is below conventional ones. • Break-even of battery cars is already possible in the second half of this decade. • Cost increase for conventional cars is primarily caused by rising fuel costs. For passenger cars, various powertrains compete in terms of reducing environmentally-harmful emissions, smooth integration into future energy systems and economic performance. Developing a sound long-term projection of the total cost of ownership (TCO), however, remains challenging. Highlights of our present assessment, include a detailed, component-based manufacturing and operating cost analysis, as well as simulation-based component scaling and fuel consumption analysis. We apply this methodology to eight passenger car concepts based on batteries, fuel cells and combustion engines , spanning four passenger car segments and five different market development scenarios through 2050. With respect to the TCO, our analysis reveals that fully-electric powertrains utilizing batteries (BEVs) and fuel cells (FCEVs) offer the lowest-cost solutions. FCEVs exhibit small but robust benefits compared to BEVs. BEVs will undergo the earliest break-even point with internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), already before 2030. Different market development scenarios would not significantly affect the long-term results.

Environmental life cycle assessment and operating cost analysis of a conceptual battery hybrid-electric transport aircraft

Noise and greenhouse gas emission targets set by e.g., the EU commission, NASA, and ICAO oblige the aviation industry to reduce its environmental footprint. Battery-powered hybrid-electric aircraft are currently being investigated in this regard as they can potentially reduce in-flight greenhouse gas emissions and noise. However, most studies to date have focused on the CO2 emission reduction potential instead of considering the total life cycle environmental impact. Hence, within this study an environmental life cycle assessment method for a hybrid-electric aircraft is developed and applied, supplemented by a direct operating costs analysis. This allows the simultaneous evaluation of the environmental impact reduction potential and the economic consequences for aircraft operators. This demonstrates the faced trade-off and contributes to a meaningful review process. A single-aisle transport aircraft (A320 class) serves as a use case for the established methodology. It consists of the conceptual aircraft design, the environmental life cycle assessment, and the direct operating costs analysis for a conventional reference aircraft and a hybrid-electric aircraft with a discrete parallel powertrain architecture. It should be noticed that the focus of this study is the comparison of conceptual aircraft designs of the same fidelity on system level, in lieu of the detailed modeling of a hybrid-electric aircraft. Results show that for a degree of hybridization of 0.3, the environmental impact of the hybrid-electric configuration increased by 15.1%, while the operating costs increased by 41.0% compared to a conventional reference aircraft. For a future scenario, favourable for hybrid-electric aircraft with i.a. renewable electricity production, the environmental impact could be reduced by 7.0% compared to the reference aircraft. At the same time, the operating costs gap between both configurations decreases to + 26.8%. Hybrid-electric aircraft should therefore be investigated further as a potential solution to reduce the environmental impact of aviation, if simultaneously to developing them the expansion of renewable energies is fostered. Nevertheless, this reduction in environmental impact involves a high direct operating costs penalty.

Electrocoagulation technique for continuous industrial licorice processing wastewater treatment in a single reactor employing Fe-rod electrodes: Process modeling and optimization and operating cost analysis

Licorice processing industry produces a characteristic wastewater with a high chemical oxygen demand (COD), high turbidity, and intense color. Direct disposal of untreated licorice processing wastewater into water bodies can pose a serious risk to the human health and environment. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of a novel laboratory scale continuous electrocoagulation (EC) reactor using iron (Fe) rod electrodes (anode and cathode) for treating a real licorice processing wastewater. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the effects of important parameters such as: current density (CD), electrolysis time, mixing intensity, and NaCl concentration for Fe rod electrodes on the removal efficiency of color, soluble COD (sCOD), and turbidity. In order to evaluate the effect of reactor design on the overall process performance, the results were compared with our previous study in which Fe plate electrodes were employed in an identical system. The process exhibited better performance in terms of turbidity removal for Fe rod electrodes with an average value of 59.35% in contrast to Fe plate electrodes (47.88%). Color and sCOD removal efficiencies of 94.6% and 90.1% were achieved, respectively for the EC system using Fe rod electrodes under optimum conditions: electrolysis time (71.8 min), CD (28 mA/cm2), mixing intensity (45 rpm). While in the EC reactor using Fe plate electrodes, the optimum (electrolysis time of 81.8 min, current density of 35 A/cm2, and mixing intensity of 45 rpm) color and sCOD removal were obtained 90.1% and 89.4%, respectively. Analysis and comparison of the data revealed that Fe rod electrodes delivered a better treatment performance than Fe plate electrodes, taking into account that the optimum electrolysis time and applied current density were considerably lower for the Fe rod electrodes. Overall, these results confirmed that the novel EC reactor using Fe rod electrodes can reduce the operating cost and be proposed as a pragmatic approach to remove high amount of color, COD, and suspended solids from licorice processing wastewater.

Analysis and Optimization of Cooling Water System Operating Cost under Changes in Ambient Temperature and Working Medium Flow

The circulating cooling water system is widely used in various industrial production fields, and its operating cost largely depends on external factors, such as ambient temperature and working medium flow. Considering the relative elevation of the heat exchanger, this study establishes a total system operation cost analysis and optimization model based on the superstructure method. The model uses ambient dry bulb temperature, ambient wet bulb temperature, and working medium flow as random variables. Water supply temperature is adopted as the decision variable, and the minimum operating cost of the system is used as the objective function. An analysis of the effect of the three random variables on the operation cost shows that the effect of ambient dry bulb temperature on the operation cost is negligible, and the effect of ambient wet bulb temperature and working medium flow on the operation cost is significant. In addition, a control equation of water supply temperature is established to determine the “near optimal” operation, which is based on the correlation among ambient wet bulb temperature, working medium flow, and optimal water supply temperature. Then, the method is applied to a case system. The operating cost of the system is reduced by 22–31% at different times during the sampling day.

Evaluation Of KMP Tariff Calculation. Siginjai On The Jepara – Karimunjawa Crossing Based On The Minister Of Transportation Regulation No. Pm. 66 Of 2019 Concerning The Mechanism Of Determining And Formulating The Calculation Of Ferry Transport Fares

Jepara Ferry Port is a port located in Jepara District, Jepara Regency which serves the Jepara - Karimunjawa route. In terms of needs, tariffs are very influential on the level of transportation services, especially in the fulfillment of public services. However, the tariffs that apply on the Jepara - Karimunjawa route are now tariffs based on the old regulations. In addition, there is also a change in the Production Unit (SUP) for the type of vehicle class in accordance with Attachment I, Regulation of the Minister of Transportation Number 66 of 2019 concerning Mechanisms for Determining and Formulating the Calculation of Ferry Transport Tariffs. The aims of this study are as follows: 1) Knowing the operational costs of ships (BOK) on the Jepara - Karimunjawa route based on the Regulation of the Minister of Transportation Number PM. 66 of 2019. 2) Knowing the calculation of ferry transportation fares on the Jepara - Karimunjawa route based on the Regulation of the Minister of Transportation Number PM. 66 of 2019. The research methodology used is direct observation in the field (field research), interviews (interviews), literature/documentation (literature) and institutional. Then to analyze this, it is guided by Ministerial Regulation Number 66 of 2019 concerning the Mechanism of Determining and Formulating the Calculation of Ferry Transport Tariffs. The analysis used is load factor analysis, ship operational cost analysis and unit tariff analysis. The results of this study are 1) The tariffs set are not in accordance with the results obtained by the author based on the calculation of ship operating costs (BOK) which refers to the Regulation of the Minister of Transportation Number PM. 66 of 2019. 2) That the tariff on the Jepara - Karimunjawa route in Central Java Province is not relevant to current conditions, due to the Change of Production Units (SUP) in the management system at PT. ASDP Indonesia Ferry (Persero) Jepara Branch. 3) Evaluation of Tariffs on the Jepara - Karimunjawa Route in Central Java Province Has Changed in accordance with the following provisions a) That the Increase in Tariff Units Now Follows Ministerial Regulation Number 66 of 2019 which states that the current production units have increased from the previous.

Biologically treated industrial wastewater disinfection using synergy of US, LED-UVS, and oxidants

The high concentration of pathogenic bacterial species such as Enterobacter, Escherichia Coli, and Salmonella with a total coliform concentration of 2 × 103 to 3 × 103 CFU/mL present in biologically treated sugar industry wastewater (BSIWW). The present study demonstrates the potential effect of irradiations such as ultrasound (US) and ultraviolet (UVC) on bacterial species present in BSIWW. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were used as a source for UVC to improve the inactivation efficiency and develop an energy-efficient process. The rate of total coliform removal was enhanced by 90 and 40% for the combined effect of US and UVC compared to the individual effect of US and UVC, respectively. The rate of disinfection was further enhanced by 13% with the addition of a 14.7 mM/L concentration of H2O2. Intensified rate of disinfection for US+UVC+H2O2 was 95%, 73%, and 58% higher than the US, UVC, and US+H2O2/UVC+H2O2, respectively. The combined effect of O3 with US and UVC does not yield any synergic enhancement for pathogen inactivation. Energy and operational cost analysis confirmed that the combined synergy of US+UVC was found to be more suitable for complete disinfection. The operating cost for US+UVC was 89.2% ($9.2 × 10−4/L) lower than the US+UVC+H2O2 effect.

Water recovery and on-site reuse of laundry wastewater by a facile and cost-effective system: Combined biological and advanced oxidation process

Combined biological and physicochemical process was selected for treatment of laundry wastewater. The results show that after microbial adaptation, almost 91% of COD was removed at food to microorganism (F/M) ratio of 0.12 gBOD/gMLSS·d. Dehydrogenase activity of the biomass showed an increasing trend and finally reached 3.8 μgTFgbiomass.d corresponding to the highest process performance. 16SrRNA fragment and phylogenetic analysis identified Pseudomonas pharmacofabricae and Bacillus spp. as the dominant bacteria. The effluent of the biological process was then injected into the UV/O3 process for complete removal of residual COD and detergent. Finally, microfiltration and ultrafiltration were used to remove any remaining suspended solids. The operating cost analysis showed that 0.65 €/m3 treated wastewater is required for treatment of the laundry wastewater. Accordingly, the suggested combination of the biological and physicochemical process could be a promising and highly efficient process for treatment and reuse of laundry wastewater.

Pengaruh Biaya Operasional Terhadap Laba Bersih PT. Ultrajaya Milk Industry & Trading Company, Tbk

This study aims to find out and analyze the effect of operating costs on net profit at PT Ultrajaya Milk Industri &Trading Company, Tbk. Type of associative research with quantitative approach with the amount of population data for 29 years from 1990-2020, namely audited profit loss report in the form of operational costs and net profit and sampling techniques with purposive sampling for 15 years from 2005-2019. Data in the form of secondary data accessed through the company's official website and data analysis using operational cost and net profit analysis with documentation data collection techniques and library studies. Then continued with the analysis of operating costs and net profit and significance test (two tail test). The results showed that operational costs had a significant impact on net profit at PT . Ultrajaya Mik Industry &Trading Company, Tbk.

Chromium removal from industrial effluent by electrocoagulation: Operating cost and kinetic analysis

This article reports the removal of chromium by electrocoagulation (EC) from metal complex dye (MCD) industrial effluent in a batch reactor using iron electrodes. The paper evaluates the application of EC process in assessing the impact of process parameters such as current density (CD), electrode distance (ED), pH, and supporting electrolyte (NaCl) concentration (Cs) for efficient removal of chromium from MCD effluent. The EC process showed, removal percentage 99.64 %, at the initial pH= 5.83, CD = 89.45 A/m2, ED= 0.7 cm, and operating time of 50 minutes, are the optimal operating parameters for the treatment of MCD effluent. It was also noticed that the removal of chromium is appreciably enhanced for acidic pH values. It was observed that the removal of chromium follows the 1st order reaction by kinetic analysis of EC method. As CD raised from 17.89 to 89.45 A/m2. The rate constant (k) was enhanced from 0.013 to 0.109 min-1, as a result of the presence of more quantity of iron flocs throughout EC. Analysis of sludge was carried out using FESEM- EDX, which confirmed the presence of chromium, and iron hydroxide in sludge. The present work confirms that EC is an efficient process for chromium removal from MCD effluent with a calculated operating cost of 0.207 US$/m3 and energy consumption of 2.499 kWh/m3.

ANALISIS ANGGARAN SEBAGAI MANAJEMEN PENGENDALIAN BIAYA PRODUKSI PT. BARAWAJA

Budget in a company is a tool of assist management for implementation, planning, coordination, supervision functions and also as a work guideline in running the company for predetermined purposes. The research objective is an analyze and describe the function of the budget as a means of controlling production costs. descriptive quantitative approach to research by collecting data documentation through operational report. The analytical method used analysis of variance operational costs. Research findings explain PT. Barawaja regarding the production budget as a control tool has not been implemented optimally.

Crystalline fructose production: a conceptual design with experimental data and operating cost analysis

Fructose is a monosaccharide of great interest to industries. The easiest way to produce crystalline fructose from its aqueous solution is adding ethanol to the solution, which narrows the large metastable zone width and reduces the solution viscosity and the fructose solubility in water, increasing yields of crystallization. Studies in the literature though are limited to those of solubility, kinetics, and characterization of product, not including economic or environmental effects. This study addresses steps to integrate the whole productive system. A thermal analysis of the solution showed that exposing the solution to temperatures equal or above 104 °C has adverse effects on crystallization and should be avoided. The experimental study also showed that using 90 wt.% ethanol aqueous solution leads to the best yields and a well-defined morphology of fructose crystals – yields of 97%, roundness of 7.25 and mean size of 95.00 µm in the best experiment. However, the cost of ethanol represents almost 80% of the gross income of the plant, if ethanol is not recycled. An integrated system is then proposed considering the separation and reuse of ethanol and mother-liquor. Among those evaluated, the optimal operating conditions conducts to a minimal cost of 99.40 US$/tonne of fructose, which has a value of 796 US$/tonne.

Accelerated Scale up of Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision within the Military Health Services in Uganda: The Race towards 2020 HIV Epidemic Control

Background: Scaling up Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC) is a critical intervention in achieving HIV epidemic control by 2020. However, documentation of programmatic interventions to improve VMMC uptake among military populations, a population that is at high risk of HIV, is lacking. URC-Department of Defense HIV/AIDS Prevention Program (DHAPP) implemented a novel approach to accelerate VMMC uptake in the Ugandan military. We describe trends in VMMC uptake and associated operational costs following the intervention. We also contrast between military and civilian facilities.
 Program Description: We implemented monthly mobile VMMC services throughout the country targeting soldiers, their families and surrounding communities. Records gathered during implementation were used to describe the intervention. Quantitative methods were applied to compare VMMC post intervention rates with set targets and monthly VMMC trends country-wide between military and civilian facilities over a five months period. An operational VMMC service cost analysis was applied to determine per male circumcision unit cost, excluding cost of consumables.
 Lessons Learnt: Command-driven mobilization, multiple stakeholder engagement, use of mobile VMMC teams and data-driven planning increased demand for and uptake of VMMC services among the military. By the first month of intervention, VMMC performance had surpassed set monthly targets of 1,474 by 1457 circumcisions, accounting for a 99% increase (n=2,931 circumcisions) from 31% to 62% uptake. Overall VMMC performance achieved within the military was 132% in excess of set targets (n=7,408) at six months. The scaled-up operational VMMC cost per circumcision performed dropped from $15 to $7, a 47% unit cost saving within six months. While a positive trend in VMMC uptake was observed in the military facilities, the opposite was exhibited in civilian facilities over the observation period.
 Conclusion: It is feasible to rapidly scale up circumcision coverage in populations served by military health facilities through mobile short term episodic VMMC services which optimize volume and efficiency. Invoking command-led mobilization and multiple stakeholder involvement is critical in demand creation and overcoming the mobile nature of the military.

An Intelligent Algorithm of Operation and Maintenance Cost Based on BIM of the Utility Tunnel

Through analyzing the relationship among the utility tunnel components, disaster risks and cost and the importance of BIM technology to integrated component information, disaster risk information and cost information, a component-disaster-cost data model based on BIM technology is built to realize dynamic recording of operation and maintenance cost and structured storage of operation and maintenance cost data. Based on the cost data model, the data flow of operation and maintenance cost analysis is established, artificial intelligence algorithm is introduced, deep learning, data analysis iteration is carried out, decision-making is assisted, and the healthy development of intelligent pipe gallery construction is promoted.

Evaluation Of Transport Fare At Ferry Port On Track Waai - Umeputih In Maluku Province

Waai Ferry Port is a port located in Waai Village, Central Maluku Regency which serves the Waai - Umeputih crossing. In terms of need, greatly affect the level of transportation services, especially in fulfilling public services. However, the prevailing fare are on the Waai route. Umeputih is now the when the track is still a pioneer route, not the that was applied when it became a commercial route. In addition, there is also a change in the Production Unit (SUP) in the type of vehicle class in accordance with Attachment I, Regulation of the Minister of Transportation Number 66 of 2019 concerning the Determination Mechanism and the Calculation Formulation of Ferries Transportation. The aims of this research are as follows: 1) To know the definition and unit system of ferries transportation. 2) Knowing the Fare on the Waai - Umeputih Line in Maluku Province in 2020. 3) Knowing the Fare on the Waai - Umeputih Line in Maluku Province in 2020. The research methodology used is direct field research, interview, literature / documentation and institutional. Then to analyze this based on Regulation of the Minister of Transportation Number 66 of 2019 concerning the Determination Mechanism and the Calculation Formulation of Ferries Transportation. The analysis used is load factor analysis, ship operational cost analysis, unit analysis and revenue analysis. The results of this study are 1) The Unit of Ferries Transportation which consists of the Passenger Transport and the for Vehicle and Their Cargo at the Ferry Port Based on the Applicable Regulations. 2) On the Waai - Umeputih Line in Maluku Province in 2020 is Irrelevant to Current Conditions, Due to Changes in Track Status and Changes in Production Unit (SUP) Units in the Management / Management System at PT. ASDP Indonesia Ferry (Persero) Ambon Branch in 2020. 3) Evaluation of Ferries Transportation on the Waai - Umeputih Route in Maluku Province Changes according to the following provisions: a) If there is an increase in the unit at the new, the regional government of the Regent of Central Maluku can do The Highest Reduction With Differentiation of 20% (Twenty Percent) From The Determined. b)The increasing of a fare nowadays is following Regulation of the Minister of Transportation Number 66 of 2019 concerning the Determination Mechanism and the Calculation Formulation of Ferries Transportation that stated a fare of production nowadays has increasing previous fare.

Temporal Analysis of Operational Costs of Paddy and Wheat Crops in Punjab

A study on operational costs in paddy and wheat crops was carried out by analysing secondary data. The secondary data over two decades from 1996-97 to 2016-17 were collected from Cost of Cultivation of Principal Crops in Punjab. The results revealed that paddy's total operational cost increased by over 150 percent, showing a growth rate of 8.27 percent per annum compared to a nearly 125 percent increase with 6.36 percent growth rate in wheat. Among various cost components, human labour showed a drastic increase of 260.71 percent (13.04 percent per annum growth rate) in paddy due to various operations performed by labour from transplanting seedling to harvesting. However, there was a similar increase of 346.46 percent in machine labour at the annual rate of 17.32 percent in the wheat crop. The study concluded that paddy farming turned labour intensive, and wheat was highly mechanized in Punjab. Subsequently, the farmers' dependence on labour was on the higher side in paddy cultivation.

Fuzzy Optimization for the Remediation of Ammonia: A Case Study Based on Electrochemical Oxidation.

This case study covers the application of the fuzzy optimization in simultaneously satisfying various constraints that include the compliance of ammonia and nitrate concentrations with stringent environmental standards. Essential components in the multi-criteria decision-making analysis is in the utilization of the Box-Behnken design (BBD) response equations, cost equations and the cumulative uncertainty of response towards the sodium chloride dosage, current density and electrolysis time parameters. The energy consumption in the electrochemical oxidation of ammonia plays an essential role in influencing the total operating cost analysis. The determination of boundary limits based on the global optimum resulted in the complete ammonia removal and USD 64.0 operating cost as its maximum boundary limits and the 40.6% ammonia removal and USD 17.1 as its minimum boundary limits. Based on the fuzzy optimal results, the overall satisfaction level incurred a decrease in adhering with a lower ammonia standard concentration (10 mg/L at 80.3% vs. 1.9 mg/L at 76.1%) due to a higher energy consumption requirement. Global optimal fuzzy results showed to be highly cost efficient (232.5% lower) as compared to using BBD alone. This demonstrates the practicality of fuzzy optimization applications in the electrochemical reactions.

Photocatalytic degradation of 2,4-dicholorophenoxyacetic acid by TiO2 modified catalyst: kinetics and operating cost analysis.

Effective pesticide remediation technology demands amendments in the advanced oxidation process for its continuous treatment and catalyst recovery. The evidence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), an herbicide in water bodies, poses a major environmental threat to both humans and aquatic organisms. In the present study, a recirculation type photocatalytic reactor was developed to treat 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid using chitosan-TiO2 beads prepared via impregnation method under UV light. At optimized conditions, chitosan-TiO2 beads showed a maximum photocatalytic degradation of 86% than commercial TiO2 (65%) and followed pseudo first-order reaction. The 2,4-D degradation follows pseudo first-order kinetics under UV irradiation with a rate constant of 0.12 h-1, and the intermediates were identified using LCMS analysis. The total operational cost of the chitosan-TiO2 catalyst was found to be profitable (Rs. 1323 for 2 L) than that of TiO2 (Rs. 1679) at optimized conditions. The beads were reusable up to 4 consecutive cycles without loss in efficiency. This study briefs photocatalytic removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in a recirculation-type reactor for its reliability, low cost, efficiency, reusability, and commercialization.

Characterization of dissolved organic matter during the O3-based advanced oxidation of mature landfill leachate with and without biological pre-treatment and operating cost analysis

In this study, the organic matter in an O3-based advanced oxidation process (AOP) for treating raw leachate (RL) and bio-treated leachate (BTL) was characterized. The optimal conditions for COD removal in RL and BTL treatment were as follows: initial pH of 6.0 and H2O2 dosage of 9 mL 30% H2O2 L−1 leachate, and initial pH of 12 without H2O2 addition, respectively. H2O2 addition had little influence on COD removal in the BTL treatment as sufficient hydroxyl radicals may not be produced at extremely high pH levels. The differences in the alkalinity between RL and BTL caused differences in the optimum pH of the AOPs. Overall, the initial pH more affected COD removal than the H2O2 dosage. O3-based AOP converted organics with high molecular weight fractions into low ones. Meanwhile, it preferentially degraded hydrophobic substances over hydrophilic substances. The organic matter in the BTL contained more refractory and hydrophobic fractions; therefore, higher COD removal was achieved in the treatment of RL. The organics in the treatment of RL and BTL were identified by excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis, and their degradation decreased in the following order: terrestrial humic-like > microbial humic-like > combination of tryptophan and humic-like components. O3-based AOP significantly enhanced biodegradability. According to the economic analysis results, as an intermediate treatment, O3-based AOP is a cost-effective strategy of ensuring that leachate effluent meets the discharge standards, with the lowest operating cost of $4.62 m−3. This study provides a reference for the application of O3-based AOP in full-scale landfill leachate treatment.

Operational cost analysis for a container shipping network integrated with offshore container port system: A case study on the West Coast of North America

The number of mega containerships operated by the major container shipping operators has reached a significant level in their fleet. However, the technical and physical insufficiencies of container ports do not allow handling of the latest generation mega containerships. The challenges of handling ultra-large container vessels (ULCV), especially in the main container lines, force port authorities to produce new port solutions. Offshore container port system (OCPS) is one of the recently proposed solutions to deal with the challenges of handling ULCVs more efficiently. These structures provide flexibility in eliminating operational difficulties arising from ULCV dimensions, while also helping to eliminate navigational constraints such as bridge and canal passages, and water draft. This article applies a research approach designed to evaluate the application of an OCPS in a particular geographical region. Based on this application, this research focuses on economic changes likely to arise as a result of the integration of ULCVs and OCPS into the existing container transport network. Accordingly, the developed container transport network model covers both the main route and the short sea shipping (SSS) leg, considering the offshore container port as a hub. In essence, this research is proposing an alternative port system and its associated container transportation network, for those ports that are currently unable to handle ULCV. To solve the problem, the paper presents a mixed- integer linear program model. It utilises a number of different decision variables and constraints in the process of making the model more realistic. Extensive numerical experiments based on realistic Asia-North America (West Coast) container shipping operations show that the model can be solved by Excel Solver. A case study for a container shipping network, using a set of 10 North America (West Coast) container ports linked to Asian markets, is presented herein. However, the robustness of the conclusions is subject to the uncertainty of the used values and the hypotheses made. Even though, the results can serve as an argument to strengthen the belief that the offshore container port concept can be considered as an alternative to conventional container ports.