Abstract
This case study covers the application of the fuzzy optimization in simultaneously satisfying various constraints that include the compliance of ammonia and nitrate concentrations with stringent environmental standards. Essential components in the multi-criteria decision-making analysis is in the utilization of the Box-Behnken design (BBD) response equations, cost equations and the cumulative uncertainty of response towards the sodium chloride dosage, current density and electrolysis time parameters. The energy consumption in the electrochemical oxidation of ammonia plays an essential role in influencing the total operating cost analysis. The determination of boundary limits based on the global optimum resulted in the complete ammonia removal and USD 64.0 operating cost as its maximum boundary limits and the 40.6% ammonia removal and USD 17.1 as its minimum boundary limits. Based on the fuzzy optimal results, the overall satisfaction level incurred a decrease in adhering with a lower ammonia standard concentration (10 mg/L at 80.3% vs. 1.9 mg/L at 76.1%) due to a higher energy consumption requirement. Global optimal fuzzy results showed to be highly cost efficient (232.5% lower) as compared to using BBD alone. This demonstrates the practicality of fuzzy optimization applications in the electrochemical reactions.
Highlights
Excessive discharge of nutrients into water bodies, mainly due to anthropogenic activities [1], has profound global environmental and health effects
The parametric factor of NaCl dosage is essential in investigating ammonia removal via the electrochemical process as this directly relates to the concentration of active chlorine species
The case study of this research work incorporates the utilization of fuzzy optimization in order to appropriately determine the best compromise result in the electrochemical oxidation of ammonia, which satisfies various constraints in the process system
Summary
Excessive discharge of nutrients into water bodies, mainly due to anthropogenic activities [1], has profound global environmental and health effects. High levels of nitrogen contributes to algal bloom in receiving surface waters resulting in depletion of dissolved oxygen and production of toxins that are harmful to aquatic organisms [2]. Ammonia (NH3 and/or NH4 + ) and nitrates (NO3 - ) in drinking water sources may cause blue baby syndrome, childhood diabetes, acute respiratory tract infections, and cancer when ingested in excess [3]. The European Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) set a wastewater discharge limit of 10–15 mg N L−1 in ecologically sensitive areas [4]. A maximum permissible limit of 10 and 11.3 mg NO3 -N L−1 in public drinking water supplies were established by USEPA and the World
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