Urban Open Spaces Research Articles

New Urban Governance in Controlling Public Green Open Spaces in Indonesia

This study aims to describe how new urban governance controls public green open spaces in Indonesia. Cities in Indonesia experience an imbalance of public green open space that must be provided. There should be around 20% of the total land area for public green open space. The city of Jakarta still has around 0.07% of available public green open space. While the city of Surabaya is also still available around 16.31%. So that management is needed that must be immediately carried out by various parties including the government, stakeholders, and the community to jointly control public green open spaces provided in urban areas according to predetermined minimum requirements. This study uses a type of qualitative research with the help of Nvivo 12 Plus software to analyze data obtained from secondary data sources. The results of this study indicate that controlling public green open spaces in Indonesia still does not have strong coordination between actors. Multi-level government still often experiences overlapping authorities, unification of goals between stakeholders, the government, and the public who still have different interests.

Exploring the Morphological Characteristics of Urban Open Spaces at the Neighborhood Scale in Patiala, Punjab

Exploring the Morphological Characteristics of Urban Open Spaces at the Neighborhood Scale in Patiala, Punjab

An Inclusive Approach of Urban Open Space Analysis via Field Sketching

This research explores how field sketch drawing can help in understanding, and analysing urban open spaces, and their potential roles for their experiential dimension. The research begins with a theoretical interpretation of the term “Place” and an examination of the components that make up an urban open space. This is followed by an analytical study of field sketch drawing techniques, which are selected and applied to develop an inclusive approach for analysing urban open spaces via field sketching. The final product of this research includes a theoretical study of urban space components and field sketching, serving as a comprehensive guide for analysing urban spaces through field sketching. The research findings highlight the potential of field sketch drawing as a valuable method for understanding and analysing urban open spaces, and its ability to enhance the experiential dimension of these spaces. The proposed inclusive field sketching approach provides a practical tool for designers and planners to conduct on-site analysis and generate preliminary design proposals for urban open spaces. The results of this research contribute to the field landscape architecture and design by providing insights and recommendations for incorporating field sketching as a valuable approach in the analysis and design of urban open spaces.

Comparison Of Regulations For The Approval Of Condominium Developments Before And After The Job Creation Law

Housing development is an effort to meet one of the basic human needs, as well as to improve the quality of the living environment, give direction to regional growth, expand employment and drive economic activities in improving and equitable distribution of people's welfare. The construction of flats is one alternative solution to the problem of housing and settlement needs, especially areas in urban areas where the population continues to increase, because the construction of flats can reduce land use, make urban open spaces more spacious and can be used as a way to rejuvenate the city for slums. Arrangements related to the construction of flats were initially regulated in the Flats Law, one of which regulated the ratification of flats. The Job Creation Law through its omnibus law model amends several provisions including those related to flats, including through implementing regulations. In this paper using normative juridical research methods, the author will compare the arrangement for the ratification of flats before and after the promulgation of the Job Creation Law and explore potential juridical problems.

Актуальные вопросы моделирования сложных городских систем на примере управления общегородской системой озеленения

An up-to-date presentation of the factors and criteria for the improvement of open urban spaces within the framework of the concept of integrated development of territories in the context of modern trends in the development of urban planning activities is given. A comparison is made between contemporary needs and possibilities and legislative norms, revealing their insufficiency or inconsistency with new conditions. The necessity of information and legislative developments in this field is justified. The directions for finding automated solutions for the development of a functional model of citywide greening are presented. An approach to modeling an information system for managing the processes of landscaping open urban spaces is proposed

Evaluation of Open and Green Space Systems in the Context of Urban Livability

Urban that has overgrown in recent years have affected human lifestyle and ecological balance in a negative way. Open and green spaces decreased. With this, unhealthy urban conditions occur. Therefore, urban is becoming more unlivable. The aim of this study, starting from the problem of insufficient/unqualified open and green areas in urban, is to show that cities are more livable when the open and green spaces system is designed. The “top 10 livable cities” ranking the world cities are listed by 6 different institutions and the same cities included in this list are selected. The open and green areas of 4 different selected cities were examined. In the scope, two basic concepts are based on: open-green space systems and urban livability. As a result of the study, it has been seen that open and green space systems affect cities more livable. Therefore, open and green areas are planned systematically for maximum benefit with a sustainable approach. However, systems also need new approaches at some points. At this point, a hypothetical open green space system is proposed in this study. The concept of urban liveability and open and green spaces, an index of urban liveability, are explained. Then, open and green space systems in the literature are clarified with examples. To show the relationship between urban liveability and open green spaces, the research results done by different institutions, the most overlapping cities have been selected according to the top 10 list of most liveable cities list. The value of this study to make itself original and the literature contribution is that at the end of the research, a new open and green system was suggested based on the open and green systems in the literature.

Current Situation and Optimization Suggestions for Ageing-Appropriate Development of Urban Public Rest Facilities

With the increasing proportion of elderly people, China has long since entered an aging society, and the development of aging has continued to deepen. In the construction of the humanization level of the city, the development of age-appropriate public rest facilities has attracted much attention. This study will take the current aging society as the background and meet the physiological and psychological needs of the elderly group as the starting point to investigate in depth the current situation of the construction of urban public open space facilities. Based on the degree of aging, the level of urban construction, and social concern, this study selects the public rest facilities in Changning District, Shanghai, as the research object, and conducts a comprehensive analysis of the level of construction of aging-appropriate rest facilities. The study found that the construction of existing urban public rest facilities is still characterized by a variety of problems such as scarcity, single type, poor comfort, safety hazards, and lack of consideration for the physical scale of the elderly population and suggested corresponding improvements. Public rest facilities must follow the people-oriented principle, be based on the many different needs of the elderly, fully integrate the living habits of China's elderly population, and comprehensively improve the quality of life of the elderly population. This study is of great significance for the subsequent promotion of the construction of public rest facilities and the implementation of the construction of the humanization level of the city.

Gaussian Mixture Model based classification for analyzing longitudinal outdoor thermal environment data to evaluate comfort conditions in urban open spaces

Global warming and the urban heat island effect have led to a decline in the quality of urban open spaces. Although many studies have been conducted on the thermal environment of urban open spaces, there is a lack of a detailed analysis of the time dimension. This study is to propose a method for analyzing long-term time series data on thermal environment, to more comprehensively evaluate the comfort of urban open spaces. We employed thermal environment data from urban open spaces in Melbourne and conducted a time series comfort analysis using a Gaussian mixture model. The research findings indicate that urban open spaces surrounded by low-rise buildings exhibit the highest thermal comfort, whereas those encompassed by a combination of buildings and green spaces exhibit the lowest comfort level. More importantly, we discovered similarities in the comfortable time periods across the five types of urban open spaces, with the majority falling between 6:00 AM and 10:00 AM. These discoveries can assist in achieving a more objective evaluation of the thermal environment in urban open spaces and provide scientific guidance for urban planning and landscape design, thus enhancing the quality of life for urban residents.

Spatial Distribution and Quality of Urban Public Spaces in the Attica Region (Greece) during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Survey-Based Analysis

This study investigates the spatial distribution and quality of urban public spaces in the Attica region during the COVID-19 pandemic. A questionnaire survey was conducted to gather data on the availability, accessibility, and quality of open urban public spaces. The findings indicate that, although several respondents reported the presence of outdoor public spaces in their respective areas, these spaces often did not meet the desired quality standards. Notably, a clear preference was expressed for open public spaces located within a convenient walking distance, typically within a 15-min walk. Quality assessments varied across different sectors of Attica, with the central Athens and central Piraeus sectors receiving lower ratings in terms of availability, quality, and safety. Compared to the rest of Attica, the residential suburbs of Athens’s Northern Sector appear to have more accessible, safe, and well-maintained public areas. The research underscores the critical importance of quality public spaces, particularly during times of crisis. This study emphasizes the need for a re-evaluation of urban planning strategies to ensure that public spaces remain functional and accessible to citizens.

Inclusion of ecosystem services in the management of municipal natural open space systems

Abstract Unprecedented urbanisation in the Global South is transforming natural urban landscapes, impacting on the ability of nature to provide essential ecosystem services. Within the context of pressures facing many urban natural open spaces, particularly in Africa, we used a local municipality in South Africa as a case study to (i) identify local government priorities for a natural open space system; (ii) develop an understanding of whether, and how, ecosystem services are considered by local government, and the reasons thereof; and (iii) ascertain the extent of proactive planning regarding regulating and other ecosystem services, including the temporal and spatial scales, and implications. In‐depth qualitative interviews (n = 12) were undertaken with senior municipal officials representing departments whose work impacts the environment. Municipal decision‐support documents were also analysed for any direct and/or indirect references to ecosystem services. Planning for, and management of, ecosystem services provided by natural open spaces is influenced by interwoven infrastructure, municipal service delivery and equity challenges, complex institutional constraints and poverty, with little focus on the socio‐economic opportunities and other benefits of natural open space systems. Values, perceptions and knowledge also influence the management of ecosystem services. The study contributes to understanding the opportunities and challenges for the future governance of natural open space in the Global South, which require explicit consideration in municipal planning, management and budgeting processes. Policy and management implications identified include prioritisation of the regulating functions provided by natural open space systems, pivotal to the urban resilience agenda; building on the inherent appreciation of nature features as city assets, while achieving socio‐economic upliftment; improved (on‐site) collaborative management of natural open spaces; and involvement of local government officials in the preparation and updating of environmental policies and decision‐support documents, to ensure skills and knowledge transfer and interest are entrenched in local government departments. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Identification and Analysis of Potential Open-Sharing Subjects of Unit-Affiliated Green Spaces in Shanghai Based on POI Data

In the post-pandemic era, the need for accessible urban green open spaces has increased. There is an urgent need to accurately identify large-scale unit-affiliated green spaces and focus on the potential for open sharing. Therefore, using POI data from the Gaode map of Shanghai obtained via web crawler, combined with remote sensing image data and the current green space data, the subjects of unit-affiliated green spaces in the main urban area and five new towns of Shanghai were identified in 2021. On this basis, in-depth explorations were carried out in terms of the type and number of subjects, the overall layout, and the grading of potential open sharing. A new application path for identifying subjects of unit-affiliated green spaces based on the POI data was established. The analysis of the potential openness of the subjects strongly supports the open sharing of unit-affiliated green spaces; the open sharing of unit-affiliated green spaces can compensate for the deficiencies in the fairness and efficiency of urban green spaces.

A DEEP LEARNING APPROACH USING VERY-HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION GAOFEN-2 IMAGES TO SUPPORT THE UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATOR 11.7.1 ASSESSMENT

Abstract. Since the proposal of the "2030 Agenda", the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal indicator 11.7.1 aims to calculate the accessibility and quality of urban open spaces(UOS). An accurate and rapid assessment framework of UOS is of great significance for urban sustainable development. Previous research on UOS has mainly focused on the evolution patterns of UOS, with little research on assessments of their accessibility for different population structures (i.e., men vs. women, young vs. older). In this study, a U-Net deep learning network was used for training from 3072 annotated samples of urban green spaces(UGS) which was created based on Gaofen-2 remote sensing images. The trained model was used to identify UGS within five districts of Beijing at sub-meter level, incorporated with Open Street Map and area of interest data. A spatial analysis was conducted for accessibility of UOS, finding that most of the UOS in the central urban area of Beijing can be reached within 10 minutes, but access to the eastern and western edges is poorer (more than 30 minutes). Finally, using Worldpop data, the accessibility of UOS was statistically analyzed for different ages and genders. The results show that UOS accessibility rate for the elderly and children reaches over 90% (10 minutes accessibility).

Factors influencing road setbacks and urban open space encroachment by traders in Nigeria: A narrative review

In many developing countries, especially Nigeria, informal sector activities such as roadside trading, hawking as well as roadside squatting has become increasingly prevalent. Although these activities are often seen as survival strategies for the low-income population with no other means of earning a living, nonetheless, they have negative impacts on the environment and traffic flow and can also compromise the safety and security of the traders. This study aims to explore the factors that contribute to the growth of this phenomenon on encroached highways, urban roads, and open spaces, and to examine its effects on both the environment and the traders. Using a narrative review approach, the research analysed relevant books, journals, conference papers, reports, and policy documents extracted from Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholars databases. The study findings revealed that economic crises and high levels of unemployment in developing countries have led to an increase in street trading and roadside vending. In addition, the lack of effective urban planning and enforcement of development control laws has also played a significant role in the proliferation of these activities on encroached urban roads and green spaces. Consequently, on highways, the absence of organized and standardized Rest and Service Areas (RSA) at regular intervals in developing countries, especially Nigeria, has facilitated the emergence of roadside markets. Furthermore, this situation is compounded by the location of agrarian settlements along the highways. Thus, to address these issues, the research recommends that the government reorganize, integrate, and upscale the activities of street traders, while also improving urban planning and enforcing road right-of-way barriers to protect urban green spaces and conclusively, the introduction of standard RSA at regular intervals along highways would provide motorists with necessary rest and services, discouraging them from stopping indiscriminately on transits, which often leads to the emergence of roadside markets.

Maintaining traditional values and looking for novel uses assure equines' survival as a species

SummaryBackgroundRoutine tasks performed by equids have been taken over by motorised transportation and agricultural mechanisation services, and both are rapidly expanding in developing nations. For instance, in developing nations, the length of all‐season roads annually has increased by 0.2% and the number of vehicles by 15% to 17%. Consequently, rural agriculture no longer regularly recruits equines.ObjectivesStrategies need to be developed to safeguard the use values of equids to guarantee their crucial role in the daily lives of rural people.Study designThe report has compiled the findings of field‐based exploratory qualitative study.MethodsThis study involved in‐depth interviews of 10 knowledgeable informants and analysed FAOSTAT historical dataset to assess the population status of equids.ResultsTo encourage people to use equids for companionship and recreational purposes, the hobbies of equine farming need to be promoted in both urban and rural areas. Equestrian riding and racing can be beneficial for festivals and sociocultural events, like weddings, funerals and competitions. It is illogical to disregard the transportation, ploughing and crop harvesting roles of equids. It is worthwhile to include donkeys and mules in the well‐established sports of horseracing and riding. Bovines can produce high‐quality carcasses when equids are used as work animals. Equine manure is rich in nutrients compared with ruminant manure. Equid meat is occasionally consumed and exported. Equid hides can be used to produce leather goods and parchments. It is essential to investigate the medicinal value of equine products. By clipping hair from horses' tails and manes, handicraft people can make whiskers and cords of musical instruments. Equids are highly sought‐after in landscape management and scientific studies. In rangelands, horses can assist in monitoring grazing and browsing livestock. In open urban public spaces and rural areas, equines can graze on communal grazing lands as stray animals and a population of feral animals may eventually emerge.Main limitationsThis is an exploratory qualitative study and it needs to be supported by extensive studies involving formal surveys.ConclusionTo ensure the continued existence of equids, it is worthwhile to explore the derived use values, enhance the existing ones and alleviate their major production constraints.

FORMATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL IMAGE OF THE CITY OF ZAPORIZHZHIA BY MEANS OF CULTURAL LANDSCAPE

This study examines the problems and prospects of the concept of cultural landscape design in the formation of an individual image of the city of Zaporizhzhia. In the process of identifying the features of the individual image of the city of Zaporizhzhia, a pre-project analysis of the state of the formed image was carried out. Through the study of its landscape areas and their research regarding potential development, urban recreational facilities such as parks, boulevards, fragments of gardens at public centers, landscaped adjacent areas, urban landscaped areas with a size of no more than 0.2 - 1 ha are taken into account, and as well as urban open spaces at the intersection of the main transport and pedestrian routes, in particular in the historical buildings of the city. As a result, the main problems were identified and the main directions of the development of greening of the urban environment were determined.
 In general, green areas of the city have a number of shortcomings of a systemic nature without a single stylistic and compositional approach. There are not enough green recreation areas in the central part. Therefore, the creation of a single landscaping system with its own design code and interconnected cultural landscape is possible when implementing the following proposals:
 1) Development of the city-wide concept of forming an individual image of the city of Zaporizhia by means of the cultural landscape.
 2) Development of a city-wide program for the organization of the city's green framework, taking into account the city-wide concept of forming an individual image of the city of Zaporizhia by means of the cultural landscape. 
 3) Development of a city-wide concept for the development of the coastal areas of the city of Zaporizhia, taking into account the city-wide program for the organization of the city's green framework and the city-wide concept of forming an individual image of the city of Zaporizhia by means of the cultural landscape.

Modeling urban growth effects on carrying capacity in arid and semi-arid regions using system dynamics

Urban carrying capacity (UCC) is essential to attaining sustainable development objectives. This study demonstrates the significance of strategies such as limiting built-up areas, preserving and expanding green and open spaces, and protecting water resources on health and urban carrying capacity in arid and semi-arid regions. This research is founded on the system dynamics model and aims to demonstrate, quantitatively and qualitatively, the interactions that affect urban carrying capacity between 2021 and 2040 in Tehran. The mean absolute percent error (MAPE), the coefficient of determination (R2), and the relative error (RE) all play a role in determining simulation accuracy. RE is less than 15 %, MAPE is less than 5 %, and R2 is more than 0.5, indicating that the system dynamics model adequately describes the actual behaviors. The results of the status quo scenario show that the current management policies will cause substantial damage to the environment, urban carrying capacity, and landscape subsystems and drive the system to an unsustainable level of water resources. In this scenario, between 2021 and 2040, water demand and built-up area increased by 26.26 % and 70.29 %, respectively, and in 2026, the Water Sustainability Index (WSI) will decline below 0.1, indicating that the water reserve cannot support the water demand after 2025. This study demonstrates that cities in arid and semi-arid regions cannot sustain continuous growth and physical development without considering the health of the primary carriers, such as spatial and water resources. In terms of health and urban carrying capacity, implementing a combination of policies aimed at enhancing urban green and open spaces and regulating water demand was the most effective. Also, considering that only ecological factors are considered in the present study, it is suggested that future research investigate economic and social aspects.

Mandarin Chinese translation of the ISO-12913 soundscape attributes to investigate the mechanism of soundscape perception in urban open spaces

This study is part of a global collaboration to translate the soundscape attributes proposed in ISO/TS 12913-2:2018, which aims to standardise soundscape research globally. Cross-referencing results from two independent expert panels produced a set of eight soundscape attributes that were subsequently experimentally verified, forming a reliable questionnaire for soundscape characterisation in Mandarin Chinese. Employing the as-developed questionnaire, ex situ auditory-only soundscape perception experiments were carried out with 27 soundscape recordings from urban open spaces in the United Kingdom. The soundscape perception scale was used to evaluate participants' experiences, which were then projected into two dimensions of soundscape perception, pleasantness and eventfulness, following protocols from ISO 12913-3:2019. Physical and psychoacoustic parameters, as well as the characteristics of the sound sources, were extracted from the recordings. These parameters were used together to describe the soundscape characteristics of the recordings. Principal component analysis revealed that, when individuals are exposed to urban open spaces, the salient sound source becomes the foreground focus of attention, informing them to perceive the soundscape. Beyond this, perception stimulation is further based on the acoustic characteristics of the soundscape. Regression analysis investigated factors for pleasantness and eventfulness. For pleasantness, the overall S95 had a significant negative effect while birdsong was beneficial. With regard to eventfulness, mechanical sound had a detrimental impact, while the number of salient sound source types and the overall F50 had a positive impact. Furthermore, this study founds that certain types of sound sources make the sound more recognisable as a foreground sound, thereby stimulating perception, while others may be ignored as background sounds but still contribute to the perception through their acoustic characteristics.

Health-Promoting Nature-Based Paradigms in Urban Planning

Since the 19th century, urban planning has largely been guided by ambitions to improve the population’s wellbeing and living conditions. Parks and green areas have played a significant role in this work. However, the confidence in the function of green areas, and thus the motives for creating urban parks and green open spaces, have shifted over the years, which has affected both the planning and design of green areas. This entry describes three overarching paradigm shifts in urban planning, from the end of the 18th century to today, and the focus is on the major paradigm shift that is underway: how green areas can mitigate climate effects, increase biodiversity and at the same time support people’s health and living conditions in a smart city.

Identifikasi Fungsi Dan Aktivitas Pada Taman Janggan Sebagai Ruang Terbuka Publik Kota Denpasar

Identification of Functions and Activities in Janggan Park as a Public Open Space in Denpasar City. Janggan Park is an urban public open space, located in Denpasar City, Janggan Park has two parts of the park, namely the western and eastern parts, Janggan Park is also a park for relaxing the people of Denpasar City and is predicated as a child-friendly playground. This research was carried out to find out the irregularities in the activities and functions of the park between the western and eastern parts of the park and with this research it can provide advice to the government regarding future management. The method used in this research is field observation, interviews, and questionnaires. From the results of the study, it was found that park visitors prefer to have activities in the eastern part than the western part, which is the difference in activity between the western and eastern parks, namely because of differences in park management, so that the treatment patterns for both hardscape and softscape are different, the eastern part of the park is managed by the city government. Denpasar, while the western part is managed by the provincial government of Bali. The difference in management is what makes the vision of the park differ that effect the park condition. Plants selection and maintenance are two aspects that cause differences in visitors preferences in using the park.

Urban green space development plans and strategies in Sorong city Southwest Papua Province

The city administration considers implementing urban green open spaces a viable solution to meet Indonesia's Folu Net Sink 2030 target and the Long-Term Strategy for Low Carbon and Climate Resilience (LTS LCCR) 2050. This initiative addresses the urban environment's declining carrying capacity and resilience. The current urban green open space development level in Sorong City stands at 8.21%, which falls short of the 30% target mandated by the central government. The utilization of SWOT analysis is employed as a means to construct comprehensive plans and strategies. The findings indicate that the IFE value is 2.38, while the EFE value is 2.27. To mitigate the effects of potential threats, it is essential to ascertain the defensive mechanisms employed by the entity under consideration. A total of 110 weakness-threat (WT) strategies were identified through the collaborative efforts of managers and municipal environmental planners, who combined 10 weakness aspects with 11 threat components. Regrettably, a limited number of these hypothetical solutions demonstrated satisfactory performance. The Urban Green Open Space Development (UGOSD) initiative in Southwest Papua has found six viable Wakness-Threat (WT) alternatives to enhance the urban green infrastructure system.