Open System Architecture Research Articles

Real-Time Scheduling for Mixed-Criticality Systems in the Automotive Industry

Currently, mixed-criticality systems (MCSs) are rapidly adopted by the automotive industry, with the shift in electricalelectronic architecture from federated to integrated design to reduce developmental costs, pull in the development schedule, and easy reconfiguration of the system with service-oriented architecture. Several studies have been based on Vestal’s original MCS model, in which the criticality modes are the same as criticality levels. However, the MCS model does not fit the automotive industry or the safety perspective. In this study, we identify the divergence of theory and automotive practice for real-time MCS. We also propose a generalized MCS model close to industry practice and a priority assignment algorithm along with schedulability analysis for both online and offline phases. Further, we present a practical example of memory partition and decomposition tasks based on AUTomotive Open System Architecture (AUTOSAR). The proposed design is currently being developed for battery management systems of electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.

Digital Transformation of the Process of Creation of Aviation Techniques based on the Mind Sphere Platform

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the digital transformation processes of the procedure of making aviation technics based on the usage of high technological platform MindSphere. The architecture and tools of the Siemens IIoT MindSphere open cloud operating system are reviewed. There are the capabilities of the MindSphere platform for the digital transformation of industrial enterprises. In theoretical part of this article, the authors consider perspective technologies of digitalization at domestic aviation enterprises, where the main factors are work in the sphere of introducing artificial intelligence and creating unique digital twins of aircrafts. The research is based on the comprehensive analysis and synthesis with the following forming of the final grade of the main results of realization of technological domestic enterprises’ transformation. In the course of the study, the task is to identify key areas and areas of technological transformation and the possibility of using promising information technologies (IT) systems. The article’s authors point out that for solution of tasks of predictive analytics, multivariate analysis, trend prediction, and pattern analysis based on artificial intelligence / machine learning methods aviation enterprises have to use technological abilities of the platform MindSphere. It is defined that the development a full-fledged virtual object model based on technologies included in the platform Mindsphere will allow solving a lot of problems during its development and also there comes up an opportunity to qualitatively analyze the various options for the developed product and optimize the time / expenses connected to its last development. During the conducted analysis, it was found out that technologies Siemens PLM (Product lifecycle) Software on the platform MindSphere allow making verified models aircraft, their units, components and systems, as well as conduct their virtual tests. For typical aviation systems and components of the solution suggest available libraries of customized models, due to which reliable calculations and rejection of part of field tests are possible. In the result of the conducted research authors come to the conclusion that with the help of the platform MindSphere enterprises, holdings, and even whole industries it will be able to close digital chains between the design, manufacture, and product operation.

Modeling and Verification of A Timing Protection Mechanism in the OSEK/VDX OS using CSP

Abstract The functions of automobiles are becoming increasingly intelligent, which leads to the increasing number of electrical control units for one automobile. Hence, it makes software migration and extension more complicated. In order to avoid these problems, the standard OSEK/VDX has been proposed jointly by a German automotive company consortium and the University of Karlsruhe. This standard provides specifications for the development of automotive software, this standard has become one of the major standards for real-time automotive operating systems (OSs). Since errors in the automotive OS may pose threat to the safety of people in a vehicle, it is necessary to verify the correctness of the OSEK OS which is used by many manufacturers around the world. Formal methods can be adopted to verify the correctness of both software and hardware. Therefore, we propose a formal model of the OSEK OS at the code level and verify three significant properties of the OSEK-based system. In this study, the code-level OSEK OS is verified to ensure compliance with the specifications. An automotive OS always requires that the systemreacts in a timelymanner to external events and performs the computations within the timing constraints. However, there is a possibility that the running time of the tasks exceeds the timing requirements due to the complexity of the tasks. Therefore, by referring to one of the extensions of the OSEK OS, Automotive Open System Architecture (AUTOSAR), we proposed tpOSEK, which is capable of extending the OSEK OS with a timing protection mechanism in AUTOSAR in this study. In our previous study, it was verified that the higher-priority task cannot be preempted by lower-priority tasks. In this paper, after improvement made to the OSEK OS model by adding interrupt service routine models and alarms, and extension of the OSEK OS model with a timing protection model, we have verified that tpOSEK satisfies three significant properties, which include deadlock f ree, complete and no timeout. These properties represent the basic conditions for the systemto run smoothly. If such properties as deadlock f ree and complete are satisfied, it means no deadlock is encountered by this system and all of the tasks can be scheduled completely. Moreover, if the property timeout cannot be satisfied, it means that none of the tasks would miss the deadline. Based on the tpOSEK model, the correct timing protection APIs can be designed at the code level. Thus, by extending the OSEKOSwith theseAPIs,we can update theOSEKOS faster and the need tomodify the dependent applications can be removed. Furthermore, we have constructed formal models for two industrial cases based on tpOSEK OS to demonstrate the soundness of our methods.

A Secure Operating System Architecture Based on Linux against Communication Offense with Root Exploit for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

A Secure Operating System Architecture Based on Linux against Communication Offense with Root Exploit for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Railway Defender Kill Chain to Predict and Detect Cyber-Attacks

Most organizations focus on intrusion prevention technologies, with less emphasis on prediction and detection. This research looks at prediction and detection in the railway industry. It uses an extended cyber kill chain (CKC) model and an industrial control system (ICS) cyber kill chain for detection and proposes predictive technologies that will help railway organizations predict and recover from cyber-attacks. The extended CKC model consists of both internal and external cyber kill chain; breaking the chain at an early stage will help the defender stop the adversary’s malicious actions. This research incorporates an OSA (open system architecture) for railways with the railway cybersecurity OSA-CBM (open system architecture for condition-based maintenance) architecture. The railway cybersecurity OSACBM architecture consists of eight layers; cybersecurity information moves from the initial level of data acquisition to data processing, data analysis, incident detection, incident assessment, incident prognostics, decision support, and visualization. The main objective of the research is to predict, prevent, detect, and respond to cyber-attacks early in the CKC by using defensive controls called the Railway Defender Kill Chain (RDKC). The contributions of the research are as follows. First, it adapts and modifies the railway cybersecurity OSA-CBM architecture for railways. Second, it adapts the cyber kill chain model for the railway. Third, it introduces the Railway Defender Kill Chain. Fourth, it presents examples of cyber-attack scenarios in the railway system.

Big Data Driven Edge-Cloud Collaboration Architecture for Cloud Manufacturing: A Software Defined Perspective

In the practice of cloud manufacturing, there still exist some major challenges, including: 1) cloud based big data analytics and decision-making cannot meet the requirements of many latency-sensitive applications on shop floors; 2) existing manufacturing systems lack enough reconfigurability, openness and evolvability to deal with shop-floor disturbances and market changes; and 3) big data from shop-floors and the Internet has not been effectively utilized to guide the optimization and upgrade of manufacturing systems. This paper proposes an open evolutionary architecture of the intelligent cloud manufacturing system with collaborative edge and cloud processing. Hierarchical gateways connecting and managing shop-floor <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">things</i> at the “edge” side are introduced to support latency-sensitive applications for real-time responses. Big data processed both at the gateways and in the cloud will be used to guide continuous improvement and evolution of edge-cloud systems for better performance. As software tools are becoming dominant as the “brain” of manufacturing control and decision-making, this paper also proposes a new mode - “AI-Mfg-Ops” (AI enabled Manufacturing Operations) with a supporting software defined framework, which can promote fast operation and upgrading of cloud manufacturing systems with smart monitoring-analysis-planning-execution in a closed loop. This research can contribute to the rapid response and efficient operation of cloud manufacturing systems.

A survey of internet of things operating systems with cyber assurance

Machine-to-machine (M2M) is an ecosystem which is used to describe any technology deploying and creating a network of devices to perform actions and exchange information. This new class of communicating devices have very diverse traffic characteristics and pose unique challenges. This paper surveys the state-of-the-art operating system technologies, architectures and available networking stack protocols on it, and explore their potential to support the growth of related applications. Moreover, the diversity of applications and internet of things (IoT) devices also necessitate the investigation of middleware framework and specifications to cater the current existing challenges. Therefore, we also discuss different challenges and issues in developing rich applications by using available operating systems. The paper concludes after providing recommendations for future enhancement in existing operating systems.

A survey of internet of things operating systems with cyber assurance

Machine-to-machine (M2M) is an ecosystem which is used to describe any technology deploying and creating a network of devices to perform actions and exchange information. This new class of communicating devices have very diverse traffic characteristics and pose unique challenges. This paper surveys the state-of-the-art operating system technologies, architectures and available networking stack protocols on it, and explore their potential to support the growth of related applications. Moreover, the diversity of applications and internet of things (IoT) devices also necessitate the investigation of middleware framework and specifications to cater the current existing challenges. Therefore, we also discuss different challenges and issues in developing rich applications by using available operating systems. The paper concludes after providing recommendations for future enhancement in existing operating systems.

Software-Defined Edge Computing (SDEC): Principle, Open IoT System Architecture, Applications, and Challenges

Edge computing is a bridge for realizing the convergence between physical space and cyber space in the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. Large numbers of physical objects produce a huge amount of data that needs to be efficiently processed in the edge side. This situation urgently requires novel ideas and framework in the design and management of edge computing to improve and enhance its performance. In this article, we propose an approach and principle of software-defined edge computing (SDEC) from the perspective of cyber-physical mapping, where the ultimate goal is to achieve a highly automatic and intelligent edge computing system. The SDEC can also help realize flexible management and intelligent collaboration among various edge hardware resources and services by way of software. To this end, we design an SDEC-based open IoT system architecture which decouples upper level IoT applications from the underlying physical edge resources and builds dynamically reconfigurable smart edge services. The software-definition mechanism of the SDEC platform is proposed to introduce the detailed processes that the underlying physical devices are defined in the form of software. We also describe an illustrative application case about smart factory to present the practical effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Finally, we outline several challenges which are worthy of in-depth study and research. The SDEC paradigm can share, reuse, recombine, and reconfigure edge resources and services so that the overall service capability of the edge side can be improved.

Virtual Integration in Avionics Systems‐RTOS

AbstractThis paper discuss about the challenges and thoughts in Virtual integration using Real Time Operating Systems for avionics system integration with respect to different architectures like Open System Architecture and Integrated Modular Avionics.This paper mainly discusses about role of RTOS like ARINC653 in solving the problems in Avionics System Engineering, in which software‐software integration and hardware‐software integration is achieved using features of RTOS and this approach is called Virtual Integration. I have proposed customization of existing RTOS using new concepts which enhances the capability of performance and extendibility in integration keeping core System Engineering Principles in mind.This paper discusses about the system integration challenges identified in use of existing RTOS which includes: 1. Cross Platform Development, 2. Selection of communication mechanisms and scheduling for mixed operating system environment, 3. Current RTOS are mainly Monolithic and Micro Kernel based to compete in speed of execution and process management. 4. Current RTOS are limited to target platforms like Power PC, Intel x86 etc. and not supporting soft processors like micro‐blaze, FPGA platforms etc.Proposal for future enhancements to include use of Kernel level scheduling algorithms and Nano Kernels in RTOS to host more Platform OS to have more number of independent process running with more accurate time scheduling with less switch overheads, support for cross platform development with different host development technologies, support for SOC, POC other than conventional processors like x86, Power PC, ARM and MIPS etc.This paper discusses about the Network Virtualization and its application in avionics integration to overcome the capability of hardware networking devices using RTOS. Applying Trusted Execution Technology (TXT) approach in Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) to ensure that the launching components at BIOS, OS Loader and Hypervisor are safe and trusted to avoid failure and malfunctions during run‐time.

ECU Inter‐processor data communication End to End verification in Autosar for achieving Functional Safety Goals

AbstractSafety is absence of unreasonable risk. Functional safety emphasis to handle unintended behavior of the system. ISO26262 recommends the process and development of electrical components in automotive vehicle weighing less than 3000kg. Features are assigned with Automotive safety integrate levels (ASIL) A,B,C and D by performing Hazard Analysis and Risk Assignment(HARA). ISO 26262 recommends integrity of data communicated between sender and receiver components which handles data associated with ASIL features. This is achieved by developing each software or hardware components in compliance with ISO26262 ASIL recommended process and implementation. The process requires lot of effort to develop and validate each software component as per ISO26262 recommendations. This is more challenging when data integrity needs to be maintained between sender and receiver components which resides on two different microprocessors in the ECU. Also, it is more challenging to achieve freedom from interference between QM (quality managed) and ASIL feature software with in the software or hardware components. This paper detailed the decomposition of ASIL as per ISO‐ 26262 and exploring the end to end verification methods in AUTOSAR (Automotive Open System Architecture) to achieve safety goals. This paper considers achieving data integrity between two microprocessors in infotainment. This paper highlights the software components on sender and receiver that must comply to ISO26262 and recommendations, instead of developing all software and hardware components as per ISO 26262.

Research on the health management of an automatic magazine control system to the naval gun

According to the problems of low maintenance efficiency and high cost for traditional regular maintenance and after-the-fact maintenance methods, PHM technology is introduced to improve the success rate of the system operation, extend the service life, and reduce maintenance difficulty and cost. Aiming at the overall situation of the automatic magazine control system of a large-caliber gun weapon, a new health management system based on a data-driven method is proposed. Establishing a PHM model applied to automatic magazine control system by using the structure of open system architecture for condition-based Maintenance (OSA-CBM); the prediction and evaluation function of PHM system is studied with an example of transfer servo drive system; the prediction model based on BP neural network is established to predict the health parameters of the automatic magazine control system. Then the health state of system is evaluated according to the prediction result and the function is verified by simulation. The simulation results show this BP neural network model is applicable for the parameter prediction of the prediction and evaluation module of the automatic magazine PHM system. The prediction accuracy is over 90%, and the model has a good applicability.

IoT Operating Systems: Perspective, Availability and Proposed New Architecture

Internet of Things (IoT) is penetrating our lives faster than earlier due to the fact that it can create valuable real time data without any human interference. As there is no human involved, data generation is certain irrespective of any situation. The accuracy depends upon the sensors used in the implementation. Operating System is a basic and important part of any computational system, so is the case with IoT. However, IoT is still in its infancy, proper standards are yet to be developed and formalized. There are many IoT Operating Systems available in the market, both open source and closed. Users select from the available OS as per their suitability and requirements. However, there is no standard Operating System which can suit all IoT installations/designs. This paper discusses the main features of existing IoT Operating Systems and parameters suitable for IoT Operating Systems. While using these existing Operating Systems, we have come across many issues, both technical and management. These issues are discussed in this paper with utmost care and we have tried to address the users' concern with these. Based on these issues, we tried to derive revised architecture of IoT Operating System which can take care of these issues if they are implemented. We have taken into account the existing architecture of Contiki and RIOT OS while deriving revised architecture. Since IoT is slowly but surely spreading its wings to industrial applications, security is utmost important. Many security issues are still to be addressed by existing Operating Systems; hence, our main concern is to address such issues.

Towards an Enhanced Data- and Knowledge Management Capability: A Data Life Cycle Model Proposition for Integrated Vehicle Health Management

The creation, capturing, using and sharing of knowledge is based on data. The rate of data creation, collection, and elicitation through wide range experiments, simulations and measurements is rapidly increasing within Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM). In addition, Knowledge Management (KM), data abstraction, analyses, storage and accessibility challenges persist, resulting in loss of knowledge and increased costs. This growth in the creation of research data, algorithms, technical papers, reports and logs, requires both a strategy and tool to address these challenges. A Data Life Cycle Model (DLCM) ensures the efficient and effective abstraction and management of both data and knowledge outputs. IVHM which depend heavily on high-quality data to perform data-driven, model-based and hybrid computational analysis of asset health. IVHM Centre does not yet have a systematic and coherent approach to its data management. The absence of a DLCM means that valuable knowledge might be lost or is difficult to find. Data visualization is fragmented and done on a project by project basis leading to increased costs. There is insufficient algorithm documentation and communication for easy transition between subsequent researchers and personnel. A systematic review of DLCMs, frameworks, standards and process models pertaining to data- and KM in the context of IVHM, found that there is no DLCM that is consistent with IVHM data and knowledge management requirements. Specifically, there is a need to develop a DLCM based on Open System Architecture for Condition-Based Maintenance framework.

Design and Implementation Procedure for an Advanced Driver Assistance System Based on an Open Source AUTOSAR

In this paper, we present the detailed design and implementation procedures for an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) based on an open source automotive open system architecture (AUTOSAR). Due to the increasing software complexity of ADAS, portability, component interoperability, and maintenance are becoming essential development factors. AUTOSAR satisfies these demands by defining system architecture standards. Although commercial distributions of AUTOSAR are well established, accessibility is a huge concern as they come with very expensive licensing fees. Open source AUTOSAR addresses this issue and can also minimize the overall cost of development. However, the development procedure has not been well established and could be difficult for engineers. The contribution of this paper is divided into two main parts: First, we provide the complete details on developing a collision warning system using an open source AUTOSAR. This includes the simplified basic concepts of AUTOSAR, which we have organized for easier understanding. Also, we present an improvement of the existing AUTOSAR development methodology focusing on defining the underlying tools at each development stage with clarity. Second, as the performance of open source software has not been proven and requires benchmarking to ensure the stability of the system, we propose various evaluation methods measuring the real-time performance of tasks and the overall latency of the communication stack. These performance metrics are relevant to confirm whether the entire system has deterministic behavior and responsiveness. The evaluation results can help developers to improve the overall safety of the vehicular system. Experiments are conducted on an AUTOSAR evaluation kit integrated with our self-developed collision warning system. The procedures and evaluation methods are applicable not only on detecting obstacles but other variants of ADAS and are very useful in integrating open source AUTOSAR to various vehicular applications.

Network-based Reconfigurable CNC System Technology with On-machine Monitoring and Intelligent Maintenance

A network-based monitorable CNC system was constructed. In order to adapt to the development trend of open CNC system, a four-level open system architecture model is constructed. The model can meet the requirements of functional structure adjustment and subsequent function expansion to realize the function integration of CNC system and the monitoring and processing of machine tool running status. The real-time acquisition of quality and the need for secondary card loading have established a prototype of the CNC system based on the embedded monitoring unit and the on-machine quality detection unit. Based on the analysis of the development status of machine tool monitoring, an embedded monitoring unit based on DSP + A RM architecture is built. This unit can monitor the running status of the machine in real time and connect seamlessly with the CNC system through the field bus. The flexible hardware and software configuration based on the change and demand of monitoring targets utilizes an open architecture and embeds a quality inspection unit to achieve on-machine acquisition of geometric information of the workpiece being machined. The research results provide a feasible solution for the integration of CNC equipment maintenance and system functions.

Aircraft protection for complex threat platforms through integrated EWOS application

The advancement of threats is focusing commanders to consider how to combat these complex threats throughout the kill chain including prior to launch and Anti-Access Area Denial (A2AD). To match this technology race, modern platforms have been designed with integrated command and control systems and automated Defensive Aids Suites built on modular open system architectures incorporating less diverse but more complex software driven systems. The successful operation of these combat systems is reliant upon the availability of accurate, configured, harmonised and “time sensitive” mission data without which the systems may be ineffective. This paper explores the use of threat analysis diagramming techniques, and open architectures tightly integrated with a EWOS life-cycle; to develop countermeasures with a measured response beyond the traditional self-protection kill chain stages of self-protection. It introduces how threat analysis prepares understanding for simulation and how a countermeasure description language can be used to store and exchange countermeasures in a structured form. This level of intelligence data support and analysis coordinated and synchronised across multiple platforms thereby facilitating the complexities of force protection higher up the kill chain into an onion of protection mapped to a Venn diagram of countermeasure types (design intentions) with differing data needs.

Improvement of Preventive Maintenance Process Effectiveness in Insourcing and Outsourcing Scheme with House of Risk (HOR) Method Approach (A Case Study)

Outsourcing has become the alternative scheme to gain improvement in several fields within a short time to many enterprises. One power generation in North Java implemented PM as planned maintenance strategy to maintain equipment by conducting insourcing and outsourcing scheme as PM execution. Both conditions must follow the same business process flow in PM execution process and there will occur some obstacles that interrupted PM process. The existing problem will be analyzed with House of Risk (HOR) method approach, supported by Integrated Manufacturing Open Systems Architecture (CIMOSA) process-based function modeling for identification method and Supply Chain Risk Identification System (SCRIS) risk structure identification used for mapping problem, root cause, and its relation. Analysis with HOR results in root causes that occurred within PM implementation process for both of them commonly has the same problem that is process business acknowledgment, but in outsourcing scheme not exist root cause on culture compliance and work task requirement, because they have a descriptive target to obtain service level agreement fulfillment. On both scheme still need an improving method to monitor and evaluate the PM work for better performance.

A New Seven-Segment Profile Algorithm for an Open Source Architecture in a Hybrid Electronic Platform

The velocity profiles are used in the design of trajectories in motion control systems. It is necessary to design smoother movements to avoid high stress in the motor. In this paper, the rate of change in acceleration value is used to develop an S-curve velocity profile which presents an acceleration and deceleration stage smoother than the trapezoidal velocity profile reducing the error at the end of the duty-cycle pre-established in one degree of freedom (DoF) application. Furthermore, a new methodology is developed to generate a seven-segment profile that works with negative velocity and displacement constraints applying an open source architecture in a hybrid electronic platform compounded by a system on a chip (SoC) Raspberry Pi 3 and a field programmable gate array (FPGA). The performance of the motion controller is measured through the comparison of the error obtained in real-time application with a trapezoidal velocity profile. As a result, a low-cost platform and an open architecture system are achieved.

Design and Application of a Telemedicine System Jointly Driven by Videoconferencing and Data Exchange: Practical Experience from Henan Province, China

Background and Objectives: There are a few problems restraining the effective operation of telemedicine in China. On the basis of practices of the Henan Province Telemedicine Center of China (HTCC), the purpose of this study was to design a telemedicine system jointly driven by videoconferencing and data exchange to address the issues limiting the further development and implementation of telemedicine. Methods: Based on service-oriented architecture, the organizational design of the telemedicine system was gradually refined from top to bottom to complete its hierarchical layout. Technologies including multiprotocol stack adaptation, self-adaptive multilink network transmission, information exchange of heterogeneous medical systems, and open application system architecture were also used to construct the system. Results: The telemedicine system realizes the integration of videoconferencing, data acquisition and exchange of heterogeneous medical information systems, and the actual applications and expansion of telemedicine services. The HTCC currently covers more than 500 telemedicine centers, workstations, and service points, forming a five-level "province-city-county-township-village" telemedicine network linkage. The HTCC handles nearly 30,000 teleconsultation cases per year, helping patients save about ¥120 million Chinese Yuan RMB (approximately US $17.5 million). Conclusions: The proposed telemedicine system achieves satisfactory operation effects, along with social and economic benefits. It has the potential to increase the coverage of medical resources in remote regions, and it can play a role in solving other problems facing telemedicine development in China. The findings also inform measures for further improvement in telemedicine's implementation effects, service quality, and application scope in China and globally.