Open Stage Research Articles

Por la democratización imposible. La revista Cuestionario y la tercera presidencia de Perón (1973-1974)

En este artículo se estudia la posición editorial de la revista Cuestionario ante el proceso político que desembocó en la tercera presidencia de Perón. En particular, se analiza su pensamiento en torno a temas y acontecimientos clave del momento: el conflicto interno en el peronismo, el crecimiento de la violencia política, el proyecto político de Perón en torno a la “unidad nacional”, su rol como líder y el escenario abierto ante su desaparición física. Bajo la dirección del periodista Rodolfo Terragno, el mensuario Cuestionario se lanzó al público en mayo de 1973 y su publicación se extendió hasta junio de 1976. Durante este tiempo se destacó por ofrecer un espacio para el debate de ideas, un pensamiento editorial con cierta pretensión de autonomía de los sectores políticos en pugna y una prédica de izquierda moderada que, en el contexto de 1973-1974, planteará la democratización de las prácticas políticas y la actualización doctrinaria del peronismo como herramientas fundamentales para resolver los dilemas de la hora.

A reassessment of the tank battle between 4th Armoured Brigade and Panzerregiment 5 during Operation Crusader in North Africa on 19 November 1941

Operation Crusader took place in the wide context of an integrated, multi-servicetheatre-level offensive operation in the Western Desert and the Mediterranean fromOctober 1941 through to January 1942. Seen through this lens, Operation Crusader wassimply the Army and the Royal Air Force component of a multi-service theatre-leveloffensive conducted by Allied forces. The operation ended with an almost completedefeat of the Axis troops, the lifting of the seven-month siege of Tobruk and the retreatof the surviving Axis forces to a position on the border of the colonial provinces ofTripolitania and Cyrenaica, in central Libya.Operation Crusader was the first army-level offensive undertaken by the Alliedforces in World War II, lasting from 17 November 1941 to 15 January 1942.355 Theaim of Operation Crusader was to trigger a large-scale tank battle with Axis tank forcesoutside the besieged desert port of Tobruk in Libya, to destroy the Axis armouredforces, and to pave the way to lift the siege of Tobruk, which had been conducted bythe Axis forces since April 1941. Operation Crusader was the first step in a set of threeoperations expected to lead to the clearing of the North African coast from Axis forcesand subsequently allow an invasion of Sicily in 1942. The battle was the largest tankoffensive conducted by Allied forces in either World War I or World War II until theSecond Battle of El Alamein in late October 1942. It was characterised by a number oftank battles between the Axis forces under the command of General der PanzertruppenErwin Rommel and Allied infantry and armoured forces under Lieutenant-General AlanCunningham and then Lieutenant-General Neil Ritchie, who fought under the overalldirection of General Claude Auchinleck, the Commander-in-Chief Middle East. 356 357The conduct of the battle showed weaknesses in the doctrine of British armouredforces, but it ultimately ended in a victory for the Allied forces. This article analysesthe first clash of British and German tanks during Operation Crusader and provides anew perspective on the performance of an experienced British cruiser tank regiment,which calls into question the overall assessment of how British armour performedduring the battle. The re-assessment provided in this article is in particular related to theperformance of both sides in the battle and the performance of both sides against theirtactical objectives on the day, as well as the comparative losses in tanks. The article covers the first engagement of British 4th Armoured Brigade with Germanarmour during the opening stage of Operation Crusader between 17 and 20 Novemberin which it managed to thwart a German counterattack. Utilising primary documents,such as war diaries, messages and reports, this article provides a new perspective on theestablished view of the battle that also affects our view of the performance of Britisharmoured units at regimental level during this period of the Desert War. The articlepresents a reassessment of comparative tank combat performance in the early phaseof Operation Crusader by analysing the first engagement between Allied and Germanarmour with a view to correcting misconceptions that have until now clouded thehistorical record, such as the one expressed in General Auchinleck’s despatch on theperiod, “But our tanks and anti-tank guns were no match for the German, althoughthey were fought with great gallantry:”.358 It also considers hitherto unused primaryevidence to shed new light on the losses in tanks suffered by both sides during the battle,and considers how the opposing forces performed in the context of their operationalobjectives.

The use of differential thermal analysis in determining the critical temperatures of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) flower buds at different stages of bud burst

Many studies to date on the response of cherry flower buds to frost have focused on visual evaluations by observing tissue browning after frost event in the orchard and laboratory conditions but only little knowledge is available on the consequences of intracellular ice formation on cellular ultrastructure that underlies exothermic reactions during bud burst stages. In this study, the differential thermal analysis (DTA) method was used to investigate critical frost temperatures for the sweet cherry cultivars '0900-Ziraat', 'Erzincan Macar', 'Lambert', 'Vista', 'Stella', and 'Early Burlat' under laboratory-based freeze assays. In the course of our experimental study, frost tolerance or cell death points (CDPs) of flowers of six cherry cultivars were investigated in consecutive phenological stages from the start to the end of blooming, for 2 years. The frost tolerance of flower buds changed according to different developmental stages and cherry cultivars. Our results of frost tolerance tests performed on the cherry blooming stages are rather controversial. Our findings have shown that at the open cluster stage, the frost tolerance of the flower buds is very sensitive (mCDP = -1.18°C for 'Lambert'), while the first white stage has revealed an important increase (mCDP= -9.96°C for '0900-Ziraat') in the frost tolerance of those. Averaged over 2 years, the temperatures causing 50% frost damage for flower buds were -2.08 to -3.76°C at the side green stage, -1.49 to -3.22°C at the green tip stage, -1.18 to -1.98°C at the open cluster stage, -7.92 to -9.96°C at the first white stage, and -6.29 to -9.36°C at the full bloom stage in the range of six cultivars. Based on our test results, '0900-Ziraat' and 'Vista' were regularly classified as frost-tolerant cultivars. The flower buds of 'Lambert' and 'Early Burlat' have been regularly the most sensitive, while 'Erzincan Macar' and 'Stella' were ranked into the group of medium sensitivity. These results can help farmers to estimate possible frost damages on sweet cherry flower buds due to frost events at the investigated phenological stages.

Photoconversion of polychlorinated naphthalenes in organic solvents under simulated sunlight: Solvent effect and mechanism

In this work, the organic solvent effect on the photoconversion of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) under the simulated sunlight, as well as the mechanism and influence factor were studied. Eight organic solvents were selected to demonstrate the solvent effect on the photoconversion by the theoretical calculation method. It was found that the photoconversion rates of 1-chloronaphthalene (CN-1) in different organic solvents were in the order of dimethyl sulfoxide > methanol > acetonitrile > ethanol > dichloromethane > toluene > n-hexane > acetone. The result, obtained by the density functional theory (DFT) computation and the polarized continuum model (PCM) analysis in the framework of self-consistent reaction field (SCRF), indicated that the photoconversion was affected by the hydrogen-donating ability and electron-withdrawing potential of the solvents, as well as non-specific solute-solvent interactions. The photoconversion in acetonitrile for the five PCNs (1-chloronaphthalene, 2-chloronaphthalene, 2,3-dichloronaphthalene, 1,2,3,4-tetrachloronaphthalene, and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8- octachloronaphthalene) all fitted well with the first-order kinetic equation; and the reaction rate decreased with the increasing of number of chlorine atoms of the PCNs. Products analysis proved that the photoconversion process of PCNs went through two stages, namely the initial stage of dechlorination and the later stage of oxidative ring opening. It was found that inorganic ions (NO3−, Cl−, Fe3+, and Fe2+) promoted or inhibited the photoconversion by generating or quenching of the reactive oxygen species, and chlorophyll a promoted the photoconversion through the generation of singlet oxygen.

Physical quality, amino acid contents, and health risk assessment of straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) at different maturity stages

Volvariella volvacea, also known as straw mushroom, is an edible mushroom, and a highly nutritious food source. In Malaysia, tremendous increase in the consumption of this mushroom is due to its characteristics; short cropping duration, distinct flavour, and pleasant taste. During harvesting, the maturity of V. volvacea is vital to obtain high quality produce. As the mature stage quickly succeeds the immature stage, farmers usually collect both the immature and mature stages at harvest. Thus, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the physical quality, nutrients, and health risk assessment of V. volvacea at both maturity stages. The mushrooms were cultivated on composted empty fruit bunch (EFB), and harvested after a week at immature (button) and mature (veil opening) stages. The absence of spores at the button stage could lower the metabolic activity after harvest, thus decelerating the deterioration rate. Button stage mushrooms showed significantly higher firmness and higher content of glutamic acid. In term of safety, both stages were within the dietary intake limit for heavy metals. In conclusion, the button stage could be suitable and practical for consumption and commercialisation.

Impact of Climate Warming on Cotton Growth and Yields in China and Pakistan: A Regional Perspective

Year to year change in weather poses serious threats to agriculture globally, especially in developing countries. Global climate models simulate an increase in global temperature between 2.9 to 5.5 °C till 2060, and crop production is highly vulnerable to climate warming trends. Extreme temperature causes a significant reduction in crop yields by negatively regulating the crop phenology. Therefore, to evaluate warming impact on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production and management practices, we quantified agrometeorological data of 30 years by applying multiple crop modelling tools to compute the expected rise in temperature, impact of crop phenology, yield loss, provision of agrometeorology-services, agronomic technologies, and adaptation to climate-smart agriculture. Model projections of 15 agrometeorology stations showed that the growing duration of the sowing-boll opening and sowing-harvesting stages was reduced by 2.30 to 5.66 days decade−1 and 4.23 days decade−1, respectively, in Pakistan. Temperature rise in China also advanced the planting dates, sowing emergence, 3–5 leaves, budding anthesis, full-bloom, cleft-boll, boll-opening, and boll-opening filling by 24.4, 26.2, 24.8, 23.3, 22.6, 15.8, 14.6, 5.4, 2.9, and 8.0 days. Furthermore, present findings exhibited that the warming effect of sowing-harvest time was observed 2.16 days premature, and delayed for 8.2, 2.4, and 5.3 days in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s in China. APSIM-cotton quantification revealed that the sowing, emergence, flowering, and maturity stages were negatively correlated with temperature −2.03, −1.93, −1.09, and −0.42 days °C−1 on average, respectively. This study also provided insight into the adaptation of smart and better cotton by improving agrotechnological services.

Argumentative misalignments in the controversy surrounding fashion sustainability

In light of the ongoing public controversy surrounding fashion sustainability, this paper sets out to identify misalignments that relate to the definitions of sustainable fashion. It does so by examining the discourse of different agents in this polylogical argumentation - fashion companies and the European Parliament as well as citizens, small brands and NGOs - as revealed through documents and tweets published online. Our findings show misalignments in the opening stage of the argumentative discussion at the level of explicit and implicit definitions of sustainability as well as in how the agents responsible are discursively portrayed. We argue that the existence of these misalignments may explain the ongoing controversy surrounding sustainable fashion: the different actors do not share univocal starting points and representations of this phenomenon. Methodologically, this paper also advances research on argumentative polylogues, by demonstrating a method for comparing argumentation by different actors using different data sources.

From Explosive Vent Opening to Effusive Outpouring: Mineral Constraints on Magma Dynamics and Timescales at Paricutin Monogenetic Volcano

Abstract Paricutin volcano is the youngest monogenetic cone of the Michoacán–Guanajuato volcanic field (Mexico), with an excellent historical eruption record from February 1943 to March 1952. The magma emitted during the 9 years of activity was compositionally zoned from basaltic andesite to andesite. This eruption has been considered a classic example of magma differentiation controlled by crustal assimilation combined with fractional crystallization. However, a recent geochemical study of the eruption products points to mantle source heterogeneity and fractional crystallization as the key processes involved in the compositional variability of the magmas. Here we present a detailed petrological characterization of the minerals [olivine, plagioclase, pyroxene, Cr-spinel, and (Ti-)magnetite] to shed light on the processes that led to the chemical evolution of the eruptive products. Our sample set includes the early tephra from the first weeks or months of eruption and the whole sequence of lava flows that followed. The mineral assemblage, their texture, and chemical composition show a systematic evolution between the products from the opening of the explosive vent to the effusive stage. The early tephra are basaltic andesites with oscillatory-zoned olivine and plagioclase, zoned Cr-spinel, and rare pyroxene xenocrysts. In contrast, later erupted tephra and post-January 1944 lavas are basaltic andesites and andesites with normally zoned olivine, Cr-spinel inclusions in equilibrium with the host olivine, and frequent orthopyroxene (after December 1947) with minor chemical zoning. Mineral chemistry data and olivine diffusion timescales, together with whole-rock geochemistry, suggest a convective magma regime with large temperature and oxygen fugacity gradients characterized by short timescales (few days) during the opening stage, followed by a steadier magma regime with longer timescales (few months) and including periodic magma recharge, mixing, and fractional crystallization. In addition, the mineralogical evidence we have gathered does not support considerable crustal assimilation at Paricutin. This study shows that monogenetic eruptions are far from being geochemically simple, and instead involve multiple magma batches with complex storage and mixing stages before eruption.

Aerodynamic Calculation of Supersonic Parachute at Initial Stage of Opening:

Aerodynamic Calculation of Supersonic Parachute at Initial Stage of Opening:

Хирургическое лечение трансацетабулярных переломов

The article presents an analysis of the treatment results of patients with transverse acetabulum fractures of type B1.1 according to the AO classification using various surgical tactics/ the most optimistic results were obtained when using the hip joint osteosynthesis with an external fixation device (EFD) «pelvis-hip» in urgent cases. Besides the obvious antishock action, it allows removing the femoral head from the central displacement and in many cases achieving the reposition of the acetabulum, due to ligamentotaxis. After x-ray control in the case of a further incomplete reposition in the EFD, it significantly simplifies the open stage of surgical treatment after the stabilization of the vital functions of the body, which has a positive effect on the long-term results of treatment of this complex category of patients.

Effects of feeding <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> on growth and intestinal microflora of hybrid sturgeon

China is the world’s largest sturgeon farming country. In recent years, the disease of sturgeon has been frequent, which has a serious impact on sturgeon farming industry. The sturgeon disease mainly occurrs in juvenile stages, especially the juvenile opening stage and the juvenile feeding stage, which are two sensitive stages in the breeding of sturgeon seedlings and it often results in massive death. How to improve the survival rate of sturgeon fry has become an important problem restricting the development of sturgeon industry. The effect of <italic>Bacillus</italic> in promoting the healthy growth of cultured animals is mainly reflected in three aspects: promoting the digestion and absorption of animal nutrients, regulating the micro-ecological balance of animal digestive tract, and enhancing the immunity and disease resistance of animals. Therefore, probiotics have attracted more and more attention as an effective feed additive and disease control substance. However, there are few reports on probiotics in sturgeon farming. In this study, the commercialized <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> with concentrations of 0.00%(control), 0.10%, 0.20% and 0.40% were added to the feed of juvenile hybrid sturgeon (<italic>Acipenser baeri</italic> ♀ × <italic>A</italic>. <italic>schrenkii</italic> ♂) for 90 days, with breeding time from August 23rd, 2018 to November 23rd, 2018. The application effect of <italic>B</italic>. <italic>subtilis</italic> were evaluated by observing growth performance, blood biochemical indices and the intestinal microbial flora of juvenile hybrid sturgeon. The results showed that the feeding rate and feed coefficient first decreased and then increased with the addition of <italic>B</italic>. <italic>subtilis</italic> but all significantly lower than that of the control group(<italic>P</italic><0.05), and the addition of 0.22% into the feed could improve the feed utilization for sturgeon. Compared with the control group, the addition of <italic>B</italic>. <italic>subtilis</italic> to feed increased the serum glucose content, and the its content in 0.10% addition group was significantly higher than that of the control group (<italic>P</italic><0.05). The analysis of intestinal microbial species composition among four groups showed that at genus level, <italic>Cetobacterium</italic> was the dominant bacterium in each experimental group. With the increase of the amount of <italic>B</italic>. <italic>subtilis</italic>, the content of <italic>Cetobacterium</italic> decreased, and the lowest proportion (74.29%) was obtained in the 0.40% group. While the content of <italic>Plesiomonas</italic> increased. When the amount of <italic>B</italic>. <italic>subtilis</italic> reached 0.40%, the content of <italic>Plesiomonas</italic> reached the highest 23.64%. Adding <italic>B</italic>. <italic>subtilis</italic> to feed can reduce the abundance of <italic>Streptococcus</italic>, <italic>Lactobacillus</italic> and <italic>Lactococcus</italic>. In conclusion, feeding different doses of commercial <italic>B</italic>. <italic>subtilis</italic> to hybrid sturgeon can significantly reduce the feeding coefficient, enhance the fish body’s ability to use blood sugar and fat and improve the intestinal microecological environment to a certain extent. The recommended dosage of <italic>B</italic>. <italic>subtilis</italic> (Gutcare^a, DSM32315) in sturgeon feed is 0.10%-0.20%.

Formation of factors influencing cotton yield in jujube–cotton intercropping systems in Xinjiang, China

Jujube–cotton intercropping system is a common efficient practice in China, especially in Xinjiang, Northwest China. While setting up two jujube–cotton intercropping systems, we planted two or four rows of cotton between two rows of jujube to study the formation of yield and factors influencing yield of 1-year jujube on intercropping cotton. The results indicated that photosynthetic/physiological characteristics of cotton in different planting patterns were significantly different only from the squaring stage to prophase of the boll opening stage, and the soil plant analyzer development value were not different all the time. Under the influence of jujube shading, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and yield of cotton in a four-row cotton intercropping pattern (Int-4) and a two-row cotton intercropping pattern (Int-2) were significantly decreased compared with those of one-row cotton (Sole) and the intercellular CO2 concentration increased. There was no significant difference between Int-2 and Int-4 in above photosynthetic/physiological characteristics. The higher planting density makes the harvested number and boll number of Int-4 superior. Compared to the Int-2, the yield of Int-4 increased significantly by 10.50%, and the economic benefits from high to low were Int-4 > Int-2 > Sole. Therefore, we concluded that an appropriate increase of cotton planting density is beneficial to the high yield of cotton in a jujube–cotton intercropping system, because it is conducive to increasing the income of farmers.

Geologic age of the lower Josoji Formation, Shimane Peninsula, Southwest Honshu, Japan: Implications for an abrupt change to deep‐water during the earlier opening stage of the Japan Sea

AbstractThe lower part of the Josoji Formation, Shimane Peninsula, contains clues for figuring out changes in deep‐water characteristics during the opening of the Japan Sea. The foraminiferal assemblage includes early to middle Miocene biostratigraphic index taxa such as planktonic foraminiferalGloborotalia zealandicaandGloborotaloides suteri. The occurrence of these two species, together with the absence of praeorbulinids, suggests that the lower part of the Josoji Formation is assigned to the top of planktonic foraminiferal Zone N7/M4 (16.39 Ma). The benthic foraminiferal assemblage, which is characterized byCyclammina cancellataandMartinottiella communis, clearly suggests that the lower Josoji Formation was deposited at bathyal depths, and that it developed in association with the abrupt appearance of deep‐sea calcareous forms. Such bathyal taxa are the main constituents of theSpirosigmoilinella compressa–Globobulimina auriculataZone of the Josoji Formation and also of theGyrodina–GyroidinoidesZone at Ocean Drilling Program Site 797 in the Japan Sea. The base of these benthic foraminiferal zones can be correlated with the base of the nannofossilSphenolithus heteromorphusBase Zone (= CNM6/CN3); thus, its estimated age is 17.65 Ma. This biostratigraphic information suggests that the lower Josoji Formation was deposited from shortly before 17.65–16.39 Ma in upper limit age. Evidence that fresh to brackish and shallow‐water basins formed in the rifting interval of 20–18 Ma in the Japan Sea borderland suggests that the abrupt appearance of deep‐sea calcareous foraminifera occurred about 1 my earlier in this area than in other sedimentary basins and suggests that a significant paleoceanographic change occurred in the proto‐Japan Sea at 17.65 Ma.

Effect of putrescine and benzyl adenine on growth, flowering and post-harvest keeping quality parameters in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)

The experiment was conducted with the objective to study the effect of different anti-senescence compounds like putrescine and benzyl adenine (BA) on vegetative, floral, and post-harvest keeping quality of chrysanthemum cv. Punjab Shyamli. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD) and replicated thrice. Putrescine (@ 50, 100, and 150 ppm) and benzyl-adenine (@ 100, 150, and 200 ppm) were sprayed twice on cv. Punjab Shyamli (spray type and pompon) at bud initiation stage and at fully developed flower buds. Control plants were sprayed with normal water. Floral parameters were delayed and the vase life of cut stems was enhanced by benzyl adenine @ 200 ppm. The maximum delay of flower opening stage (116.33 days), number of sprays (5.00), and vase life (27.22 days) were obtained with benzyl-adenine @ 200 ppm treatment. The flower diameter was 4.53 cm with benzyl-adenine @ 200 ppm compared to 2.87 cm in control.

Winning the Battle of Authorities: The Muslim Disputes Over the Covid-19 Pandemic Plague in Contemporary Indonesia

&lt;p&gt;Scholarly works on the way Indonesian Muslims perceive and respond to a pandemic—including Covid-19—have left an untouched theoretical gap. Works on pandemics or plagues mostly consist of sporadic and preliminary brief reflective pieces. This article endeavors to fill the academic gap concerning this theme. This article seeks to portray the dynamics of the religious disputes among Indonesian Muslims about the Covid-19 pandemic that affects the entire world. Using a qualitative method of analysis based on data derived from various sources - such as social and non-social media like newspapers and such - the paper argues that the public sphere serves as an open stage to contest ideas among society members where ideas based on sacred and scientific texts are publicly tested. While the majority of Muslims comply with the official disease prevention protocol, others resist it on the grounds that the protocol might undermine the spirit of Islam and the quality of the faith. Their resistance to some degree indicates the dominance of the deductive paradigm that religious authority is endangered in the public sphere.&lt;/p&gt;

Effect of putrescine and benzyl adenine on growth, flowering and post-harvest keeping quality parameters in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)

The experiment was conducted with the objective to study the effect of different anti-senescence compounds like putrescine and benzyl adenine (BA) on vegetative, floral, and post-harvest keeping quality of chrysanthemum cv. Punjab Shyamli. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design (RBD) and replicated thrice. Putrescine (@ 50, 100, and 150 ppm) and benzyl-adenine (@ 100, 150, and 200 ppm) were sprayed twice on cv. Punjab Shyamli (spray type and pompon) at bud initiation stage and at fully developed flower buds. Control plants were sprayed with normal water. Floral parameters were delayed and the vase life of cut stems was enhanced by benzyl adenine @ 200 ppm. The maximum delay of flower opening stage (116.33 days), number of sprays (5.00), and vase life (27.22 days) were obtained with benzyl-adenine @ 200 ppm treatment. The flower diameter was 4.53 cm with benzyl-adenine @ 200 ppm compared to 2.87 cm in control.

A study on interannual change features of soil salinity of cotton field with drip irrigation under mulch in Southern Xinjiang.

The drip irrigation under mulch has become one of significant supporting technologies for cotton industry development in Xinjiang, and has shown the good economic and ecological benefits. With the rapid development of society and economy in Southern Xinjiang, the conventional mode of large-quota winter and spring irrigation, salt leaching and alkali decreasing is difficult to support sustainable development of land and water resources in Southern Xinjiang. This study tries to adjust soil moisture and salt content regulation mode of massive water salt leaching and drip irrigation under mulch in the non-growing period of cotton field in Southern Xinjiang, explores interannual soil salinity change features of drip irrigation cotton field without winter and spring irrigation, and provides experimental basis for drip irrigation technology under mulch which can reduce and exempt cotton irrigation in winter and spring. According to ET0, the dual-factor complete combination experiment involving 3 irrigating water quotas (I1, I2, I3) and 2 irrigation times (T12, T16) was designed, and 6 treatments were involved in total(I1T12,I2T12,I3T12,I1T16,I2T16 and I3T16). The investigation results of four-year (2012–2015) field positioning experiment showed that, under the condition of “germination under drip irrigation” without winter and spring irrigation, increasing irrigation quota and irrigation times could lower 0-100cm soil salinity accumulation, but the soil salinity accumulation degree was 40-100cm, and less than 0-30cm. In the seedling stage, bud stage, blossom and boll-forming stage, and boll opening stage, the average salinity of 0-100cm soil increased by 39.81%, 31.91%, 26.85% and 29.47%, respectively. Increasing irrigation quota and irrigation times could ease interannual soil salinity accumulation degree of cotton field with drip irrigation under mulch, without winter and spring irrigation. 0-100cm soil salinity before sowing was related to the irrigation quota of cotton in the growing stage of the last year. The larger the irrigation quota was, the smaller the soil salinity before sowing would be. The accumulation amount of soil salinity at the end of growing stage under different treatments was lower than that before sowing. The drip irrigation of cotton under mulch in the growing stage could effectively regulate soil salinity distribution and space-time migration process in the growing stage of cotton. Compared with the beginning of 2012, 0-100cm average soil salinity under 3 irrigation quotas (I1, I2, I3) was 33.66%, 5.60% and 1.24%, respectively. Salt accumulating rates under 12 irrigations and 16 irrigations were 20.66% and 6.33%, respectively. The soil had the risk of salinization when the “germination under drip irrigation” without winter and spring irrigation was used. Such results can provide the reference for prevention and treatment of soil moisture and salt content of cotton field with drip irrigation under mulch in the arid region.

Stakeholders’ perspectives on girls’ early marriage in Maneh and Samalqan, Iran

IntroductionEarly Childhood Marriage (ECM), is known as violence against children. The purpose of this study was to find out the factors associated with ECM from local peoples’ perspectives in North Khorasan province, Iran. MethodsUsing an inductive approach to qualitative content analysis and saturation principles, 179 participants (key-persons, key-informants, unmarried girls, and mothers) were recruited in Maneh and Samalqan rural areas of North Khorasan. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using constant comparison in open, axial, and selective coding stages. Results“Social stigma of being unmarried”, “fear of losing the ideal marriage opportunity or stay single”, “early marriage: the desire of the girl child”, “parents' concern about girls' high-risk sexual relationships: the value of virginity”, “men and their families”, “preference for girls under the age of 15”, “parents' unawareness about the consequences of ECM”, “fatalistic approach”, “disappointment with continuing education”, “legislation”, “religious beliefs”, “the financial capability of families”, “the monotony of social life for rural women”, and “forced marriage” were main categories that explained the reasons of ECM. ConclusionThe results of this study could be a guide for policymakers and activists in the field of child protection and women empowerment to prevent and reduce the prevalence of ECM. Participatory intervention programs that involve girls to increase the girls' and their parents’ awareness about the consequences of ECM could be helpful. ECM is associated with customs and local community members’ attitudes about early marriage. If community members are involved in finding appropriate strategies to prevent ECM, they will initiate solutions that are more applicable to their local community.

Implementasi pembelajaran fully online e-learning berbasis moodle

The development of human civilization has an impact on the presence of technology which is the most inherent part of life, including in the education sector. 2020 is the year that makes most areas of life undergo changes due to the Covid-19 pandemic. In the field of education, the Covid-19 pandemic makes learning must be carried out online and no learning as usual is carried out face-to-face at school. Each educational institution has its own way of implementing learning during the pandemic, various applications and online learning strategies have become a new culture for educators and students. This study aims to analyze the implementation of fully online e-learning based on moodle used in SDIT Lukman Al Hakim Sleman Yogyakarta and to determine the supporting factors and inhibiting factors. This research is a qualitative research. The results showed the implementation of fully online e-learning based on moodle at SD IT Lukman Al Hakim Sleman Yogyakarta that learning was carried out online from the opening stage at the beginning of learning, then the learning process stage and the closing stage, but at three stages using a platform different. The supporting factor for fully online e-learning based on moodle is because schools provide paid service facilities so that the implementation of learning does not experience different capacity limitations with unpaid services, while the inhibiting factor is that there are still students who experience difficulties in online learning due to unstable networks. in the student's area.

Prospects for production of viscous fluid by electric shaft-driven vane pumps (ESP)

The article deals with the prospects of developing significant world reserves of high-viscosity oil. Its production requires specific equipment and technologies, selection of efficient equipment, as well as a special approach in its operation. At the same time it is necessary to take into account the influence of high viscosity on the main characteristics of pumps and on the operating conditions of the equipment in the well. The reasons for unstable operation of the ESP at start-up after long stops are described. The methods of recalculation of characteristics of pumps for oil production of common design are offered. Some results of researches of such pumps on viscous liquid and recommendations on calculation of a flowing part are provided. The possibilities of pumps with open impeller stages and with increased shaft speeds are determined. Additional reasons for decreasing the characteristics of the pump on the viscous fluid, results of the test of stage assembly with measurement of average circumferential components of flow rates at different viscosity of the pumped fluid are given. The possibility of using helico-axial pumps is also considered. Application of modern programs and methods of equipment selection and operation, ESP rotor speed regulation, liquid temperature regulation in tubing and automation of the whole oil production process is recommended. Possible design changes of the ESP in the process of tubing production for the purpose of increasing their efficiency in comparison with the serial pumps are specified. The article can be useful for specialists in design, selection and operation of equipment for high-viscosity oil production.