Open Reservoir Research Articles

First worldwide use of the hybrid system for extracorporeal circulation in heart transplant

BackgroundThis case report documents the first worldwide use of the Hybrid System from Spectrum Medical in a heart transplant procedure, focusing on its safety and efficacy. Traditional cardiopulmonary bypass systems often use an open reservoir, which increases the blood’s exposure to air, thereby heightening the risk of an inflammatory response and gas embolism. In contrast, the Hybrid System is designed to improve surgical outcomes by significantly reducing the blood-air interface. This system utilizes a dual-chamber cardiotomy-venous reservoir with a collapsible soft bag, effectively minimizing blood contact with air and foreign materials. However, it is important to note that there is currently no evidence supporting the use of this methodology specifically in heart transplants.Case presentationA 41-year-old male managed with a left ventricular assist device because of dilated cardiomyopathy underwent a heart transplant using the Hybrid System. The perioperative and postoperative data provided evidence of the system’s effectiveness. The selection of this patient was due to the absence of significant comorbidities unrelated to his primary cardiac condition, making him an ideal candidate to evaluate the system’s performance.ConclusionThe Hybrid System is safe and efficient. The successful implementation in this case highlights its advantages over traditional cardiopulmonary bypass systems, suggesting a promising future in cardiac surgery. Further studies with routine cardiac surgery patients are required to validate these findings.

Comparison of fish biological indicators of Clarias gariepinus hybrids grown in ras and pond farming conditions

To improve technologies in the field of commercial cultivation of aquaculture objects and further development of the warm-water aquaculture sector in Russia, we previously undertook breeding methods and approaches to obtain high-quality planting material for a promising commercial object — the African catfish Clarias gariepinus. This article presents, in a comparative aspect, the experience of growing hybrid offspring of African catfish, obtained from crossing two breeds — Mikhailovskaya and Tamanskaya, in a closed water supply system and in a pond farm in the Astrakhan region in the summer. It was shown that hybrid individuals of clariid catfish bred in a pond farm during the feeding period under consideration (from July to September) were characterized by a high specific growth rate and low feed ratio compared to hybrids grown in a recirculation system, respectively, 11.4% versus 9.87% and 0.96 versus 1. Also, based on the results of fishing, over two months of cultivation in a pond farm, hybrids of clariid catfish increased the total biomass by 13 times, while in a recirculating system it increased by 15 times, but the final biomass of fish turned out to be greater when reared in open reservoir (46.875 versus 10.87 kg). It was shown that the final individual mass of hybrid fish cultured in pond conditions was 11.0% higher than the final mass of individuals in the recirculation system. The conducted studies showed that in the climatic conditions of the Astrakhan region (VI fish-breeding zone), a promising direction for aquaculture of African catfish is the feeding cultivation of hybrid juveniles in pond farms. It should be taken into account that in order to obtain marketable fish products (i.e. individuals weighing over 1000 g), it is necessary to use fish seeding material with an average weight of at least 100 g.

Leveraging Pre-trained Deep Learning Models for Remote Sensing Image Classification: A Case Study with ResNet50 and EfficientNet

The procedure of categorizing images from remote sensing is also another application of machine learning not just ground-based platforms (for instance satellites), aerial platforms become platforms sometimes in aviation either. They erase the counterparts that were based on individual categories and are portrayed on a specific part of the image. Geospatial Supply of gravel mainly is used for producing railway track, road and concrete surface. Data by analyzing their buildup, dams, bridges, extraordinary open spaces, reservoirs and canals. It targets to be specific and exact as possible in a different specific area of the land. Aspects of the enlarged portrait or distinctions weaved into the completed arts. This might have aspects such as mapping of the trees, plants, rivers, cities, farms and woodlands, and other items. Geospatial image classification is necessary for the identification and real-time analysis of different hazards and unrests. Provide numerous applications, including waste management, water resources, air quality, and traffic control in the urban contexts. Planning, monitoring the environment, land cover, mapping, as well as post-disaster recovery. Management team, traffic control, and situation assessments. In the past, human experts situated in a selected area classified geographical images by means of manual processing. One that involved the allocation of too much time. As this is one of the two broad categories, how to get rid of it is consequently. Applying machine learning and deep learning methods we analyze and interpret the data in order to reduce the time required to provide feedback which allows the system to reach a higher accuracy. The procedure will also be more reliable and the outcome will hopefully be more efficient CNNs are one of the deep learning subclasses in which the network learns and improves without the need for human intervention. It extracts features from images. They are main for the performance and metrics to help the organization to decide on whether they have accomplished their goals, using visual imagery.

Development of a Method for Utilization of Quarry Drainage Waters of a Limestone Mine to Ensure Environmental Safety

A method has been developed for the disposal of quarry drainage waters, which ensures that they are not discharged into an open reservoir and reduce their anthropogenic impact on the environment. The direction of drainage waters from the limestone quarry into the technological process of preparing the raw charge reduces the consumption of circulating soda solutions and ensures higher extraction of potassium sulfate from soda solutions. The average increase in the yield of potassium sulfate from an increase in the content of sulfates in the liquid phase of the raw nephelinelimestone-soda charge is 4.0 tons per day or 1,460 tons per year.

Study on the Genetic Mechanism of Carbonate Rock Type Hot Mineral Water-A Case Study of Diaozhen, Jinan.

Geothermal resources are one of the most valuable resources in renewable energy because of their advantages of green environmental protection, stability, and reliability. Carbonate rock type geothermal reservoirs have great research significance. Carbonate rock type geothermal resources are abundant in the Shandong area. In this paper, we take the carbonate-type geothermal reservoir in the Diaozhen area of Jinan City as the research object, analyze the regional geothermal geological conditions, and identify the geological structure. Through physical logging exploration, hydrochemical analysis, isotope testing, and drilling exploration, we reveal the geothermal genesis mechanism and construct the genetic model of the carbonate geothermal system. The results show that Diaozhen area belongs to a low-temperature geothermal field and weak open karst thermal reservoir and that the reservoir is mainly Ordovician Majiagou group limestone. The thermal insulation caprock is the overlying Quaternary and Neogene strata with a cumulative thickness of 1376 m. The results of geophysical exploration wells and drilling data verify that the Mingshui fracture is seen around 1630-1645m, and the diorite intrusion is seen at 1610m. The Mingshui fracture connects the deep and shallow aquifers and is a geothermal fluid migration channel. The geothermal water in the Diaozhen area is mainly from the recharge of atmospheric precipitation, with a rich ion content and easy enrichment of trace elements. The regional thermal reservoir is mainly recharged by the deep circulation lateral runoff of Ordovician karst water. After long-distance deep circulation migration, groundwater continuously absorbs heat from the surrounding rock and is heated to geothermal raw water in the deep part. Deep geothermal water rises along the water-conducting fracture and mixes with shallow cold water to form shallow, low-temperature geothermal water.

Connectivity of evapotranspiration processes in a Brazilian dryland reservoir using remote sensing

Understanding the combined open water reservoir evaporation and riparian vegetation transpiration (evapotranspiration) is important for water resource management in semiarid regions like the Brazilian Dryland region. Existing research has explored reductions in open water evaporation due to riparian vegetation transpiration, but evidence for this interdependence in this region is not well understood. The aim of this study was to estimate the connectivity (impact and maximum distance of action) between riparian vegetation and its transpiration and reservoir evaporation, as well as the ratio of the volume losses by transpiration and evaporation, using Landsat 5 and 8 in a Brazilian Dryland environment. Evaporation and transpiration were estimated using the Surface Energy Balance System for Water and the Surface Energy Balance System models, respectively, from 1985 to 2020. A Class A Pan and the Penman-Monteith equation were used, for reference reservoir evaporation and vegetation transpiration, respectively. The occurrence of riparian vegetation was associated with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. Both models performed well, with root mean square error ≤ 0.80 mm/day. The riparian vegetation transpiration demonstrated a high negative correlation (R²>0.7) with evaporation, suggesting the vegetation acts to reduce evaporation (average of 30 %) up to a maximum distance of 90 m from the reservoir shoreline. This is explained by the adjacent riparian vegetation-induced reduction in radiation inputs due to shading at the reservoir margin, a lowering of wind speeds and increases in air humidity from transpiration. The ratio of riparian vegetation transpiration to reservoir evaporation within a buffer of 150 m is approximately equal. Combined riparian vegetation and reservoir evapotranspiration equates to the daily water supply for ∼275,000 people. The paper explains and quantifies the connectivity between riparian vegetation transpiration and reservoir evaporation, thereby providing a model for improved reservoir water balance estimates, which can aid regional water resources planning, development, and management.

Pathogenesis and clinical forms of human listeriosis

Listeriosis is a saprozoonotic infection caused in humans mainly by the species Listeria monocytogenes. Its source can be objects of the external environment (soil and water of open reservoirs with a high content of organic compounds, plants) and more than 90 species of animals. The high metabolic activity of listeria and resistance to adverse factors create the possibility of an easy transition from a saprophytic to a parasitic type of metabolism when ingested by the host. A variety of transmission routes and "entrance gates" cause the emergence of a variety of primary localized forms of infection, the most common of which is gastrointestinal. Invasive forms of listeriosis develop mainly in people with immunological insufficiency. "Risk groups" are pregnant women, newborns, people with comorbid conditions, over 60 years old, drug addicts, etc. They are characterized by polymorphism of symptoms, the absence of specific manifestations. Pathogenicity factors of L. are important in the pathogenesis of infection. monocytogenes, providing their incomplete phagocytosis, intracellular parasitism, high rate of colonization of neighboring healthy cells, the formation of antibiotic resistance. The pathological expression of changes caused by listeria in cells is the formation of small granulomas — listeriomas. The "diversity" of listeriosis, the high mortality rate (up to 50% or more) and the low alertness of doctors regarding this infection create difficulties in making a diagnosis, and therefore the improvement of microbiological diagnostic methods is of particular importance.

Automated wash and reuse of disposable pipette tips in a SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR diagnostic pipeline

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic led to global shortages in laboratory consumables, in particular for automated PCR. The Technical University of Denmark supported Danish hospitals from 2020 to 2022, conducting SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR on around 10,000 patient samples daily. We encountered shortages of disposable pipette tips used with automated liquid handlers that transferred oropharyngeal swab samples to 96-well microplates before RNA extraction. To enable tip reuse, we developed an automated protocol for washing tips with a 0.5 % sodium hypochlorite solution. This effectively eliminated carry-over of genomic material and the wash solution remained effective when stored in an open reservoir at ambient temperatures for 24 h. A three-day validation setup demonstrated the robustness of the tip wash protocol. Reducing the number of tips used for transferring samples to 96-well microplates from 96 to 8 enabled us to mitigate pipette tip shortages, lower costs, and minimize plastic waste generation.

Reservoirs and Hydrogeochemical Characterizations of the Yanggao Geothermal Field in Shanxi Province, China

Geothermal water is the product of deep circulation within the crust, and the understanding of its hydrogeochemical process can provide effective information for integrated research on its circulation pattern and formation mechanism. Based on the geothermal geological conditions of the Yanggao geothermal field, this study analyzed water samples from thermal springs and geothermal wells in the geothermal field, ascertaining their hydrochemical components, along with their hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. Using methods like piper diagrams, ionic component ratio characterization, Na–K–Mg equilibrium diagrams, and reverse path simulations, this study elucidated the recharge source of geothermal water in the study area, revealed the water–rock interactions the geothermal water experienced, and evaluated the geothermal reservoir temperatures. The results show that the geothermal water has hydrochemical types of Na–Cl–HCO3 and Na–HCO3–Cl, and is primarily recharged by the atmospheric precipitation in the northern mountainous area. The geothermal water has experienced extended water runoff and deep thermal circulation, and its hydrochemical composition primarily results from the weathering and dissolution of silicate rocks and evaporites. The major hydrogeochemical processes of the geothermal water involve the dissolution of calcite, dolomite, gypsum, and kaolinite. In addition, the canon-exchange also changes the chemical component of the geothermal water. The SiO2 Geothermometer, a multimineral equilibrium diagram, and the silica–enthalpy model reveal the presence of deep and shallow geothermal reservoirs in the study area, which exhibit temperatures of 73 °C and ranging from 125 to 150 °C, respectively. The open geothermal reservoir environment results in the mixing of geothermal water and cold water, with shallow and deep geothermal water mixing with cold water at ratios of 57% and 76%, respectively.

Evolution of Physical–Chemical Parameters, Microbial Diversity, and VOCs Emissions of Tomato Pomace Exposed to Ambient Conditions in Open Reservoirs

Evolution of Physical–Chemical Parameters, Microbial Diversity, and VOCs Emissions of Tomato Pomace Exposed to Ambient Conditions in Open Reservoirs

Combining Satellite Images and the Hydraulic Engineering Archive to Map the Processes of Reservoir Construction in Xinjiang

Reservoirs are essential hydraulic facilities for water resource allocation in Xinjiang. Since the 1950s, many reservoirs have been constructed for oasis water resource utilization in Xinjiang, enhancing the storage capacity of water resources. There are a few intact and open reservoir archives containing both geolocations and hydraulic attributes, such as the reservoir completion year, which can facilitate our understanding of the correlation between hydraulic engineering and oasis expansion. This paper mapped all the reservoirs of Xinjiang using Sentinel-2 MSI images from 2022. It associated their attributes with the reservoir’s extent, such as the capacity, area, complete year, altitude, etc., by consulting historical almanac data to establish a full elemental dataset with both geographic and attribute information. Furthermore, the spatial variability and historical process of the reservoirs were discussed against geomorphic information and oasis evolution. The results showed that 804 reservoirs were mapped cumulatively in Xinjiang up to 2022, and 1960–1980 and 2005–2010 are the rapidly developed periods. The construction history of the reservoirs indicates that reservoirs’ locations have the spatial tendency to shift from being in oasis plain areas to mountainous areas, and the newly built reservoirs showed a trend of miniaturization in area and maximization in volume.

Autonomous navigation and control of magnetic microcarriers using potential field algorithm and adaptive non-linear PID.

Microparticles are increasingly employed as drug carriers inside the human body. To avoid collision with environment, they reach their destination following a predefined trajectory. However, due to the various disturbances, tracking control of microparticles is still a challenge. In this work, we propose to use an Adaptive Nonlinear PID (A-NPID) controller for trajectory tracking of microparticles. A-NPID allows the gains to be continuously adjusted to satisfy the performance requirements at different operating conditions. An in-vitro study is conducted to verify the proposed controller where a microparticle of 100 m diameter is put to navigate through an open fluidic reservoir with virtual obstacles. Firstly, a collision-free trajectory is generated using a path-planning algorithm. Secondly, the microparticle dynamic model, when moving under the influence of external forces, is derived, and employed to design the A-NPID control law. The proposed controller successfully allowed the particle to navigate autonomously following the reference collision-free trajectory in presence of varying environmental conditions. Moreover, the particle could reach its targeted position with a minimal steady-state error of 4 m. A degradation in the performance was observed when only a PID controller was used in the absence of adaptive terms. The results have been verified by simulation and experimentally.

Evaluation of the bacteriological quality of underground well water in Oyi local government area of Anambra State, Nigeria

Background: Water is indispensable for man’s existence on earth. In urban and predominantly rural communities in Nigeria, with over 85% of the population living below an average income, traditional drinking water sources such as open reservoirs, springs and open wells are still being used. The study assessed the bacteriological qualities of underground well water in Oyi L.G.A of Anambra State. Methods: Water samples collected by random sampling from various wells in the selected thirteen (13) wards of the study area were subjected to bacteriological analysis using standard methods. The bacteriological analysis examined differential and presumptive coliform counts. Confirmatory coliform tests were carried out using a loopful of presumptive positive and negative tests already sub-cultured on MacConkey agar plate and incubated at 37 0c for 24 hours to obtain bacterial isolates. Results: Escherichia coli was the most frequently occurring isolate of all the bacteria identified. Other isolates include Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella spp., Enterococcus spp., Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Proteus spp. and Bacillus spp. The majority of these organisms are Gram-negative microorganisms which are most times implicated in gastrointestinal abnormalities. Conclusions: There is a high incidence of contamination of well waters by pathogenic organisms in most well waters from the Study area. Underground well water sources to be utilized for domestic purposes such as cooking should be treated or disinfected before use, either by boiling and filtration or by chemical sterilization or a combination of both.

Automated parameter tuning with accuracy control for efficient reservoir simulations

Computer simulations of complex physical processes typically require sophisticated numerical schemes that internally involve many parameters. Different choices of such internal numerical parameters may lead to considerably different levels of computational efficiency, some may even result in wrong simulation results. The task of finding an optimal set of the numerical parameters (e.g. for the purpose of minimising the simulation time), while ensuring an accepted level of numerical accuracy, is therefore extremely important but challenging. In this paper, we propose a new automated search algorithm that is based on constrained stochastic searches within the parameter space. This iterative search scheme is also equipped with an accuracy check, which adopts several complementary measures for quantifying the similarities between time series from different simulations, such that parameter choices that lead to insufficiently accurate results will be automatically rejected. As a concrete scenario of usage, we have applied the automated parameter search scheme to the open-source reservoir simulation framework OPM. An empirical study shows that a suitable design of the optimisation objective function, together with an appropriate choice of the number of trials per search iteration and the perturbation scale per trial, can produce fast and convergent improvements with respect to the optimisation objective. For example, for a set of 12 numerical parameters, 30 trials from five search iterations are sufficient for reducing the objective function by 30% for the open Norne black-oil reservoir model. The robustness of the automated search scheme is also demonstrated for two other open reservoir models. Moreover, it is found that the parameter values automatically identified for the Norne model can also greatly improve the simulation efficiency of another proprietary reservoir model that has drastically different scale, resolution and geological properties.

Dynamic modeling of geological carbon storage in an oil reservoir, Bredasdorp Basin, South Africa

Geological carbon storage provides an efficient technology for the large-scale reduction of atmospheric carbon, and the drive for net-zero emissions may necessitate the future usage of oil reservoirs for CO2 projects (without oil production), hence, dynamic modeling of an oil reservoir for CO2 storage in the Bredasdorp basin, South Africa, was therefore conducted. Injection into the reservoir was for 20 years (2030–2050), and 100 years (2050–2150) to study the CO2–brine–oil interactions, with sensitivities carried out on reservoir boundary conditions. The closed boundary scenario experienced pressure buildup with a target injection rate of 0.5 Mt/year, and a cutback on injection rate progressively until 2050 to not exceed the fracture pressure of the reservoir. The CO2 plume migration was not rapid due to the reduced volume of CO2 injected and the confining pressure. The system was gravity dominated, and gravity stability was not attained at the end of the simulation as fluid interfaces were not yet flat. The open boundary reservoir did not experience a pressure buildup because all boundaries were open, the target injection rate was achieved, and it was a viscous-dominated system. In both cases, the dissolution of CO2 in oil and brine was active, and there was a growing increase of CO2 fraction dissolved in water and oil, a decline in gaseous mobile CO2 phase between 2050 and 2150, and active trapping mechanisms were structural trapping, dissolution in oil and water, and residual trapping. The study showed that boundary condition was very crucial to the success of the project, with direct impacts on injection rate and pressure. This pioneering study has opened a vista on the injection of CO2 into an oil reservoir, and CO2–brine–oil interactions, with sensitivities carried out on reservoir boundary conditions in a closed and an open hydrocarbon system in South Africa.

Естественно-исторические предпосылки промысла сайгаков в Казахстане

Численность сайгаков казахстанской уральской группировки, обитающей в Волго-Уральском междуречье, в 2022 году возросла до рекордных 801 тыс. экземпляров. Местные фермеры утверждают о сильнейших потравах этими животными сельскохозяйственных полей и пастбищ и требуют искусственного сокращения поголовья. В то же время природоохранные организации предлагают их дальнейшую охрану. В работе проведен анализ литературных материалов и полученных ранее собственных результатов по сопряженному изучению динамики численности сайгаков и их весенней массовой гибели с особенностями изменения природно-климатических условий региона. Промышленный промысел уральской группировки сайгаков начался в 1954 году и с перерывами продолжался до 1994 года. Иными словами, добыча сайгаков представляла собой в это время обычное регуляторное мероприятие. Затем наступил долговременный период депрессии их численности, который связали с неумеренным отстрелом и браконьерством. Показано, что волнообразная динамика численности популяции сайгаков полностью зависит от продуктивности травостоя и обводненности мест их обитания. Глубокая и продолжительная депрессия в численности животных в 2000-х годах возникла в результате сильного сокращения мест водопоя, так как в этот период из-за 14-летнего отсутствия поверхностного стока весенних талых вод в местную гидрографическую сеть произошло повсеместное высыхание прудов и сор, обмеление озер и рек. Лишь в 2010–2011 годах началось новое пополнение открытых водоемов талыми водами, и с тех пор до 2022 года они никогда не пересыхали. Именно в это время началось интенсивное приращение численности поголовья сайгаков. Проанализированы причины весенней периодической массовой избирательной гибели сайгаков. Показано, что причиной этого явления может быть незаразная болезнь — тимпания, которая идентифицируется скоротечностью заболевания, что объясняет ее избирательный характер (гибнут, в основном, малоподвижные родившие самки). Тимпания, по-видимому, может служить триггерным механизмом запуска других второстепенных болезней в организмах животных, в том числе контагиозного пастереллеза, который постоянно регистрируют у погибших животных. Поголовье животных после массового весеннего падежа сайгаков восстанавливается через несколько лет до прежнего уровня из-за высокой плодовитости как в периоды депрессии, так и высокой численности. Поэтому нет никаких оснований для отмены промысла столь ценного самовозобновляемого ресурса с учетом динамики его численности под влиянием природно-климатических условий.

POLYMODALITY OF SECONDARY KAOLINITE DISTRIBUTION IN OPEN SANDY RESERVOIR SYSTEMS

Link for citation: Melnik I.A. Polymodality of secondary kaolinite distribution in open sandy reservoir systems. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 8, рр. 17-29. In Rus. Relevance. Numerous studies of the forms of distributions of the registered characteristics of the investigated environment according to the results of transformation of open systems have shown that the intensities and contents of transformed elements have a polymodal form of statistical distribution in the case of external impact on the system. Apparently, the essence of the phenomenon of statistical polymodality of transformation of systems is universal. Therefore, the universal theory of polymodal distribution formation can be used to analyze samples of secondary mineral contents in permeable sand reservoirs, which are open systems. Obviously, each mode of the polymodal statistical distribution of the transformed elements will be the result of the manifestation of some attractor. The purpose of this paper is to present a universal kinematic theory of the formation of a polymodal statistical distribution of the number of transformed elements of an open system, where secondary clay minerals – kaolinites, due to superimposed epigenesis in a sandy reservoir are considered as the formed elements. The objects of the study are samples of secondary kaolinitization intensity values in sand intervals of oil and gas fields of the Yamal Peninsula and the contents of secondary kaolinite (determined from the core) in Upper Jurassic sand strata of the Stolbovoe oil and gas field. Secondary kaoliniteization is caused by the influence of deep fluids. The research method was determined on the basis of the obtained equation of unified modes of polymodal distribution of the number of transforming elements (in transformation of systems). The number (intensity) of transformed elements is proportional to the ratio of the system transformation time to the flow time of the external influence on the elements of this system. Seven basic constants (attractors) related to the «golden» proportion were theoretically calculated, bringing them into conformity with universal principles of system transformation processes states. Results. Having compared constants obtained theoretically with calculated unified values of modes of empirical data, the states of system transformation processes with respect to each mode have been determined. Analysis of modes calculated in a polymodal distribution of secondary kaolinite intensities and kaolinite content, as well as comparing mode values (with corresponding transformation principle) with empirical data on transformation processes gave evidence for the validity of the universal kinematic theory. Conclusions. Thus, using universal principles of transformation, on the basis of the determined contents of secondary kaolinite in the studied intervals of permeable strata, it is possible to allocate zones with the chemical and hydrodynamic properties and characteristics of interest.

Lithium concentration in tap water, bottled mineral water, and Danube River water in Hungary

Due to increased manufacture and recycling of lithium batteries across the world, we may anticipate a rise in lithium pollution in the aquatic environment and drinking water reservoirs. In order to investigate the current status regarding the lithium content in Hungarian tap waters, samples were collected from the public drinking water supply systems of 19 county seats in Hungary during seasonally selected times. Depending on the water sources, such as bank-filtrated river water, surface water from open reservoirs, and groundwater, the lithium concentrations varied between 0.90–4.23, 2.12–11.7 and 1.11–31.4 µg/L, respectively, while the median values were 3.52, 5.02 and 8.55 µg/L, respectively. The lithium concentration in the bottled Hungarian mineral waters was also determined since the daily intake of lithium can be influenced by the consumption of mineral waters. The concentrations ranged from 4.2 to 209 µg/L, while the median value was only 17.8 µg/L. Additionally, a correlation was only found between lithium and potassium concentrations. The lithium concentration was also assessed at ten sampling locations in the Hungarian segment of the Danube River since the Danube water is also a water source for additional drinking water utilities using bank filtration technology. The mean and median lithium concentrations were 2.78 and 2.64 µg/L, respectively.

Analyzing and evaluating floating PV systems in relation to traditional PV systems

The various benefits of floating photovoltaic technology, a relatively new kind of energy generation, have piqued the interest of many people (FPVT). FPVT technology not only helps to lessen water loss due to evaporation, but it also helps to increase energy production. Science can't progress without the analysis of mechanical and electrical systems. Many researchers have looked at FPVT systems from different angles. This article undertakes a logical investigation and provides a thorough summary of the state of the art, elaborating on the numerous features and components of FPVT systems as a means of producing electricity. The advantages and disadvantages of each type have been compared in detail. A common way of capturing solar energy for use in electrical generation is the installation of solar arrays on the roof of a structure. However, although most homes only need 5–20 kW, most enterprises require 100 kW or more. On average, floating solar panels produce 11 percent more energy than their ground-based counterparts. Approximately 40% of the water in open reservoirs is lost to evaporation, according to studies. Covering only 30% of the water's surface can reduce evaporation by 49%. At 104 GW, the solar panel market will see a compound annual growth rate of 6%. Global photovoltaic capacity climbed by 27% in 2018, reaching 512 GW. This represents about 55% of the total capacity. This study also predicts that the FPVT system will help spur a 7.38 percent increase in solar technology, which is equal to 485.4 GW of additional installed electricity around the world.

Land–Water Transition Zone Monitoring in Support of Drinking Water Production

Water utilities often use extended open surface water reservoirs to produce drinking water. Biotic and abiotic factors influence the water level, leading to alterations in the concentration of the dissolved substances (in cases of flood or drought), entry of new pollutants (in case of flooding) or reduction in the availability and inflow speed of water to the treatment plant (in case of drought). Spaceborne image analysis is considered a significant surrogate for establishing a dense network of sensors to monitor changes. In this study, renowned inundation mapping techniques are examined for their adaptability to the inland water reservoirs’ conditions. The results, from the Polyphytos open surface water reservoir in northern Greece, showcase the transferability of the workflows with overall accuracies exceeding—in cases—98%. Hydroperiod maps generated for the area of interest, along with variations in the water surface extent over a four-year period, provide valuable insights into the reservoir’s hydrological patterns. Comparison among different inundation mapping techniques for the surface water extent and water level reveal challenges and limitations, which are related to the spatial resolution, the data take frequency and the influence of the landscape synthesis beyond the water reservoir boundaries.