Open Port Research Articles

Efficacy of Various Mitigation Devices in Reducing Fugitive Emissions from Nebulizers.

Fugitive aerosol concentrations generated by different nebulizers and interfaces in vivo and mitigation of aerosol dispersion into the environment with various commercially available devices are not known. Nine healthy volunteers were given 3 mL saline with a small-volume nebulizer (SVN) or vibrating mesh nebulizer (VMN) with a mouthpiece, a mouthpiece with an exhalation filter, an aerosol mask with open ports for SVN and a valved face mask for VMN, and a face mask with a scavenger (Exhalo) in random order. Five of the participants received treatments using a face tent scavenger (Vapotherm) and a mask with exhalation filter with SVN and VMN in a random order. Treatments were performed in an ICU room with 2 particle counters positioned 1 and 3 ft from participants measuring aerosol concentrations at sizes of 0.3-10.0 μm at baseline, before, during, and after each treatment. Fugitive aerosol concentrations were higher with SVN than VMN and higher with a face mask than a mouthpiece. Adding an exhalation filter to a mouthpiece reduced aerosol concentrations of 0.3-1.0 μm in size for VMN and 0.3-3.0 μm for SVN (all P < .05). An Exhalo scavenger over the mask reduced 0.5-3.0 μm sized particle concentrations for SVN (all P < .05) but not VMN. Vapotherm scavenger and filter face mask reduced fugitive aerosol concentrations regardless of the nebulizer type. SVN produced higher fugitive aerosol concentrations than VMN, whereas face masks generated higher aerosol concentrations than mouthpieces. Adding an exhalation filter to the mouthpiece or a scavenger to the face mask reduced aerosol concentrations for both SVN and VMN. Vapotherm scavenger and filter face mask reduced fugitive aerosols as effectively as a mouthpiece with an exhalation filter. This study provides guidance for reducing fugitive aerosol emissions from nebulizers in clinical practice.

Holoplankton of the port area of the Taman Peninsula: Kerch Strait, Black Sea

Taxonomic composition and seasonal dynamics of holoplankton (mesoplankton) have been studied in the seaports of the Caucasus and Taman in 2017-2021. Holoplankton communities are characterized by a small number of dominant species. Organisms with a detritus nutrition strategy, such as rotifers, have developed along with copepodsin the semi – closed Caucasus port with limited water exchange, low water transparency and a higher trophic status. The total abundance of holoplankton was 1.5-2 times higher in comparison with similar indicators of the Taman port. In the open Taman port good water exchange and natural self-purification of waters, the significant part of the total number of holoplankton constituted copepods (on average 81.8%). It was revealed that from 2013 to the present, the species composition and abundance of holoplankton in the Taman port have been mostly intact.

개항장 인천에서 저술한 한국어 학습서의 저자 및 편찬 배경

이 논문의 목표는 구한말 개항장 인천에 기거하면서 한국어 교재와 사전을 만들었던 서양인들이 누구인지를 소개하고, 그들이 만든 책들의 특성을 조명하는 것이다. 스콧은 기독교 선교사들보다 먼저 인천에 들어와 외교관 생활을 하면서 가까운 미래에 서양인들이 인천을 통해 물밀 듯 들어올 것이고, 이들이 가장 먼저 필요로 하는 것이 한국어를 배우는 일이라는 것을 알았다. 그는 영국 해군으로부터 신식 인쇄 설비를 지원받으며 일찌감치 한국어 문법서와 사전을 집필하여 초기 서양인들의 한국어 학습에 큰 도움을 주었다.<BR> 감리교가 인천을 선교의 거점으로 선택하면서, 감리교 선교사였던 존스 부부는 인천에 기거하였는데, 이들 부부는 특히 여자와 어린 아이들을 위한 소학교 교육을 위해 인천에 영화학교를 세우고, 순 한글로 된 책들을 연이어 집필하여 교재로 사용하면서 근대식 소학교 교육이 인천에서 자리잡게 되는 큰 역할을 하였다.<BR> 감리교가 인천에서 영화학교를 세우고 교육 선교에 중점을 두었다면, 성공회는 인천에 누가병원을 세우고 의료 선교에 헌신하였다. 성공회의 카덴 목사가 지은 한국어 회화책에는 주민들과의 원활한 소통에 필요한 일상 회화문이 실려있다. 이런 연유로 회화문에는 일상생활에 필요한 개념들과 인천 주변의 천문 지리적 표현들이 많이 나타난다.<BR> 인천항은 서양인들의 관문 역할에만 머물렀던 곳이 아니라 서양인들이 정착하여 지역인들과 적극적으로 교류하면서 문명의 꽃을 피웠던 장소였다.

『동아시아사』 교과서의 중국 근대 부분 서술 분석

This paper analyzes the descriptions of Chinese modern history parts of “East Asian History” textbook(2015 revised curriculum) focusing on three topics. Firstly, I review the meaning of the new international order, which is important for understanding modern East Asia. The new international order does not just mean the relationship between East Asia and the Western powers. It contains the contents of the internal order that is shaken by its influence. Therefore, the Treaty of 1871 between China and Japan and the Ryukyu case must be presented. Secondly, I examine Shanghai, the city of opening port, as a symbolic space that shows the acceptance of western civilization and social change. Modern Shanghai symbolizes the ‘colonial modernity’ of the West, which has coloniality and modernity. It is necessary to clearly reveal the dual character of the open port city. Finally, I analyze the achievements and limitations of the Yangwu Movement, representative modernization movement of China. It is not simply a failure because of the theory of “Chinese Cultural as Ti and Western Cultural as Yong”(中體西用). The achievements of the Yangwu Movement as modernization movement must be actively presented in the textbook descriptions.

야간형 축제와 관광이벤트가 도시재생지역에 미치는 영향인식 비교분석 : 군산과 인천의 비교를 중심으로

This study was conducted to compare and analyze how the perceived impact of strategically planned night-time festivals and events in the ciyies of Incheon and Gunsan on urban regeneration areas differed. First, as a result of verifying the differences between the cities of Incheon and Gunsan, the host regions, the night-time festivals and tourism events, it is believed that Incheon has a more direct impact on urban regeneration with night-time festivals and tourism events than Gunsan. In particular, the Incheon area has a traditional market near the venue where night festivals and tourism events are held, which is believed to have greatly affected the market revitalization as visitors flowed into the market before and after the event. Second, the difference between the Incheon Open Port Cultural Heritage Night, Dongincheon Romantic Market, Gunsan Cultural Night, and Gunsan Time Travel Festival, shows that Gunsan has a lower urban regeneration impact than Gunsan. Therefore, it is believed that software-based urban regeneration strategies using nighttime festivals and events should be expanded around urban regeneration areas. Based on the final results of this study, night festivals and tourism events can directly affect the software regeneration effect in urban regeneration areas. Therefore, efforts are needed to draw active participation from local residents to help establish urban regeneration strategies and policies. However, the limitations of this study are determined to be excessive in applying various results to festivals and events with similar characteristics during the day and night in Incheon and Gunsan. Therefore, it seems necessary to compare various objects to see how similar festivals and events occurring in urban regeneration areas affect the region in the future.

Acoustic Ejection Mass Spectrometry: A Fully Automatable Technology for High-Throughput Screening in Drug Discovery.

Acoustic droplet ejection (ADE)-open port interface (OPI)-mass spectrometry (MS) has recently been introduced as a versatile analytical method that combines fast and contactless acoustic sampling with sensitive and accurate electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS-based analyte detection. The potential of the technology to provide label-free measurements in subsecond analytical cycle times makes it an attractive option for high-throughput screening (HTS). Here, we report the first implementation of ADE-OPI-MS in a fully automated HTS environment, based on the example of a biochemical assay aiming at the identification of small-molecule inhibitors of the cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (GMP-AMP) synthase (cGAS). First, we describe the optimization of the method to enable sensitive and accurate determination of enzyme activity and inhibition in miniaturized 1536-well microtiter plate format. Then we show both results from a validation single-concentration screen using a test set of 5500 compounds, and the subsequent concentration-response testing of selected hits in direct comparison with a previously established matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) readout. Finally, we present the development of an in-line OPI cleaning procedure aiming to match the instrument robustness required for large-scale HTS campaigns. Overall, this work points to critical method development parameters and provides guidance for the establishment of integrated ADE-OPI-MS as HTS-compatible technology for early drug discovery.

Apply machine learning techniques to detect malicious network traffic in cloud computing

Computer networks target several kinds of attacks every hour and day; they evolved to make significant risks. They pass new attacks and trends; these attacks target every open port available on the network. Several tools are designed for this purpose, such as mapping networks and vulnerabilities scanning. Recently, machine learning (ML) is a widespread technique offered to feed the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to detect malicious network traffic. The core of ML models’ detection efficiency relies on the dataset’s quality to train the model. This research proposes a detection framework with an ML model for feeding IDS to detect network traffic anomalies. This detection model uses a dataset constructed from malicious and normal traffic. This research’s significant challenges are the extracted features used to train the ML model about various attacks to distinguish whether it is an anomaly or regular traffic. The dataset ISOT-CID network traffic part uses for the training ML model. We added some significant column features, and we approved that feature supports the ML model in the training phase. The ISOT-CID dataset traffic part contains two types of features, the first extracted from network traffic flow, and the others computed in specific interval time. We also presented a novel column feature added to the dataset and approved that it increases the detection quality. This feature is depending on the rambling packet payload length in the traffic flow. Our presented results and experiment produced by this research are significant and encourage other researchers and us to expand the work as future work.

Fluid Dynamics of the Open Port Interface for High-Speed Nanoliter Volume Sampling Mass Spectrometry.

The open port interface (OPI) coupled to an atmospheric pressure ion source is used to capture, dilute, focus, and transport nanoliter volume sample droplets for high-speed mass spectrometric analysis. For typical applications, the system has been optimized to achieve 1 Hz nanoliter volume sample transfer rates while simultaneously diluting the sample >1000-fold to minimize sample matrix-induced ionization suppression. Geometric, flow, and dispensing alterations to the system presented here demonstrate that sample transfer rates for the OPI of at least 15 Hz are possible. The fluid dynamic processes that enable sampling rates of 1 Hz and greater are examined in detail by correlating computational fluid dynamics simulations, analytic calculations, experimental data, photographic footage, and reference to the fluid dynamics literature. The resulting models and experimental results provide the rationale underlying the design and tuning of the system as well as information for developing optimized analytical methods. In combination with acoustic droplet dispensing, referred to as acoustic ejection mass spectrometry (AEMS), this system can be considered to be a special case of flow injection analysis with unique features that control the peak width, symmetry, and segregation of the samples transported in a fluid while simultaneously enabling their mixing and dilution with carrier fluids. In addition, conditions are established to prevent direct contact of the sample with a surface enabling, in combination with a contact-free dispenser like acoustic ejection, a dramatic reduction in sample-to-sample carry-over.

Improving patient waiting times and quality of care by arranging access to notes from a neighbouring trust

AimsWe aim to improve waiting times in the Emergency Department and improve the overall quality of care of out-of-area patients by arranging for the liaison team to have access to the electronic notes system of a neighbouring trust.MethodSt Thomas’ Hospital is located in south London, right opposite the City of Westminster. As a result, approximately 20% of patients we see in mental health liaison are from that locality. Given that they belong to a different trust, we do not have access to their notes, which leads to a delay in trying to establish whether they are known to local mental health services. Often, staff are reluctant to divulge information. When information is shared, it is often late and/or incomplete. We approached the Chief Clinical Information Officer and Head of Information Governance from Central and North West London (CNWL) NHS Foundation Trust. We held weekly meetings which included both IT departments. Our IT had to install the electronic notes application (SystmOne) on our computers and open relevant firewall ports. The information is access through an NHS Smartcard, therefore CNWL had to authorise read-only Smartcard profiles for every member of the liaison team. A quick reference guide was created for all staff that would be using the new application. The system went live on 21 January 2021.ResultWe audited patient outcomes in December 2020 and February 2021 for initial comparison. In December 2020, the median time from referral to discharge was 6 hours 35 minutes. 25% of patients were admitted and 17% discharged with HTT. In February 2021, the median time from referral to discharge was 3 hours 19 minutes. 16% of patients were admitted and 5% discharged with HTT.ConclusionIt is likely that by reducing the time required for collateral information, overall waiting times in the emergency department will be reduced. Clinicians are likely to feel more confident in their discharge planning if they have access to all clinical notes and previous risk assessments, which might in turn reduce referrals to HTT or admission. There should be further attempts by neighbouring NHS trusts, especially in London, to ensure access to their electronic notes system in order to reduce waiting times and improve the quality of patient care. We have already been approached for more information by a trust in North London who are interested in establishing access to a neighbouring trust's notes.

Direct Analysis from Phase-Separated Liquid Samples using ADE-OPI-MS: Applicability to High-Throughput Screening for Inhibitors of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase 2.

The primary goal of high-throughput screening (HTS) is to rapidly survey a broad collection of compounds, numbering from tens of thousands to millions of members, and identify those that modulate the activity of a therapeutic target of interest. For nearly two decades, mass spectrometry has been used as a label-free, direct-detection method for HTS and is widely acknowledged as being less susceptible to interferences than traditional optical techniques. Despite these advantages, the throughput of conventional MS-based platforms like RapidFire or parallel LC-MS, which typically acquire data at speeds of 6-30 s/sample, can still be limiting for large HTS campaigns. To overcome this bottleneck, the field has recently turned to chromatography-free approaches including MALDI-TOF-MS and acoustic droplet ejection-MS, both of which are capable of throughputs of 1 sample/second or faster. In keeping with these advances, we report here on our own characterization of an acoustic droplet ejection, open port interface (ADE-OPI)-MS system as a platform for HTS using the membrane-associated, lipid metabolizing enzyme diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2) as a model system. We demonstrate for the first time that the platform is capable of ejecting droplets from phase-separated samples, allowing direct coupling of liquid-liquid extraction with OPI-MS analysis. By applying the platform to screen a 6400-member library, we further demonstrate that the ADE-OPI-MS assay is suitable for HTS and also performs comparably to LC-MS, but with an efficiency gain of >20-fold.

Parameterized coastal fragilities and their application to aging port structures subjected to surge and wave

This study proposes a methodology for the development of parameterized fragility models for open type port structures subjected to hurricane-induced storm surge and wave loading, while also considering the potential influences of time-dependent aging and deterioration. The proposed framework uses a simulation-based strategy to propagate uncertainty in loads, geometrical configurations, material properties and capacities associated with different exposure conditions and failure modes (i.e. uplift, flexure, shear). Alternative classification-type statistical learning methods are tested to derive parameterized fragility models for each failure mode in order to evaluate limit state exceedance probability given a vector of deterministic or probabilistic parameters that define the structure and exposure conditions. Such parameterized coastal fragility models enable rapid application to a portfolio of aging port structures to explore the impact of current and future storm conditions, as illustrated via case study application for two terminals located in the Houston Ship Channel. The results reveal the dominant failure mode, spatial distribution of failure probabilities for structures within and across terminals, and influence of aging on surge and wave vulnerability of port structures.

Meningkatkan Keamanan Webserver Aplikasi Pelaporan Pajak Daerah Menggunakan Metode Penetration Testing Execution Standar

Regional Tax Reporting Application Webserver is one of the public services for taxpayers to report their sales transactions. This application can be accessed on the domain http://sptpd.payakumbuhkota.go.id. This application is public, so the principles of information security must be applied to prevent cyber attacks. The principles of information security include confidentiality, integrity, and availability. To apply this information security principle, it is necessary to conduct vulnerability assesment of the application webserver. This study aims to improve the security of the application webserver so that the data and information in it is secure. The method used in this study is the Penetration Testing Execution Standard which is one of the methods developed by the Pentest Organization to become a standard in analyzing or auditing security systems. The results of vulnerability testing using software Acunetix, Nikto, BurpSuite and Owasp, there are seven types of vulnerabilities, namely: X-Frame Header Options is Missing, CSRF Attack, Cookie Without Only Flash, DNS Vulnerability, Ddos Attack, Bruteforce Page Login and Open Port. The vulnerability can be exploited, where the level of application vulnerability is in the medium category. The recommendations for fixing vulnerabilities can be applied by the developer, so that after repairs are made, the vulnerability level of the application webserver is in the low category and there is only one type of vulnerability, namely Brute Force Page Login.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with previous upper midline abdominal surgery: comparison of laparoscopic cholecystectomy after gastric surgery and non-gastric surgery using propensity score matching.

Previous upper midline abdominal surgery is a reported relative contraindication to laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We aimed to investigate the effects of previous upper abdominal surgery on the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy; we evaluated the effects of the previous upper abdominal surgery type on laparoscopic cholecystectomy with respect to complications and conversion to open surgery. We prospectively evaluated 1,258 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, including those who underwent upper midline abdominal surgery previously, at a single tertiary referral center. The perioperative and postoperative outcomes-open conversion rate, operation time, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and length of hospital stay-were evaluated. Patients were grouped according to the previous surgical method into the gastric (n = 77), non-gastric (n = 40), and control (n = 1141) groups. Patients in the gastric + non-gastric groups (n = 117) were 1:1 matched with those in the control group (n = 117) using propensity score matching (PSM). Before PSM, age, sex, open conversion rate, gallbladder status, port number, overall morbidity, and postoperative hospital stay duration did not significantly differ between the gastric and non-gastric groups; the body mass index (22.3 ± 3.4 versus 24.1 ± 3.8kg/m2, p = 0.009) and operation time (129.9 ± 63.6 versus 97.9 ± 51.1min, p = 0.004) significantly differed. After PSM, age, sex, body mass index, and American Society of Anesthesiology score did not significantly differ between gastric + non-gastric (n = 117) and conventional groups (n = 117; the operation time (118.9 ± 61.3 versus 75.8 ± 37.1min, p < 0.001), open conversion rate (n = 6, 5.1% versus n = 0, 0.0%, p = 0.013), port number, overall morbidities (n = 26, 22.2% versus n = 10, 8.5%, p = 0.004), and postoperative hospital stay duration (6.7 ± 4.3 versus 5.5 ± 3.2days, p = 0.031) significantly differed. Previous upper midline abdominal surgery was not contraindicative to safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Patients with previous upper midline abdominal surgery undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be informed preoperatively of the probability of conversion to open surgery, lengthened duration, and associated morbidities.

The Formation of European Settlements in China in the Second Half of the 19th–the First Half of the 20th Century and the Features of Their Development in Manchuria

The article looks at the formation of European settlements in China in the second half of the 19th–the first half of the 20th century. There are three phases of the development of these settlements: the beginning of limited point penetration into China in the middle of the 16th–the middle of the 19th century, the formation of open ports in the middle–the end of the 19 century and “sharing of the Chinese cake” at the end of the 19th–beginning of the 20th centuries. The formation of foreign settlements in Manchuria in the late 19th–first half of the 20th century, where five stages of development are highlighted, is analyzed in more detail. The first period (1897–1905) includes the laying of the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER) and South Manchuria Railway (SMR) and the formation of the first settlements under Russian control. The second period (1905–1920) includes the transformation of Harbin (the central station of the CER) into an open city and the transition of the SMR under Japanese control, where the active development of Changchun began. The third stage (1920–1932) includes the gradual Japanese expansion in the region and the development of Chinese and foreign presence on the CER. The fourth stage (1932–1945) is characterized by the creation of the puppet state of Japan Manchukuo with the center in Changchun and the gradual extrusion of foreign companies and representative offices from the region. The features of the development of the cities in Manchuria are identified. The formation of new settlements, that are not related to the existing Chinese cities, as well as the formation of a city-planning structure at the early stages of construction by Russian engineers, is highlighted.

Research on the Development of Cities and Architecture in the Open Ports (International Settlements and Foreign Concessions) of East Asia

In the past, to get from one country to another, a long journey on a ship was required. Trade between countries was also done using ships, which transported cargo via shipping routes across the globe. Ports in specific countries accommodated trade, including in East Asia where many were opened as a result of unequal treaties with western powers. Treaty ports were often agreed after western powers such as the UK and nUS defeated military powers in China, Japan and Korea and terms favouring the successful nations were agreed. Foreigners would arrive into the treaty ports, and commodities such as restaurants, foreigners clubs, churches and racecourses were built for these new citizens. Ultimately, colonisation occurred, with areas in China, Japan and Korea being commandeered by Western ways of life. A team of researchers led by Professor An-Suk Son, Research Center for Non Written Cultural Materials, Kanagawa University, Japan, is looking at the open ports of East Asia, investigating the history and architecture of the Japanese consulate, banks, schools, hospitals and spinning companies. A key focus for the researchers is on buildings that were developed during the time of foreign settlement. Previous studies that have been done in this area have tended to focus on Shanghai in China, Yokohama in Japan and Incheon in Korea, and Son's research is innovative in that it uses new materials that have emerged in the years since, such as English newspapers, magazines, pictures, leaflets and photo books. The team also plants to build on previous studies to include places such as Qingdao and Guangzhou.

HIPPIE: a new platform for ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy at the MAX IV Laboratory.

HIPPIE is a soft X-ray beamline on the 3 GeV electron storage ring of the MAX IV Laboratory, equipped with a novel ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) instrument. The endstation is dedicated to performing in situ and operando X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments in the presence of a controlled gaseous atmosphere at pressures up to 30 mbar [1 mbar = 100 Pa] as well as under ultra-high-vacuum conditions. The photon energy range is 250 to 2200 eV in planar polarization and with photon fluxes >1012 photons s-1 (500 mA ring current) at a resolving power of greater than 10000 and up to a maximum of 32000. The endstation currently provides two sample environments: a catalysis cell and an electrochemical/liquid cell. The former allows APXPS measurements of solid samples in the presence of a gaseous atmosphere (with a mixture of up to eight gases and a vapour of a liquid) and simultaneous analysis of the inlet/outlet gas composition by online mass spectrometry. The latter is a more versatile setup primarily designed for APXPS at the solid-liquid (dip-and-pull setup) or liquid-gas (liquid microjet) interfaces under full electrochemical control, and it can also be used as an openport for ad hoc-designed non-standard APXPS experiments with different sample environments. The catalysis cell can be further equipped with an IR reflection-absorption spectrometer, allowing for simultaneous APXPS and IR spectroscopy of the samples. The endstation is set up to easily accommodate further sample environments.

Short Term Consequences of Gallbladder Perforation with Bile and Gallstones Spillage during Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Laparoscopic without drawbacks associated with two complications, bile duct injury and complications due to spillage of stone/bile within the peritoneal cavity . This study aimed to evaluation of different short-term complications of bile and gallstones spillage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.This was a prospective comparative study carried on 100 patients, divided into 2 groups: group A :(50) control random doing laparoscopic cholecystectomy without gallbladder perforation ; group B:(50) cases doing laparoscopic cholecystectomy with gallbladder perforation and bile and gallstones spillage. The postoperative outcome was monitored during outpatient visits. The amount and nature of drained fluid were recorded daily. Postoperative complications including pain, peritonitis, and ileus were recorded. We used 3rd generation cephalosporin for therapy of infection, and. Wound dressing was standard in all groups. Perforation Group was significantly longer than non-perforating group regard Duration of post-operative pain while regard Duration of post-operative ileus it was longer also in perforating group but not significantly. Perforation Group was significantly associated with Bile and stone spillage, abdominal collection and Re operate to treat complications, regard Converted to open surgery and Port site infection they were also associated with Perforation Group but not significantly. Intraoperative spillage of bile and gallstones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy can cause more postoperative pain,increase operative time,ileus and port site infection,which consequently increase the total time of hospitalization, inderminig.

The Concept of “Uiri (義理)” at the End of Nineteenth Century through Newspaper Media during the Open Port Period

The Concept of “Uiri (義理)” at the End of Nineteenth Century through Newspaper Media during the Open Port Period

A Paradigm Shift in Critical Care Infrastructure in Complex Settings: Evaluating an Ultraportable Operating Room to Improve Field Surgical Safety.

Scarcity of operating rooms and personal protective equipment in far-forward field settings make surgical infections a potential concern for combat mortality and morbidity. Surgical and transport personnel also face infectious risks from bodily fluid exposures. Our study aimed to describe the serial, proof-of-concept testing of the SurgiBox technology: an inflatable sterile environment that addresses the aforementioned problems, fits on gurneys and backpacks, and drapes over incisions. The SurgiBox environmental control unit and inflatable enclosure were optimized over five generations based on iterative feedback from stakeholders experienced in surgery in austere settings. The airflow system was developed by analytic modeling, verified through in silico modeling in SOLIDWORKS, and confirmed with prototype smoke-trail checking. Particulate counts evaluated the enclosure's ability to control and mitigate users' exposures to potentially infectious contaminants from the surgical field in various settings. SurgiBox enclosures were setup over a mannequin's torso, in a configuration and position for either thoracic or abdominal surgery. A particle counter was serially positioned in sternotomy and laparotomy positions, as well as bilateral flank positions. This setup was repeated with open ports exposing the enclosure to the external environment. To simulate stress scenarios, sampling was repeated with enclosure measurements during an increase in external particulate concentration. The airflow technology effectively kept contaminants away from the incision and maintained a pressure differential to reduce particle entry. Benchtop testing demonstrated that even when ports were opened or the external environment had high contaminant burden, the enclosed surgical field consistently registered 0 particle count in all positions. Time from kit opening to incision averaged 54.5 seconds, with the rate-limiting step being connecting the environmental control unit to the enclosure. The portable kit weighted 5.9 lbs. Analytic, in silico, and mechanical airflow modeling and benchtop testing have helped to quantify the SurgiBox system's reliability in creating and maintaining an operating room-quality surgical field within the enclosure as well as protecting the surgical team outside the enclosure. More recent and ongoing work has focused on specifying optimal use settings in the casualty chain of care, expanding support for circumferential procedures, automating airflow control, and accelerating system setup. SurgiBox's ultimate goal is to take timely, safe surgery to patients in even the most austere of settings.

Network Forensics Investigation: Behaviour Analysis of Distinct Operating Systems to Detect and Identify the Host in IPv6 Network

This paper studies the behaviour analysis of distinct operating systems for the purpose of forensics investigation in the IPv6 network and ensures the detection as well as identification of the network host. The network forensics parameters help to capture, filter, analyse, and information reporting about the computer-based incidents and activities of cybercrime. IPv6 supports tackling the complication of traffic in a network environment, such as dual-stack, tunnel, and translation. This research sheds light on the IPv6 network, assesses the automatic and manual transition in order to characterise network behaviour. This paper proposes a flexible and automated method architecture to analyse operating systems behaviour by observing the system function calls, performing network investigation by using PCAP file analysis to help detect and identify the host, sessions, and open ports in the virtual environment. Through the experimental result on the network traffic, PCAP files dataset of the University of New Haven, the proposed model can archive identify network host in IPv6 network with high accuracy rate, the result shows the robustness of the NetworkMiner in terms of behaviour analysis with efficacy as compared to other state-of-the-art schemes.