Open-air Environment Research Articles

Magnesium Silicate Hydroxide–MoS2–Sb2O3 Coating Nanomaterials for High-Temperature Superlubricity

Expanding the low-friction temperature range of molybdenum disulfide-based coatings has been a topic of intense research interest. This paper introduces a coating concept, enabling achieving macroscale superlubricity, or near-zero friction, when exposed to open-air and high-temperature sliding conditions. This low-friction composite coating with a thickness of approximately 150–250 nm was accomplished by uniformly burnishing hydrothermally synthesized lamellate magnesium silicate hydroxide with an average diameter of 50 nm and an average thickness of 10 nm, molybdenum disulfide, and antimony trioxide powders onto a copper substrate. The tribological experiments performed in an open-air environment revealed that with the increase of testing temperature up to 200 °C or above (up to 300 or 400 °C), the coefficient of friction of the composite coating rapidly decreases and finally reaches the superlubricity state (the coefficient of friction is lower than 0.01). This intriguing superlubricity performance is attributed to the synergistic characteristics of lubricating antimony trioxide, molybdenum disulfide, and magnesium silicate hydroxide phases, enabling easy shearing of the film at high-temperature conditions. The results offer an approach for designing a solid lubricant solution for tribological applications.

Surface Evolution and Fractal Dimensions of CH3NH3PbI3-XClX Thin Films and its Photovoltaic Performance

We fabricated the CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3-X Cl X perovskite crystalline films by solution processed method in air and nitrogen ambience to investigate the impact of the growth conditions on surface morphology and interface properties of the films. The surface morphology of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3-X Cl X thin films are captured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fractal analysis is performed on SEM micrographs. The value of fractal dimension/hurst exponent is found to be larger/smaller in N 2 environment as comparison to open air environment. The greater value of fractal dimension is corresponding to larger surface jaggedness which plays a crucial role for improving the interface between the perovskite and hole transportation layer. Furthermore, this analytical prediction is confirmed by photovoltaic devices fabricated on these films and observed a 60% enhancement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) of N 2 environment based thin films as compare to open air processed films. This may be due to the formation of compact and voids free perovskite self-affine fractal surfaces under nitrogen environment as compare to open air environment. Our findings represent a step forward to the realization of the peculiar morphological behaviour of the mixed halide perovskite fabricated in different environmental conditions.

Time series analysis reveals the environmental variability of Procambarus clarkii cultures under changing meteorological parameters and its potential effect on an important cultivating area in China

The P. clarkii aquaculture is mostly conducted using traditional soil-ponds in China, which are directly exposed to the open-air environment. This study explored the influence of meteorological trends on the water environment of P. clarkii cultures in Hubei province, which account for nearly 44.28% of the total production in China, and explore the potential impacts of these changes on the cultivation of P. clarkii to provide a prediction guide for traditional soil-pond farmers. The results showed that dissolved oxygen, water temperature, and pH in traditional aquaculture ponds were highly susceptible to meteorological changes. Changes in atmospheric temperature and relative humidity preceded changes in water parameters by about one hour, making them potential meteorological indicators for anticipating changes in the aquaculture ponds. Furthermore, we found that changes in dissolved oxygen preceded changes in pH, both of which preceded the water temperature. Considering that water parameters in traditional aquaculture are prone to abrupt changes, the yield of P. clarkii may be affected by repeated drastic and short-term fluctuations in water parameters. Given the potential impact of abrupt environment change, the “one-hour reaction” predicted by meteorological change may be important to ensure the cultivating efficiency of P. clarki in the primary cultivating areas of Hubei province.

A holistic framework towards understanding the optical and dielectric behaviors of CH3NH3PbCl3 perovskites/graphene oxide hybrid films for light absorbing active layer

In this work methylammonium trichloride CH3NH3Cl3 (MACl), methylammonium lead trichloride CH3NH3PbCl3 (MAPbCl), and graphene oxide (GO) doped methylammonium lead trichloride GO-CH3NH3PbCl3 (MAPbCl:GO) perovskite based thin film coatings deposited onto glass substrates using wet-chemical based spin coating technique at varying GO concentrations (0.025, 0.050, 0.075 ​g/ml), were investigated for their structural, compositional, optical, and dielectric characteristics. Characterizations of the coatings were carried out using XRD, SEM, FTIR, and UV–Vis spectroscopic methods. The XRD patterns and scanning electron microscope images revealed the cubic and regular constructions of MAPbCl and MAPbCl:GO with higher degree of crystallinity. FTIR studies demonstrated different vibrational modes mainly dominated by the organic salt (MACl) in both structures and a few new bonds such as CC stretching, C–H (methyl) bending, CH3–NH3 rocking were observed. Effective changes in the band-gap values were observed due to GO incorporation. A good correlation among different optical parameter such as absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, and dielectric function was also pragmatic. A very high value of the optical conductivity of 2.02 ​× ​1014 ​Ω/nm was shown by MAPbCl:GO (0.05 ​g/ml) perovskite composite. Hence, MAPbCl:GO coatings could be successfully used as a good light absorbing layer in perovskite solar cell (PSC) in an open-air environment and may be explored for further development to achieve a stable structure.

Effects of inert gas environment on the sliding wear behavior of AZ91/B4C surface composites

Tribological characteristics of AZ91/B4C surface composites were studied under air and argon gas environments. Tests were conducted under a constant normal load of 10 N, with a sliding velocity of 0.06 m/s using a linear reciprocating tribometer. Wear tracks and debris were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, three-dimensional contour topography, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in order to understand the wear mechanisms. The wear rate of the specimen tested under the argon environment was found to be lower (∼60%) in comparison with that of the specimen tested under the open-air environment. The value of the friction coefficient was found to be minimum under the argon environment compared with the air environment. In the air environment, the major material loss from the test specimen was attributed to oxidation wear; whereas under the argon environment, strain-hardening effect was dominant, and the material was found to be removed by delamination wear. In addition, the worn surface morphology of the wear tracks and counter surfaces showed the involvement of abrasion and adhesion wear mechanisms. The results of the study pave the pathway for the design of lightweight surface composite material systems such as AZ91/B4C toward an efficient and robust tribo-pair applicability for a controlled environment.

Low secondary transmission rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection among contacts of construction laborers at open air environment.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection spreads through droplet and aerosols. Household contacts have a high risk of infection and transmission outside the home can occur at closed and open locations. We studied the transmission risk at open environment among contacts of construction laborers. Close contacts of 18 SARS-CoV-2 infected construction laborers were assessed for symptomatic or asymptomatic infection. Contacts were classified as: a) persons at residence of index case b) persons at workplace (open and closed environment), and c) persons outside the index case residence or workplace who are traceable. Relative risk of infection among contacts at different locations and observed parameters were compared between them. Four hundred and ninety-six contacts were assessed. The secondary transmission rate was maximum among household contacts (n=28, 43.7%) followed by contacts at closed environment at workplace (n=44, 26%), traceable other contacts (n=8, 15.7%) and contacts at open environment at workplace (n=3, 1.4%). Relative risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among household contacts was 30.9 (CI 9.7-98.3, p<0.001) compared to open environmental work contacts and 1.68 (CI 1.15-2.44, p=0.006) compared to closed environmental work contacts. Relative risk was 18.3 (CI 5.8-58.2, P<0.001) among closed environmental work contacts compared to open environmental work contacts. One index and one secondary case died. The low secondary transmission rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection among open environmental contacts emphasizes the fact that free air flow has the ability to dilute or probably blow away the virus particles and lowers the transmission risk substantially.

Stability and optical enhancement of perovskite materials by nanocomposite PMMA sandwich structure in an open air environment

In this work, an investigation of a sandwich nanostructure to increase the lifetime of perovskite materials was performed. The used perovskite composite is a mixed organic–inorganic FAXMA1−XPbI3 film prepared by using a one-step solution deposition method in an ambient condition. The ratios of FA and MA were controlled as their cation size affects the structural and optical properties of the perovskite films. Three of formamidinium cation (FA+) fractions (x) are chosen as x = 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 to study their structural and optical properties. The study revealed enhancement on both the structural and optical stabilities of perovskite films stored in ambient conditions by introducing single- and double-sided PMMA polymer sandwich structure. The sandwich structure is acting as a hydrophobic layer to protect the perovskite films from moisture and oxygen, with its ability to fill the pinholes in the perovskite film itself. UV–Vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, and contact angle measurements revealed that coated perovskite films show large enhancement in the perovskite structural stability for over 2040 h with increasing optical absorption to about 100%.

Thermovision study on Alumina’s Ra v/s Ts for AIDHVACS to control COVID-19

The current study is the authors’ next work from the thermo vision perspective of real time single sun solar field performance infrared thermography (IRT) on commercial grade Alumina solar absorber surface coatings (SASCs) to recognize surface roughness (Ra) as one of the important production process parameters. In a previous study, it was investigated with IRT, and found that Ra<1.8 is favorable and hard anodized Alumina (HAAO) coatings exhibits better surface temperature (Ts) gain as compared to organic dyed non-HAAO coatings on Aluminum substrate, and are more stable in solar field for many years in open air environment without degrading their performance. It may be useful in better optimization of SASCs specifically for personal protective equipments (PPEs) sanitization and artificial intelligence (AI) driven heating ventilation air conditioning (HVAC) systems (AIDHVACS) design to control Covid-19 in current situations.The influence of Ra of few microns ∼ <15 µm on Alumina SASCs’ Ts gain is examined. The presented study shows that more than 1.05 mm thickness of substrate flat is necessary to develop good quality of alumina coating; Ra<1.8 µm is favorably expected to the extent of Ra value approaching as close as to nanoscale ∼ 5-500 nm; local surface temperature gained is depending upon local Ra profile as well as upon surface morphology in addition to the anodizing process parameters and other environmental factors. It suggests that the optimal surface profile should be designed as an integral to the production line processes. The substrate surface chemical composition may also change while processing due to surface contact with the processing tools, which may also result in altered solar field performance due to substrate altered material composition prior to hard anodizing process, as examined with X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV-VIS). The novelty is that other studies of surface roughness parameter is focused upon convective heat transfer inside tunnel or duct solar heat absorbers e.g. air heaters, whereas the authors have focused upon surface roughness of solar radiation receiving outer surface as an important commercial production process variable having effect upon conductive heat transfer in solar thermal power systems. The AIDHVACS needs machine learning and big data analysis as the need of the hour.

Trace explosive residue detection of HMX and RDX in post-detonation dust from an open-air environment

Explosives are often used in industry, geology, mining, and other applications, but it is not always clear what remains after a detonation or the fate and transport of any residual material. The goal of this study was to determine to what extent intact molecules of high explosive (HE) compounds are detectable and quantifiable from post-detonation dust and particulates in a field experiment with varied topography. We focused on HMX (1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), which is less studied in field detonation literature, as the primary explosive material and RDX (1,3,5-Trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine) as the secondary material. The experiment was conducted at Site 300, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Experimental Test Site, in California, USA. Two 20.4 kg and one 40.8 kg above ground explosions (primarily comprised of LX-14, an HMX-based polymer-bonded high explosive) were detonated on an open-air firing area on separate days. The complex terrain of the firing area (e.g., buildings, berm, low-height obstacles) was advantageous to study HE deposition in relation to plume dynamics.Three types of samples were collected up to 100 m away from each shot: surface swipes of aluminum plates, surface swipes of fixed objects, and filters from air samples. We used atmospheric flow tube-mass spectrometry (AFT-MS) to quantify picogram levels of molecular residue of HE material in the post-detonation dust. An aliquot of sample extract in methanol (e.g., 1 μL of 0.5 mL) was placed onto a resistive material and then thermally desorbed into the AFT-MS. We successfully detected and quantified both HMX and RDX in many of the samples. Based on mass (pg) detected and solution dilution, we back-calculated the mass collected on the swipe or filter (ng per sample). The aerial distribution of molecular residue was consistent with the path of the plume, which was strongly determined by wind speed and direction at the time of each shot. The quantity of material detected appeared to correlate more with distance from the shot and the wind conditions than with shot size. This study demonstrates that the picogram detection levels of AFT-MS are well-suited for quantification of analytes (e.g., HMX and RDX) in environmental samples.

Electrochemically induced NiCoSe2@NiOOH/CoOOH heterostructures as multifunctional cathode materials for flexible hybrid zn batteries

Hybrid Zn batteries integrate with the two advantages of Zn-air and alkaline Zn batteries, showing high energy and power density and great environmental adaptability. To achieve better electrochemical and catalytic activity of hybrid Zn batteries, designing multifunctional electrode materials that possess simultaneously high electrical conductivity, fast mass transfer kinetics, and sufficient active sites is essential. Herein, porous NiCoSe2@NiOOH/CoOOH (NCS@NCH) heterostructures, derived from NiCoSe2 (NCS) nanosheets by an in-situ electrochemical phase transformation process, are firstly utilized as multifunctional electrode material for flexible hybrid Zn batteries. During the phase transformation process, the porous nanosheet structure of the highly conductive NCS scaffold can be well maintained and plenty of electroactive sites are formed uniformly, which are beneficial to both faradaic and oxygen reduction/evolution reaction (ORR/OER). Together with sodium polyacrylate (PANa) hydrogel electrolyte, the flexible hybrid battery delivers ultrahigh energy density (944.8 Wh/Kg) and superior cycling life both in a tightly sealed state (capacity retention:105.1% after 4000 cycles) and open-air environment (100 h at 4 mA/cm2), indicating its favorable durability and environmental adaptation. This work may bring the flexible hybrid Zn batteries one step forward toward practical applications and stimulate the pullulation of hybrid energy storage and conversion devices by the introduction of multifunctional electrode materials.

Educational meaning of on-location practice for the students of architectural specialties

The subject of this research is the vocational training of the students of architectural specialties and the the need for on-location practices in the Russian and foreign historical cities. The relevance of this topic is defined by the fact that the importance of such practices is questioned in the context of development of new educational curricula. Analysis is conducted on the historical aspect, the role of practice in vocational training, as well as peculiarities of perception of reality by the future architects and designers and cognitive activity in the open-air environment. The author outlines and substantiates the goals and tasks aimed at the development of knowledge and skills acquired the students during on-location practice. The research leans on the experience of conducting practices by the Institute of Architecture and Design of the Pacific National University in Russia and abroad. The authors discuss the positions of the planners, heads and participants of the on-location practices. The conclusion is made that such practices and not only the immersion into the historical environment, but its grasp by means of visual arts, which is an integral part of vocational education. The experience acquired by the student in the course of on-location practice is irreplaceable and necessary for professional growth of future architects and designers in accordance with modern requirements.

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Editorial and News

Simulation of steel rod atmospheric corrosion by alternate immersion in salt solution

Corroded B235 reinforcing steel rods, which were exposed to an open air environment for 25 years, with a certain specific mass loss, were studied. Test pieces were prepared from them by lathe machining. The test pieces were subjected to accelerated corrosion through an alternate immersion in NaCl solution. The same specific mass loss as on the initial corroded rods was achieved for 52 days. Further the test pieces were cleaned, observed, photographed and tensile tested. The cleaned surfaces and the stress-strain curves of the test pieces were compared with results, obtained from the initial corroded rods. It was found out about the tested steel rods that alternate immersion in salt solution for 52 days is a good simulation of twenty-five-year atmospheric corrosion.

Numerical analysis of hydrogen release, dispersion and combustion in a tunnel with fuel cell vehicles using all-speed CFD code GASFLOW-MPI

Hydrogen energy is expanding world-widely in recent years, while hydrogen safety issues have drawn considerable attention. It is widely accepted that accidental hydrogen release in an open-air environment will disperse quickly, hence not causing significant hydrogen hazards. A hydrogen hazard is more likely to occur when hydrogen is accidentally released in a confined place, i.e. parking garages and tunnels. Prediction the main accident process, including the hydrogen release, dispersion, and combustion, is important for hydrogen safety assessment, and ensuring the safety installations during accidents. Hence, a postulated accident scenario induced by the operation of Thermal Pressure Relief Device in a tunnel is analysed for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles with GASFLOW-MPI in this study. GASFLOW-MPI is a well validated parallel CFD code focusing on the transport, combustion, and detonation of hydrogen. It solves compressible Navier-Stokes equations with a powerful all-speed Arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method; hence can cover both the non-compressible flow during the hydrogen release and dispersion phases, and the compressible flow during deflagration and detonation. In this study, a 3D model of real-scaled tunnel is modelled, firstly. Then the hydrogen dispersion in the tunnel is calculated to evaluate the risk of Flame acceleration and the Deflagration-Detonation Transient (DDT). The case with jet fire is analysed with assuming that the hydrogen is ignited right after being injected forming a jet fire in the tunnel, the consequence of this case is limited considering the small hydrogen inventory. The detonation in the tunnel is calculated by assuming a strong ignition at the top of the tunnel at an unfavourable time and location. The pressure loads are calculated to evaluate the consequence of the hazard. The analysis shows that the GASFLOW-MPI is applicable at a widely range for tunnel accidents, meanwhile, the safety issues related to tunnel accidents is worthy further study considering the complexity of tunnels.

Green Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Natural Product Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles for Wastewater Treatment.

Adsorption of organic pollutants, toxic metal ions, and removal of harmful bacteria can give us clean and pure drinkable water from wastewater resources. Respective magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized using a cheaper and greener way in an open-air environment with the use of crude latex of Jatropha curcas (JC) and leaf extract of Cinnamomum tamala (CT). Characterization of MNPs had been performed by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powdered X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The size ranges of the synthesized MNPs were observed in between 20–42 nm for JC-Fe3O4 and within 26–35 nm for CT-Fe3O4 by FE-SEM images. The effect of synthesized magnetic nanoparticles in wastewater treatment (bacterial portion), dye adsorption, toxic metal removal as well as antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities were studied. This purification will lead to an increase in the resources of pure drinking water in the future.

High-performance biocompatible nanobiocomposite artificial muscles based on ammonia-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets–cellulose acetate combined with PVDF

There are challenges in developing practically viable biopolymer-based actuators with ecofriendly, biocompatible, and biodegradable functionalities. Therefore, we propose a cellulose acetate (CA)-based ecofriendly soft-ionic networking actuator consisting of multifunctional additive polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF), highly conductive ammonia-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (AFGNPs), ionic liquids (IL), and flexible conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxuthiopene)-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as an electrode. The proposed actuator exhibits a large bending displacement and short response time in an open-air environment, resulting from its enhanced electro-chemo-mechanical properties and strong ionic and interfacial interactions. In comparison with CA/PVDF-IL actuator, the CA/PVDF–IL–AFGNPs actuator demonstrates a considerably increased IL uptake and ion-exchange capacity of up to 71.04% and 300.6%, respectively, and an increase in the specific capacitance by over 3.64 times, which lead to bending actuation performances 2.21 and 1.87 times greater, respectively, under AC (4 V) and DC (4 V). Moreover, we demonstrate that a CA/PVDF–IL–AFGNPs actuator with a hierarchical structure shows values that are 1.32, 1.5, and 1.74 times larger than those of a planar actuator in DC (4 V), AC (3 V), and blocking force (4 V), respectively. The developed high-performance CA/PVDF–AFGNPs and the hierarchical surface texture of the patterned CA/PVDF–IL–AFGNPs actuators present these extraordinary achievements together with environmentally friendly materials, a low driving voltage, easy manufacturing, and high actuation performances. Therefore, they can be candidates for human-friendly products (e.g., biomedical devices, bioinspired robots, and soft haptic devices).

P3HT: PCBM Tabanlı Organik Güneş Hücrelerinin Opteoelektronik Özelliklerinin Aktif Katman Kalınlığına Bağlı İncelenmesi

This paper presents the production and results of optoelectronic characterization process for ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Al organic solar cells (OSC). OSCs were produced in open air environment with various P3HT:PCBM active layer thicknesses of 70, 110, 140, 175 and 190 nm. The diode properties of the solar cells in the dark have been investigated by using current-voltage (I-V) measurements. The absorption characteristics have been investigated by using transmission spectroscopy, and optical band gap energy (Eg) for each sample has been calculated. Solar cell parameters for each solar cell has been investigated by using current density-voltage (J-V) measurements under AM 1.5 solar raditation, and important solar cell parameters have been calculated. It was observed that fill factor (FF) value of the solar cells increase between 0.3239 and 0.3409 with decreasing diode ideality factor (n) value. The highest value of PCE was found to be 0.59, which belongs to the cell having 140 nm P3HT:PCBM thickness.

The Stabilization Effect of CO2 in Lithium-Oxygen/CO2 Batteries.

The lithium (Li)-air battery has an ultrahigh theoretical specific energy, however, even in pure oxygen (O2 ), the vulnerability of conventional organic electrolytes and carbon cathodes towards reaction intermediates, especially O2 - , and corrosive oxidation and crack/pulverization of Li metal anode lead to poor cycling stability of the Li-air battery. Even worse, the water and/or CO2 in air bring parasitic reactions and safety issues. Therefore, applying such systems in open-air environment is challenging. Herein, contrary to previous assertions, we have found that CO2 can improve the stability of both anode and electrolyte, and a high-performance rechargeable Li-O2 /CO2 battery is developed. The CO2 not only facilitates the in situ formation of a passivated protective Li2 CO3 film on the Li anode, but also restrains side reactions involving electrolyte and cathode by capturing O2 - . Moreover, the Pd/CNT catalyst in the cathode can extend the battery lifespan by effectively tuning the product morphology and catalyzing the decomposition of Li2 CO3 . The Li-O2 /CO2 battery achieves a full discharge capacity of 6628 mAh g-1 and a long life of 715 cycles, which is even better than those of pure Li-O2 batteries.

Modeling pressure variations generated by short train passing in open air

The pressure variation generated when a high-speed train passes in open air affects structures on the ground and causes environmental problems. It was assumed in past studies that the effect of the train nose passage is independent of the tail passage for long trains (with 16 cars). In these studies, only the effect of the nose passage was analyzed with a point source model. However, as the superposition of the effect of the nose and tail is not negligible for short trains (consisting of less than 10 cars), the entire pressure variation should be analyzed. For this purpose, the positions of sources representing the nose and tail need to be considered. In this study, a model experiment and theoretical analysis on the pressure variation when a short train passes in an open air environment were performed. The experimental results show that the negative peak amplitude is greater than the positive peak amplitude for observation points located over 1/10 of the train length away from the train, because of superposition. The distance between the two zero-pressure points is different from the train length. The effects of nose and tail configurations are considered in the proposed line source model and point source model based on the typical potential theory; the prediction results of the models showed good agreement in the waveforms and peak values of the pressure variation compared with those in model experiments. Therefore, we herein demonstrate that the line source model is valid, and the point source model is applicable to short trains when considering the positions of the point sources.

Epoxide-based PDMS membranes with an ultrashort and controllable membrane-forming process for 1-butanol/water pervaporation

The ultrashort and controllable membrane-forming process is highly required in large-scale production of PDMS membrane. To shorten the cross-linking time, an UV-induced ring-opening polymerization of the epoxide groups was introduced to the preparation of PDMS membranes. PDMS was firstly functionalized with epoxide groups, providing the possibility of being cross-linked under UV irradiation. With this strategy, the membrane curing was finished within 200 s, hence shortened by two orders of magnitude in comparison with the conventional thermal-driven method. Meanwhile, the cationic photoinitiation of epoxide groups can be achieved without oxygen inhibition in an open-air environment. Moreover, the viscosity of the coating solution in the groove is kept constant when protected from light, thus meeting the requirement of the coatability. When applied to the pervaporation of a 1.5 wt% 1-butanol/water solution at 55 °C, the measured 1-butanol separation factor was 45 and the total flux was 1119 g m−2 h−1. This novel strategy shows a great prospect in the continuous preparation of membrane.