Ontology System Research Articles

The Use of Ontology in Retrieval: A Study on Textual, Multilingual, and Multimedia Retrieval

Web contains a vast amount of data, which are accumulated, studied, and utilized by a huge number of users on a daily basis. A substantial amount of data on the Web is available in an unstructured format, such as Web pages, books, journals, and files. Acquiring appropriate information from such humongous data has become quite challenging and a time-consuming task. Trivial keyword-based information retrieval systems highly depend on the statistics of data, thus facing word mismatch problem due to inevitable semantic and context variations of a certain word. Therefore, this marks the desperate need to organize such massive data into a structured format so that information can be easily processed in a large context by taking data semantics into account. Ontologies are not only being extensively employed in the semantic Web to store unstructured information in an organized and structured way but it has also raised the performance of diverse information retrieval approaches to a great extent. Ontological information retrieval systems retrieve data based on the similarity of semantics between the user query and the indexed data. This paper reviews modern ontology-based information retrieval methods for textual, multimedia, and cross-lingual data types. Furthermore, we compare and categorize the most recent approaches used in the above-mentioned information retrieval methods along with their major drawbacks and advantages.

Интеллектуальная поддержка формирования образовательных программ на основе нейросетевых моделей языка с учетом требований рынка труда

The active development of the digital economy today imposes high requirements on the adaptability, practical orientation and quality of educational content. Existing approaches to the intelligent decision support of the formation of educational programs based on ontological models, expert systems and heuristic algorithms do not allow effectively taking into account and tracking changes both in the labor market and in the open educational content space in the Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC). Instead, it is proposed to use approaches to the semantic analysis based on the well-known neural network language model word2vec, which is trained without supervision on large text corpora. The complexity of semantic analysis is to move the definition of semantic similarity measures for short texts of the extracted entities (course topics, learning outcomes, job requirements, etc.) to matching of large structured documents, such as professional standard, an educational program. To take into account the interrelations of entities, a graph model is introduced for representing the educational and professional domain. The paper proposes an artificial intelligent method of forming recommendations for the actualization of the learning outcomes and content of educational programs. At the first stage, the actual requirements of the labor market are determined based on a semantic matching of job requirements with the content of professional standards. The second stage includes a semantic matching of the content of academic disciplines with the requirements of the labor market. At the third stage, a semantic search of relevant educational content is carried out among the programs of disciplines of leading universities and massive open online courses (MOOC). During the fourth stage, final recommendations on updating the educational program are formed. The experiment demonstrated the possibility of applying the method for matching learning outcomes and content of disciplines with the requirements of professional standards and evaluation using the example of the educational program (bachelor degree) of computer science and engineering.

TRANSDISCIPLINARY SYSTEM OF SUPPORTING STUDENT YOUTH ACTIVITIES

The article focuses on the aspects of the realization of the young scientists constitutional right on the freedom of scientific creativity in the process of the implementation of research projects by providing access to modern achievements in science and technology. To solve this problem, it is proposed to create a transdisciplinary system of supporting the educational and research activities of the student youth by means of the software platform "Transdisciplinary Educational Dialogues of Application Ontological Systems". Cognitive IT software tools TODAOS provide the formation of transdisciplinary "prisms of knowledge", which are network ontological representations of the results of educational activities of student youth, semantically related to the network ontological representations of scientific and technical products of fundamental and applied researches of institutions of NAS of Ukraine and contextual connectivity indexes with thematically related scientific information, Ministry of Education’s curricula, and educational and methodological materials based on the interoperability and integrativeness of knowledge-oriented information resources and systems created in different formats and standards and technologies.

Формування інтелектуальних інформаційних технологій залізничного транспорту на основі моделей аналітичних серверів та онтологічних систем

The purpose of this work is the research of opportunities of creation of the specialized unified ACS intellectual systems of railway transport on the basis of the platform of analytical servers and ontological systems. These servers and systems are intended for support of constructive-synthesizing model and also for support of functioning of ACS which evolve. Questions and technologies of opportunities of formation of specialized intellectual systems of railway transport on the basis of creation of the platform of analytical servers and ontological systems are investigated. At the same time the unified models and procedures of functioning of analytical servers which are applied to the solution of several versatile tasks are used. Namely – operating control by processes of rational use of the locomotive park, scheduling and management of processes of operation of parks of electric motors. In work the main structures and procedures of specialized applied ontological system which is realized on the basis of model of design and productional model operation are presented. As an example the problem of diagnosing in the conditions of indeterminacy – one of basic tasks of management of processes of operation of parks of railway technical systems is presented. In work basic functions of the ACS analytical servers of railway transport are defined, techniques of their creation are shown. Scientific tasks of formation of the principles of ontological ensuring processes of model operation in the environment of ACS of railway transport are for the first time presented.

Philosophical-Methodological Basis for the Formation of Third-Order Cybernetics

In the paper, a philosophical and methodological analysis of the evolution of cybernetics in the context of the development of scientific rationality is carried out. The evolution of cybernetics is represented as a movement from the methodology of “observable systems” (N. Wiener) and to the methodology of “observing systems” (von Foerster) and to the methodology of self-developing reflexive-active environments. Special attention is paid to the formation of a new promising direction for post-non-classical cybernetics of self-developing poly-subject (reflexive-active) environments, which, given the correlation with previous stages of cybernetics development (with classical and non-classical scientific rationality), we define as thirdorder cybernetics. The analysis of the basics of the formation of third-order cybernetics was carried out with consideration of interrelated aspects: philosophical, methodological, theoretical, and methodical. We also provide model of self-developing poly-subject (reflexive-active) environments as well as a system of ontologies, defining the mechanisms of functioning of such self-organizing poly-subject environments and active elements that organize the communication space (natural, artificial intelligence, and combined formations). The ontology system also makes it possible to integrate cybernetics of the first, second, and third order. Some sociohumanitarian trends in the development of cybernetics are considered: from an external observer to a distributed observer; from monodisciplinary to transdisciplinary approaches; from activity approach to subject-activity one, and further to subject-oriented approach; from information to active knowledge; from ethics of goals to ethics of strategic subjects. Potential opportunities for using third-order cybernetics are described, in order to improve the quality of solving a number of important scientific and practical problems of controlling social systems. Information is provided on the directions of approbation of a third-order cybernetics concept for improving state administration, based on a system of distributed situational centers, and there is its approbation at international scientific conferences.

An equine disease diagnosis expert system based on improved reasoning of evidence credibility

In China, there is a troubling shortage of well-trained equine veterinarians, leaving the needs of many equine farmers unmet. This is especially true with respect to the diagnosis of equine diseases. To solve this shortcoming, an equine disease diagnosis expert system was developed. For the aspect of knowledge representation, the structure of equine disease diagnosis knowledge was analyzed using an ontology system. Next, the clinical signs were described using an object-attribute-value (O-A-V) format, and the knowledge representation was then expressed using production rules. With respect to the reasoning mechanism, the weights of the clinical signs and promoted confidence factors (PCF) were combined to express information and rules pertaining to clinical signs with an associated level of uncertainty. The model was established based on improved reasoning of evidence credibility. Finally, using the ASP.Net platform and the SQL Server 2008 database, the equine disease diagnosis expert system based on the B/S structure has been developed, and is capable of reliably diagnosing 40 of the most common equine diseases. A functional evaluation of the system was conducted, and the diagnostic accuracy was observed to be 88%. This study demonstrates a bright prospect for the popularization and application of the system through continuous system maintenance and knowledge-based updates.

Ontology based social life cycle assessment for product development

Social life cycle assessment is an important method to assess products’ social impacts throughout their life cycles. There are already some indicators and software to assist conducting social life cycle assessment. However, it is hard for users to share or reuse assessment results because of different application data structures. To resolve this problem, a knowledge-based social life cycle assessment–aided design method is developed in this research. With this method, all elements in the social life cycle assessment process are analyzed and represented as classes, their relationships are described as object properties, and the data structure is represented as data properties to construct an ontology system for social life cycle assessment. Based on the ontology, a social life cycle assessment–aided product development web is developed. According to the data property structure, a bidirectional mapping between database and ontology is realized using JENA and ontology-based data access, which enables the result data to be automatically inputted into ontology individuals. Thus, the result data can be accumulated, shared, and reused among users. A case study with a floor product as well as a user test is carried out to prove the feasibility and usability of the web. The ontology-based social life cycle assessment–aided design method provides users with a new high-efficiency approach, setting the foundation for the intellectualization of life cycle assessment.

A Review on Software Project Management Ontologies

This article aims to provide the reader with a comprehensive background for understanding current knowledge and research works on ontologies for software project management (SPM). It constitutes a systematic literature review behind key objectives of the potential adoption of ontologies in PM. Ontology development and engineering could facilitate substantially the software development process and improve knowledge management, software and artifacts reusability, internal consistency within project management processes of various phases of software life cycle. The authors examined the literature focusing on software project management ontologies and analyzed the findings of these published papers and categorized them accordingly. They used qualitative methods to evaluate and interpret findings of the collected studies. The literature review, among others, has highlighted lack of standardization in terminology and concepts, lack of systematic domain modeling and use of ontologies mainly in prototype ontology systems that address rather limited aspects of software project management processes.

Ontology Concept in Courses on Students

The article is based on our experience with introducing the concept “ontology” as a form of representing knowledge about the real world, or parts of it, in the courses in Computer Sciences in some Bulgarian universities. Ontologies are introduced as dictionary definitions in the context of knowledge sharing. The simplest case is when they consist of hierarchy of types, specifying classes, and relations among them. In contrast to the general dictionary, the ontology system is characterized by internal unity, logical interrelations, and logical conformity. The notion “ontology” is presented, in the courses of Computer Sciences, as an inseparable component of the Semantic Web.

Assessment of the effectiveness of the thesaurus of professional vocabulary in ontologies of decision support systems for managing power system regimes

The main types of thesauri and their application in professional ontology systems are considered. Formal models for the synthesis of ontologies of professional fields. The problem of representation of knowledge in expert decision support systems for operational dispatch personnel of power systems has been thoroughly investigated. The task is to develop and apply methods for assessing the effectiveness of the thesaurus of professional vocabulary of the unified ontology of knowledge representation. The results of the research are the statistical dependencies of the vocabulary vocabulary effectiveness on the sample size and the degree of its specialization, the formal system of representation of the thesaurus of the utterances of the management area of the modes of power facilities. Figs.: 2. Tabl.: 1. Refs.: 15 titles. Keywords : ontology; thesaurus; vocabulary; utterances; power system; management; expert system; dispatcher system.

Organization of information support for business processes at aviation enterprises by means of ontological engineering

We propose using the deductive principle of inference, which takes into consideration child relations between concepts of a subject domain in the process of forming a reasoning chain and, thus, ensures correctness of knowledge, contained in an ontological system. In this case, an ontological system is directly the intelligence core of a decision support system for organization of business processes at an aviation enterprise. For implementation of the declared principle, three methods of knowledge manipulation in the environment of an ontological system were proposed: bottom-up, top-down and combined, which implies the alternating use of the first two methods. Application of the combined method gives the possibility to eliminate knowledge incompleteness and inconsistency. Formalization of inference process on the knowledge in the environment of an ontological system with the use of the proposed methods is based on a description of the internal relations between concepts, integrating a set of concepts and fields with the help of the language of operational semantics, as well as on the introduction of external relations that characterize structural relations of concepts, including hierarchical relations of aggregation and synthesis. The possibility of re-using, that is the multiple use of ontological information structures in making decisions on organization of business processes at aviation enterprises will make it possible to enhance efficiency of production decisions and their operative making. The obtained results create the methodological basis for the development of software of inference organization on knowledge directly in the environment of ontologies, which is proposed to use as part of the core of production DSS.

An efficient, large-scale, non-lattice-detection algorithm for exhaustive structural auditing of biomedical ontologies

One of the basic challenges in developing structural methods for systematic audition on the quality of biomedical ontologies is the computational cost usually involved in exhaustive sub-graph analysis. We introduce ANT-LCA, a new algorithm for computing all non-trivial lowest common ancestors (LCA) of each pair of concepts in the hierarchical order induced by an ontology. The computation of LCA is a fundamental step for non-lattice approach for ontology quality assurance. Distinct from existing approaches, ANT-LCA only computes LCAs for non-trivial pairs, those having at least one common ancestor. To skip all trivial pairs that may be of no practical interest, ANT-LCA employs a simple but innovative algorithmic strategy combining topological order and dynamic programming to keep track of non-trivial pairs. We provide correctness proofs and demonstrate a substantial reduction in computational time for two largest biomedical ontologies: SNOMED CT and Gene Ontology (GO). ANT-LCA achieved an average computation time of 30 and 3 sec per version for SNOMED CT and GO, respectively, about 2 orders of magnitude faster than the best known approaches. Our algorithm overcomes a fundamental computational barrier in sub-graph based structural analysis of large ontological systems. It enables the implementation of a new breed of structural auditing methods that not only identifies potential problematic areas, but also automatically suggests changes to fix the issues. Such structural auditing methods can lead to more effective tools supporting ontology quality assurance work.

A Semantic Similarity Algorithm Based on the Nearest Common Ancestor Node

The word semantic similarity calculation is the basis of keyword search in the field of semantic web information retrieval. In view of the deficiency of semantic similarity computation in the existing algorithms, this paper discussed the influence of node depth on the semantic similarity, and presented an improved similarity calculation method based on the nearest common ancestor node, which can represent the depth of the two sememe nodes that need to compute the similarity. The simulation was carried out by using simple biological ontology and HowNet system architecture data, and the comparison with the original algorithm was done. The results prove the correctness and rationality of the improved method.

Context-aware recommender system based on ontology for recommending tourist destinations at Bandung

Recommender System is software that is able to provide personalized recommendation suits users’ needs. Recommender System has been widely implemented in various domains, including tourism. One approach that can be done for more personalized recommendations is the use of contextual information. This paper proposes a context aware recommender based ontology system in the tourism domain. The system is capable of recommending tourist destinations by using user preferences of the categories of tourism and contextual information such as user locations, weather around tourist destinations and close time of destination. Based on the evaluation, the system has accuracy of of 0.94 (item recommendation precision evaluated by expert) and 0.58 (implicitly from system-end user interaction). Based on the evaluation of user satisfaction, the system provides a satisfaction level of more than 0.7 (scale 0 to 1) for speed factors for providing liked recommendations (PE), informative description of recommendations (INF) and user trust (TR).

Universal cell type identifier based on number theory.

Cell type classification and handling is a key issue for understanding biological systems. The advent of high multiplexing technologies increased the complexity of the classification process and new tools are needed to support the organization of this knowledge. Ipropose a classification based on both prime numbers and the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. As a not limiting example, I show the application of this method to unambiguously define any existing cell type using the CD nomenclature established by the Human Leukocyte Differentiation Antigens Workshops. This system allows for the unique identification of any possible combination of markers hence any cell population without previous knowledge and without the need to increment the system. This method can be the future basis of any database and ontology system dealing with cell types and beyond the biological field applies to the description of any entity characterized by a list of discrete qualities. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.

An Investigation on Various Learning Ontology Methods using in Medical Systems

Universal health researchers are creating, editing, investigating, incorporating, and storing huge amounts of digital medical statistics daily, through observation, testing, and replication. In the event that we could viably exchange and coordinate information from every single conceivable asset, at that point a more profound comprehension of every one of these informational indexes and better uncovered learning, alongside fitting bits of knowledge and activities, would be allowed. Tragically, as a rule, the information clients are not the information makers, and they in this way confront challenges in tackling information in unanticipated and spontaneous ways. With a specific end goal to get the capacity to incorporate heterogeneous information, and along these lines proficiently alter the customary therapeutic and organic research, new approaches created upon the undeniably inescapable cyberinfrastructure are required to conceptualize conventional medical and biological data, and gain the "profound" knowledge out of unique information from that point. As formal information portrayal models, ontologies can render precious help in such manner. In this paper, we shorten the state-of-the-art research in ontological systems and their creative application in medical and biological areas.

The Courage to Have Courage

Abstract This article presents two theories of social change, developed by Ernesto Laclau and Alain Badiou. Laclau offers a theory of how political movements come to acquire wide acceptance. Badiou, by drawing conceptual resources from his elaborate ontological system, theorizes politics as a process by which something genuinely new comes to be in social situations. Tracing the implications of their respective approaches, this article identifies shortcomings in each. It argues, however, that the difficulties that are encountered are not solely indications of theoretical shortcomings, but are indicative of the real difficulty of both conceiving and practicing a politics of radical social change today.

Decision Support Ontologies in Self-Developing Reflexive-Active Environments

Abstract The system of ontologies for the organization of self-developing reflexive-active environments is proposed. It is based on the development of ideas about scientific rationality and the formation of third-order cybernetics. This ontology system forms a new approach to the design of decision support systems based on the consolidation of administration, business and society, the convergence of natural and artificial intelligence. This ontology system can be used to solve many IFAC problems due to the increasing role of hybrid reality environments (subject, digital, physical), including the problems of convergence of natural and artificial intelligence. The proposed methodology allows to advance on the way to achieving one of the most important goals of the TECIS conference - enhancing international stability.

логоподібні системи аналізу природномовних текстів

логоподібні системи аналізу природномовних текстів

SEMANTIC CORE OF DIGITAL PLATFORM

This article gives a generalized description of the integrated complex of declarative and procedural means, which together provide a consistent information (semantic) representation of complex objects at all stages of their life cycle. Knowledge (facts) is represented by a system of ontologies of different levels, and the structure - by taxonomies and classifications. Ontology is defined as a system of three interrelated systems (functional, conceptual and sign), and the system of taxonomies represents classes of objects and processes’ characteristic of the main "coordinates" of activity. Information retrieval, as a component of the semantic core, is considered as a complex self-consistent process of constructing new knowledge, where knowledge is information (texts of found documents) associated with the context of the task and the user's views. Such context is purposefully or indirectly determined by the user by means of predefined semantic structures (taxonomies, ontologies) or by means of dynamically formed components (dictionaries, samples, etc.). This is the essence of the semantic cognitive search, where the system not only implements the selection of documents by traditional retrieval methods, but also forms an image of information needs, which, in turn, will allow the system to synthesize complex, aspect-oriented answers. Automated technologies of linguistic support based on distributivestatistical analysis of both object knowledge and implicit knowledge flows (extracted by the system in the interaction process) and components of conceptual-terminological systems are proposed. Scientific and educational potential can be widely used to create a basic component of information and linguistic support in the early stages. The tools presented in the article are tested in the framework of the developed software xIrbis-ML, designed for semantic search of data in knowledge bases for complex engineering objects.