Personal Online Research Articles

Frontlines and Crossroads: The Impact of COVID-19 on the Motivations of Medical Students from Selected Philippine Medical Schools in Pursuing Their Medical Studies

BACKGROUND: The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic made changes to the Philippine medical education system to transfer to an online setting, which meant the loss of practical skills needed for future clinical encounters. Most students consider the desire to serve others as their motivation to pursue medicine, but stated that online learning was more favorable for theoretical lessons and not for practical skills. These students had to cope with lifestyle changes which challenged their resolve, as well as deal with the technology and infrastructure required for online learning. The study aimed to compare the strength and nature of motivations of medical students to pursue their studies before and after the onset of the pandemic, and to propose recommendations to support them through the pandemic and beyond. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted using a study questionnaire that dealt with determining respondents’ motivations for pursuing a medical degree, the impact of the pandemic and how it may have changed their motivations, and what recommendations they can propose to motivate other medical students. Interview transcripts were then analyzed through a qualitative inductive thematic analysis. Pre-clinical and clinical students (clerks and postgraduate interns) enrolled during SY 2020-2021 from Metro Manila and from among the 3 major Philippine island groups were selected to approximate the distribution of medical schools across the country. A total of 17 eligible participants were selected through purposive sampling of different personal backgrounds. Recruitment and call for participants were coursed through the Association of Philippine Medical Colleges - Student Network as well as through social media. Data from interview transcripts were familiarized and ideas from important recurring patterns shared among respondents’ answers were made into codes, which were subsequently organized into themes both unique and generalizable across student groups. RESULTS: Six major themes arose: 1) Contextualizing the pre-clinical and clinical experiences, 2) Challenges of online learning; 3) Desire for lived experience; 4) Tensions between personal contexts and online learning; 5) Grit driven by a desire to serve; 6) Resilience over adversity and sunk cost. Most pre-clinical students were motivated to pursue medicine by a desire to serve, while clinical students were straightforward about financial reward as motivation. Despite the limitations of online education, lack of social interaction and skills training, medical students had strengthened motivations to continue their studies as the pandemic highlighted the need for physicians, reinforcing their intrinsic desire to serve others. Mental health and financial issues were a concern for some, but these students did not wish to quit so as not to lose momentum with their studies. CONCLUSION: While most medical students interviewed felt more motivated in pursuing their studies during the pandemic, there was a desire and a call for more support in their studies and training. Their personal stories suggested there is room for improvement in certain aspects of local medical education. Addressing their concerns through financial and educational support, and bridging clinical skills with online learning would thus help them create quality healthcare in the pandemic context and beyond.

Cluster Analysis of Personality Types Using Respondents’ Big Five Personality Traits

This study utilized a mixed model approach, incorporating k-means clustering analysis for data examination, discriminant analysis for classification, and multilayer perceptron neural network analysis for prediction. After removing inadequate samples and outliers, the total number of observations was 19,692 for this study, which was collected through an interactive online personality test (i.e., Big Five Personality Traits) in 2012. The empirical results based on the k-means clustering analysis identified four different personality clusters using the total score of Big Five Personality Traits (Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience). The empirical results obtained from the k -means clustering analysis revealed the presence of four distinct personal clusters, determined by the total scores of the Big Five Personality Traits. The accuracy of the clustering analysis was further tested using discriminant analysis, which indicated significant difference among the cluster means and correctly classified 95.5% of the original grouped cases. For predictive modeling, a multilayer perceptron neural network framework was used. The network had a 5-6-4 structure and was employed to determine the personality classification of participants. Notably, the model achieved 99.4% accuracy in correctly classifying the training grouped cases and 99.2% accuracy for the testing grouped cases. The results of this study offer valuable insights into understanding the personalities of participants, with implications for various domains such as psychology, social sciences, cultural studies, and economics.

Political Optimization Algorithm with a Hybrid Deep Learning Assisted Malicious URL Detection Model

With the enhancement of the Internet of Things (IoT), smart cities have developed the idea of conventional urbanization. IoT networks permit distributed smart devices to collect and process data in smart city structures utilizing an open channel, the Internet. Accordingly, challenges like security, centralization, privacy (i.e., execution data poisoning and inference attacks), scalability, transparency, and verifiability restrict faster variations of smart cities. Detecting malicious URLs in an IoT environment is crucial to protect devices and the network from potential security threats. Malicious URL detection is an essential element of cybersecurity. It is established that malicious URL attacks mean large risks in smart cities, comprising financial damages, losses of personal identifications, online banking, losing data, and loss of user confidentiality in online businesses, namely e-commerce and employment of social media. Therefore, this paper concentrates on the proposal of a Political Optimization Algorithm by a Hybrid Deep Learning Assisted Malicious URL Detection and Classification for Cybersecurity (POAHDL-MDC) technique. The presented POAHDL-MDC technique identifies whether malicious URLs occur. To accomplish this, the POAHDL-MDC technique performs pre-processing to transform the data to a compatible format, and a Fast Text word embedding process is involved. For malicious URL recognition, a Hybrid Deep Learning (HDL) model integrates the features of stacked autoencoder (SAE) and bi-directional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM). Finally, POA is exploited for optimum hyperparameter tuning of the HDL technique. The simulation values of the POAHDL-MDC approach are tested on a Malicious URL database, and the outcome exhibits an improvement of the POAHDL-MDC technique with a maximal accuracy of 99.31%.

Reviving the violet flame: The new age conspiratorial journey of Canada’s Queen Romana Didulo

Romano Didulo, the self-proclaimed Queen of Canada, gained notoriety as an influencer online within the QAnon conspiracy movement. Taking advantage of both the pandemic and the silence of Q (the anonymous online persona behind what became the QAnon movement), Didulo has created a movement of her own. Didulo relies on a religious movement from the theosophical traditions of the 1930s and 1940s: the I AM movement, which was started by Guy Ballard and his wife Edna Anne Wheeler Ballard after Guy Ballard had a mystical encounter with Saint Germain on Mount Shasta in California. The movement’s title comes from God’s words to Moses in Exodus 3:14 – ‘I am who I am’ – and encompasses Christian dogma, occultism, eastern religions and New Age mysticism. While there is much to examine about Queen Didulo – her conspiracism, her anti-government agitation, and so on – the authors argue here that there is something at the core of all of this that has yet to be fully articulated: Didulo’s religious pedigree.

Bodies, beauty, brands: Professional, personal and everyday life online

This article focuses on two successful Italian web personalities who work in the beauty industry and embody the overlapping between business and public identity. Clio MakeUp (Clio Zammatteo, @cliomakeup) and Estetista Cinica (Cristina Fogazzi, @estetistacinica) are two professionals whose success and personal histories are similar and different at the same time. Coming from low-to-middle-class backgrounds, they are both ‘self-made-women’ who managed to build two beauty enterprises (a make-up brand of the same name, the former; a skincare and beauty brand, VeraLab, the latter) tightly intertwined to their public personas. In both cases their business’ success is strictly connected to two loyal online communities: Clio Zammatteo built her whole career around her online presence, starting in 2008 as the first successful Italian make-up YouTuber, reaching a large community way before she entered the beauty business with her make-up brand; Cristina Fogazzi worked her way from beautician to businesswoman, and successfully used Instagram to communicate her brand and personal philosophy, conquering a large and engaged community of followers and customers. This article will address Zammatteo’s and Fogazzi’s interconnected personal and professional identities from different perspectives. First, I will explore how they put themselves and their own non-conforming bodies at the centre of a communication strategy that defies conventional beauty standards and constantly connects their social media presence to their brands’ body-positive and non-judgemental approach. Second, I will focus on the habit of sharing their everyday life to reinforce their public personas and their brands. Third, I will analyse how their fashion choices intersect their media presence and the conversation about normative appearance, and how they resonate with their respective communities. Finally, building on the recurring presence of their domestic space on social media, I will investigate how both Zammatteo and Fogazzi negotiated their presence, bodies and personal spaces online during the pandemic.

The Practice of Social Media in Relation to Identity and Online Self-Curation

This paper delves into the construction of online identity through the lens of blogging, drawing upon the author’s experiences within an Internet Cultures module. It explores the notion of online self-curation, emphasizing the dynamic relationship between one’s daily life identity and their online persona. The paper elucidates how individuals present themselves on social media platforms, highlighting the role of blogging as a form of self-expression and identity building. It introduces the concept of ‘context collapse,’ shedding light on the challenges of communicating with an amorphous online audience. Through a discussion of identity as a ‘narration project,’ the author underscores the significance of narrative in constructing and maintaining online identities. The paper underscores the need for media education to incorporate the concept of online self-curation as a vital component of digital media literacy. It concludes by recognizing the value of blogging in fostering a deeper understanding of identity construction in the digital age.

‘It is not about beauty … or is it?’ Fashion, body positivity and authenticity in micro-celebrities affective practices online

This article focuses on Italian micro-celebrities and their engagement with body positivity within the framework of affective labour and authenticity performances online, specifically through Instagram. The body positivity discourse has been embraced by very different subjects, negotiating sometimes conflicting ideals such as empowerment, social liberation, commercial exploitation and neo-liberal individualistic co-optation of the same values. Among many, I will focus on two accounts: influencer/content creator Muriel (@murielxo) and content creator Denise D’Angelilli (@dueditanelcuore). Muriel and Denise D’Angelilli are two different examples of how many young female micro-celebrities discuss issues such as beauty standards, harmful stereotypes against non-conforming bodies and female empowerment, mostly starting from their own experiences, sharing intimate accounts of their lives and images of their bodies. This type of sharing can be framed as a specific type of affective labour performed by creators negotiating their online presence and self-branding through a performance of authenticity. Moreover, the article focuses on their adoption of peculiar fashion practices and fashion choices and how these practices contribute to their ongoing narrative around authenticity and body positivity. While in the case of Muriel we have a ‘professional’ content creator who builds her online persona through the more institutional co-optation of fashion language, sponsored content and modelling jobs, @dueditanelcuore is insistently using her apparent lack of interest in fashion as a marker of an authentic self. Far from being genuinely opposite, I argue that both strategies are part of a constant negotiation between ‘authentic’ empowerment and post-feminist individualism that permeates online conversations around body positivity.

The value of peer contributions and different forms of social support in rare dementia bereaved caregiver groups

AbstractBackgroundPeer support has a key role to play in national and local health services worldwide given growing need, pressure on resources, and strategic drives towards supporting people to manage their own health. Yet evaluation of peer‐only and multi‐component peer and professional group services is held back by research methodology gaps, including the absence of direct, within‐session evaluation tools. The current study evaluates the relationship between participation and conversational characteristics using linguistic analysis of a series of online bereaved support groups.MethodParticipants were bereaved family caregivers (N = 102) attending Rare Dementia Support bereaved support group meetings between March 2017 and March 2022. Attendance rates and (virtual) travel distance were compared for in person meetings (N = 9 sessions; 2017‐2019) and online meetings (N = 26 sessions; 2020‐2022). During each online session, notable phrases & contributions were recorded using a verbatim note‐making process and shared with participants post‐session as a reminder of the experiences shared by group members. These text files (660 phrases comprised of 9,600 words) were analysed using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC; Pennebaker et al., 2015) software, automatically classifying words into LIWC categories of analytical thinking, clout, authenticity and affect variables.ResultThe switch to online sessions increased accessibility to bereaved support in terms of attendance rates (Figure 1A), geographical proximity (Figure 1B) and group consistency (Figure 1C, e.g. higher proportion of online attendees returned for further sessions [in person 42%, online 69%; McNemar χ2 = 3.84, p = 0.0001]). Linear regression analyses with robust standard errors revealed that greater session attendance (mean number of sessions attended by participants present) was associated with conversations that were more authentic and less emotional and definitive (i.e. more reflective) over time (regression coefficients: Authentic: 0.111 [0.073, 0.149]; Affect: ‐0.637 [‐1.089, ‐0.185]; Clout: ‐0.066 [‐0.112, ‐0.020]; see Figures 2A‐C). The level of analytical thinking was maintained across sessions (Analytic: ‐0.012 [‐0.086, 0.061]; see Figure 2D).ConclusionOnline peer groups offer a practical and effective medium for bereavement support. Shifting the focus of evaluation to the processes of social support – how it is delivered and received – rather than just the outcomes, offers insights into the mechanisms of peer support.

Effects of Technology and Cybercrimes on Business and Social Media

In today’s world, technology has become an ever-growing factor in our lives and ever since COVID-19, we have seen the rise of a digital, AI, world. Technology has greatly developed, evolved, and impacted the world since 2020. It has made lives more accessible in terms of communication and interactions. Instead of commuting to work every day, many businesses turned to ZOOM or TEAMS calls. Instead of having a meet-up with friends, you could Facetime. The world was forced to move online leaving the real world behind. However, many people overlook technology’s impact on today’s world. Cybercrime and cyberattacks are some of the many problems that continue to arise. With the sudden move to the online world, cybersecurity was a term many people hadn’t grasped yet, leading many people to not understand the risk of not protecting their data online. Advancing technology has made many cybercrimes more common because people have personal information online linking bank accounts, addresses, and phone numbers left unprotected. Different cyber attacks include malware and ransomware attacks, identity theft and fraud, phishing and spear phishing, cyber espionage, cyber extortion, crypto-jacking, etc. The sectors that have been most affected are business and social media with Identity theft, spear-phishing, and fraud as leading attacks. The leading cybercrimes for these sectors are identity theft and ransomware attacks. For future generations, people have to learn about cybersecurity and cybercrime. This paper explains what cybercrime and cyber attacks are and how to protect and prevent these attacks.

The Influence of Online Game Addiction on Student Personality Attitudes

In light of the widespread use of online games for entertainment and the potential negative impact of addiction on personality attitudes, this study investigates the causal relationship between online game addiction and personality attitudes among students. Specifically, the research aims to explore the nature of changes in personality attitudes resulting from online game addiction. The study, conducted with 226 students from the Faculty of Communication and Multimedia Sciences, Mercu Buana University Yogyakarta, Class of 2021, employs a descriptive and causal research design through a quantitative approach. Data is collected using online game addiction questionnaires and attitude personality surveys distributed directly to students. The findings reveal a substantial 63.7% influence of online game addiction on the personality attitudes of these students, underscoring the need for a nuanced understanding of the impact of online gaming on individuals. While the remaining 36.3% is influenced by variables not studied, future research might delve into these aspects for a more comprehensive understanding. This study contributes valuable insights into the intricate relationship between online game addiction and personality attitudes, with potential implications for educational and psychological contexts.

Healthy adults' views and experiences on behavior change strategies in mobile applications for diet monitoring: A single centre qualitative study.

Mobile diet apps assist in tracking nutritional intake and managing healthy eating diets. Effective diet apps incorporate specific population-tailored behavior change strategies (BCS) for user engagement and adherence to healthy diets. Malaysians have their unique behaviors and customs surrounding food and diet. This study aims to explore the perceptions, views, and experiences of healthy Malaysian adults with diet monitoring apps, by focusing on the BCS that engages users to use diet mobile apps and adhere to a healthy diet. A qualitative approach utilizing semi-structured in-depth interviews was conducted using a topic guide based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and trigger materials. Twenty interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Five themes emerged from the data, which are; instilling self-awareness, closed online group support, shaping knowledge, personalization, and user-friendly design. Influence by one's social circle and attractiveness of app features may initiate users' interest and help them engage with mobile diet apps, but the app's ability to raise awareness of progress and impart useful knowledge help them adhere and comply to a healthier diet in the long run. The results from this study may help improve the behavior change strategy features of mobile diet apps for Malaysian adults.

A Decentralized Architecture for Semantic Interoperability of Personal Dental Data Based on FHIR

Several problems arise due to the differences between dentistry and general medicine. The storage of dental data in information silos, the incompatibility of data between different dental clinics or institutions from other medical areas are the most significant ones. The authors propose a decentralized architecture that combines FHIR archetypes, shape expressions, and personal online datastores (PODs) to tackle those issues as follows: FHIR archetypes are used to express the data, shape expressions are used to handle data structure and data access requests, and PODs are used to store information in a decentralized and safe manner that let the owner of the information stored to handle data access. The system allows the patient to store dental information from heterogeneous data sources transparently and respecting the patient's right to autonomy and consent. In this paper, the authors develop this architecture proposal and discuss its relevance and feasibility in the area of dental health.

Online pattern recognition of lower limb movements based on sEMG signals and its application in real-time rehabilitation training

AbstractAn online pattern recognition method of lower limb movements is proposed based on the personalized surface electromyography (sEMG) signals, and the corresponding experimental researches are performed in the rehabilitation training. Further, a wireless wearable acquisition instrument is used. Based on this instrument, a host computer for the personal online recognition and real-time control of rehabilitation training is developed. Three time-domain features and two features in the nonlinear dynamics are selected as the joint set of the characteristic values for the sEMG signals. Then a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the feature channels, and a k-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm and the extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm are combined to classify and recognize individual sample data. Based on the multi-pose lower limb rehabilitation robot, the real-time motion recognition and the corresponding rehabilitation training are carried out by using the online personalized classifier. The experimental results of eight subjects indicate that it takes only 6 min to build an online personalized classifier for the four types of the lower limb movements. The recognition between switches of different rehabilitation training movements is timely and accurate, with an average recognition accuracy of more than 95%. These results demonstrate that this system has a strong practicability.

Female Instagram elderly influencers countering the ageing narratives

Influencers are usually associated with young people creating waves on social media. However, there are “Influencer” at age 60 and beyond. This study unveils ‘Female Instagram Elderly Influencers’ who inspire every generation through appeal and presence on the platform. This study explores how older women influencers on Instagram promote themselves online and how they challenge the stereotypes about ageing. In an era defined by the growing influence of digital media, this study reveals the unique perspectives these women use to challenge the social assumptions about ageing. In particular, this study proposed new ways of ageing, defying gender and setting newer perspectives on old age and ageing. By using a netnography technique, an extensive investigation of the online identities and discussions of eight senior female Instagram influencers was conducted. Netnography has allowed to delve deeper into their public profiles, observing their virtual communities and providing insights into their online identity. The results draw attention to a few key characteristics that characterise the online personas of these “older female influencers” on Instagram. These influencers challenge preconceived notions about ageing through their profiles by projecting an image of themselves as vibrant, engaged and active. They portray a colourful, opportunity-filled life full of self-expression through their carefully chosen texts and videos, which showcase their love for everything around them, like food, travel, fashion, quick tips, etc. Furthermore, the findings suggest that these influencers provide their followers with a sense of empowerment. By sharing their personal day-to-day experiences, wisdom and advice, they interact with a broad audience and uplift and reassure those going through difficult times. People of all ages engage with their content, showing how this sense of community is ‘ageless’. The critical role older female Instagram influencers play in eradicating age-related stereotypes and creating a welcoming community is revealed through this netnography investigation. Their experiences and online persona offer a nuanced viewpoint on ageing, encouraging individuals to take advantage of life’s opportunities at any age.

Analysis of the Impact of Online Advertising Strategy on Convenience Food Consumers' Purchasing Behavior

In recent years, with the continuous expansion of the convenience food market in China, as well as the characteristics and sales characteristics of its products and the suitability of online advertising, scholars have paid more attention to and studied how to attract consumers to purchase products through unique online advertising styles, content and delivery channels. In order to cope with consumer consumption upgrades and break through product homogenization. In this paper, the author summarizes the three characteristics of online advertising, strong interactivity, diverse forms and personalization, and classifies online advertising according to different release channels of online advertising, so as to explain the important role that online advertising can play in convenience food marketing, and analyze the most suitable types of online advertising and advertising characteristics for convenience food marketing. The author uses the literature survey method and case analysis method to analyze and evaluate the current situation of convenience food online advertising, and there are many problems in China's convenience food online advertising and marketing at this stage, such as false advertising content, plagiarism, imitation, and excessive similarity. The author draws inspiration by analyzing excellent marketing cases, gives examples, summarizes the content that should be improved in convenience food online advertising, and gives suggestions on online advertising strategies to promote convenience food sales. This includes a focus on social media, brand positioning, and a focus on sensitive issues.

ФАКТОРЫ, ОПРЕДЕЛЯЮЩИЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ МОБИЛЬНЫХ ПРИЛОЖЕНИЙ ЛЮДЬМИ СТАРШЕГО ВОЗРАСТА КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТА ДОСТУПНОСТИ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОЙ ПОМОЩИ

To provide high-quality medication treatment to seniors using mobile applications, expand and develop the market for applications of this functional group, it is necessary to conduct a study of the factors influencing the attitude of older people to these applications. The aim is to study the factors determining the acceptance and use of mobile applications for the provision of medication treatment by seniors. Materials and methods. The survey involved 368 older mobile app consumers. Healthcare applications (mHealth), applications of pharmacy chains and individual pharmacies, medicine search applications (aggregators of medicines and their prices) were investigated. The survey was conducted by personal oral survey (24.5%) and online survey (75.5%) using a structured questionnaire. Results and discussion. 14 shaping factors and 13 maintaining factors of mobile app adoption and use by seniors were identified and studied. A special attitude of seniors towards various groups of mobile applications has been established. The main motivational incentives and barriers to the selection and use of mobile applications (10 parameters each) were identified and studied. Personal reasons that prevent the use of applications are shown. Particular attention is paid to personal motivational barriers in the age groups of older people from 65 to 80 years and 80 years and older. Conclusion. The results allowed to outline the main vectors for further improvement of mobile applications for the provision of medication treatment to seniors.

Digital Teacher Education for a Better Future: Recommendations for Teacher Preparation for an Online Environment

In light of current or future pandemics, natural disasters, war, or personal preferences, remote or online learning is becoming increasingly common. This reality means that teachers need to be equipped with the skills necessary to effectively teach online. In this paper the authors highlight the importance of preparing teachers with effective online teaching skills and knowledge, and suggest two areas for improvement: (1) research support for scholars to build a knowledge base to better understand effective online teaching, and (2) changes to teacher preparation programs to better equip teachers for this changing reality. Before presenting these recommendations, a brief discussion of the state of K-12 online learning globally, as well as the limitations of existing teacher education, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic is provided.

Designing Online Learning Content: A Practical Guide with a Variety of Tools for Distance Education Pedagogy

In this article, you will find helpful tips for creating personalized online learning content tailored for distance education. We explore the foundations of content personalization to create unique educational experiences, emphasizing relevance, adaptability, and flexibility. Innovative methods like interactive surveys and individual interviews are used to examine learner needs. We present a variety of design tools, highlighting their advantages and adaptability. A new pedagogical approach based on gamification and peer collaboration is proposed. We discuss the importance of adaptive evaluation and feedback, and concrete scenarios and examples illustrate personalized design. Finally, we encourage readers to embrace innovative approaches in shaping the future of education.

Towards a more effective and coordinated response by the African Union on children’s privacy online in Africa

The development and expansion of digital technologies in Africa have brought invaluable opportunities for the realisation of children’s rights. However, the significant growth of internet connectivity and ICT access has also raised concerns about children’s online safety and privacy. With growing concerns on children’s privacy and personal data protection, there is a need for robust harmonised standards and regulatory frameworks to address all aspects of children’s privacy online. Through desk review, this article assesses the extent to which children’s right to privacy online and personal data is protected and integrated in the standards and regulatory frameworks of the African Union. An assessment of the applicable instruments and jurisprudence of the key human rights bodies indicates that children’s privacy online and data protection are not adequately addressed as there is limited or no focus on the protection of children’s personal data online. In most instruments related to cybersecurity, there are no explicit provisions relating to the protection of children’s personal data and childrenare only mentioned in provisions on child pornography. The article argues that children deserve specific protection as a vulnerable group hence the urgent need to explicitly protect children’s personal data and privacy in the human rights instruments adopted at the African Union level as it is the approach in the European Union’s General Data Protection. The article further argues that there is a need to adopt more effective measures by the African Union and its organs to ensure that children’s privacy in all its aspects is protected in the digital sphere.

Using Artificial Intelligence in Education

The article discusses e-learning tools as a fundamental step in implementing digital learning technologies as a factor in the development of teachers’ creativity today. Recently, higher education has been developing with the help of digital technologies that significantly enhance education quality. The integration of complex software-hardware systems into the educational process lies in incorporating big data analytics, robotics, neural networks and artificial intelligence. The objectives of reforming the educational system require corresponding changes in teaching methods, as well as in higher education, through informatization and digitalization. This has led to the emergence of open education which allows for unrestricted access to educational resources. Open education also contributes to the development of digital pedagogy. Indeed, every student can choose an optimal educational programme to follow a personalized learning trajectory online which considers one’s characteristics and interests. After all, the development of digital pedagogy requires addressing various organizational, methodical and practical issues. They range from implementing digital learning technologies in the context of open education and culminating in the creation of a long-term strategic plan that will gradually transform the educational process and, in turn, encourage teachers to think creatively.