Online Learning Process Research Articles

PATTERNS OF TEACHER – STUDENTS’ INTERACTION IN EFL ZOOM MEETING CLASS IN SMP NEGERI 1 GANRATANG KEKE

This study aims to reveal patterns of teacher – students among interaction student in an EFL class at SMP Negeri 1 Gantarang Keke public secondary school through zoom cloud meeting and to describe the teacher-students and student-student interaction patents in the EFL class. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. The subject of this research was a teacher and students’ class VII of SMP Negeri 1 Gantarang Keke. The instruments used were observation and interviews. The results of this study indicate that the introduction patterns that emerge in the classroom are group work, individual choral responded, and collaboration. Teaching and learning conferences are not only frequent when teacher want to test their skills with quizzes, but they also have difficulty understanding the lesson, not only that they often go in and out when teacher want to test their abilities factors in Zoom meeting are supporting factor. That is, to support a face-to-face online learning process, albeit virtual, and inhibiting factor for the zoom meeting is internet quotas as most students complain about internet quota, internet network and time strains limited. The conclusion of this study indicate that teacher-students and student-student interaction patterns are not effective in EFL classes.

REAL-TIME DROWSY FACE DETECTION FOR ONLINE LEARNING BASED ON RANDOM FOREST AND DECISION TREE ALGORITHMS

In the current era, technology regarding artificial intelligence has developed rapidly and has been used in various areas of life. Face detection is one of the applications of Artificial Intelligence. This research aims to detect students' faces during the online learning process and succeeded in getting positive feedback when tested on students. Student detection includes drowsy and alertness. The method is via webcam in real-time so that the screen will show whether the student is drowsy or alert. In the trial, the teacher can find out who is in a drowsy and alert condition. On the other hand, students can find out that they fall into the drowsy or alert category. So that both parties immediately respond to what should be done based on the classification results. The algorithms used are Decision Tree and Random Forest. The accuracy results of the Random Forest algorithm are better than the Decision Tree algorithm, namely 65 percent, while the Decision Tree algorithm is 58 percent. The division of training data and test data uses a Kfold of 5. When Kfold is equal to 2, both algorithms have the highest accuracy, where Random Forest has an accuracy of 85 percent, and Decision Tre has an accuracy of 65 percent.

Linguapragmatic characteristics of educational media discourse: American, British, and Russian visual presentations

The article is devoted to the study of current problems of educational media communication in the linguapragmatic aspect. The paper discusses the main linguapragmatic characteristics of educational media. The role of the implementation of the presentation strategy of the language personality in the educational media resource is established. The main presentations implementing the presentation strategy in the educational media resource are identified. The purpose of this work is to identify and describe American, British, and Russian visual presentations within the framework of the presentation strategy of the educational media presentation. As a research material, media texts on electronic learning of a foreign language in the educational media resource of the first quarter of the 21st century in English and Russian are used. To achieve the goal, the following methods are used: lexical, grammatical, stylistic analysis, linguasemiotic and linguapragmatic analysis, elements of content analysis and discursive analysis, interpretive and quantitative analysis. American, British, and Russian visual presentations of educational media are described and illustrated by examples. It is established that the visual presentations of online learning of a foreign language in the American, British, and Russian educational media resource are aimed at the media recipient’s perception of the shape, color, position, and movement of the object. The undoubted novelty is represented by the identified subtypes of visual presentations in the American, British, and Russian educational media history: graphemes, coloremes, proxemes, kinestems. It was established that the presentation strategy of the educational media resource on the problems of online learning of a foreign language, implemented in educational media texts on sites on the Internet in the studied linguistic cultures, has similar features, since it is aimed at informing and influencing the addressee. Information contains tools and techniques that convey the content of online courses, the online learning process, the methods, and techniques that are used in this process. The impact is implemented to attract the attention of potential students to the course and educational institution, as well as incentives to study in this educational institution. It seems promising to distinguish between conflict and cooperative strategies in the educational media discourse in different linguocultures.

J48-Based Decision Tree Algorithm in Detecting Kolb’s Learning Style Preferences of Information Technology Students

Teacher education institutions developed interventions to augment both the Teacher’s teaching and the Learner’s learning process. Previous studies focused on detecting learning styles in e-learning using learning management systems and adaptive learning in the online learning process, specifically using the Felder-Silverman learning style model. On the contrary, this study aimed to develop a decision tree-based model to detect the Learner’s learning style inspired by Kolb’s learning style in a face-to-face learning environment. Knowledge discovery in databases through data mining was utilized using the J48 algorithm to develop a decision tree-based model. This study was participated by 408 out of 462 information technology students in a state university in the Philippines. The study’s result was able to develop four J48-based decision trees with conditional rule models for activist, reflector, theorist and pragmatist learners. The evaluation of the decision tree models using confusion matrix and receiver operating curve showed a very high accuracy detection of every learning style (weighted average of 88-96%). This result recommends applying this in an actual system or computer application for easy and fast learning style detection based on the characteristics of the learners.

Student’s Perception and Online Learning Outcome During COVID-19 Pandemic: An Academic Analysis in Wave 1 And Wave 2

The purpose of this paper is to understand and explore the perception of students regarding the online learning system during COVID-19 pandemic as the educational system covering the entire world was severely affected. COVID-19 demanded containment and enforced isolation that tremendously affected personal interaction of teachers and students. In theabsence of traditional classroom teaching and one-to-one interaction, computer-based learning has emerged as closest substitute for off-line teaching. The present study adopted quantitative approach for receiving responses using questionnaire method taking a sample of 230 responses using simple random sampling technique. Undergraduate students were targeted for selecting the samples that were using e-learning sources to complete their courses during lockdown. This research was conducted during May-July 2021. Data were analysed using SPSS software. The findings of the study reveal that online learning has significant effect on student interest during wave-1 (2020) and wave-2 (2021). It was found that there is a significant relation between online learning and student’s interest in both wave-1 and wave-2. Based on the data analysis results, the study stated that student interest on online learning has significant impact in the time of COVID-19 crisis. In fact, online learning has emerged as a new way of improving the learning process. The findings of the study suggested that educational institution and policy makers should take initiatives regarding online learning process to enhance and make it better.

The Construction of Online Interactive Teaching Mode of Cross-border E-commerce English in Colleges and Universities under the Background of Internet

Abstract In this paper, we first constructed an online interactive English teaching model through the interaction hierarchy tower model and adopted a data-driven social cognitive network analysis approach to explore the evolutionary dynamics of cross-border e-commerce English learning communities in higher education and their potential correlation with the development of participants’ interaction patterns. Then, the online synchronous and asynchronous interaction patterns of learners are compared and integrated by extracting the characteristics of online interactive teaching learners. Finally, an instructional design for an online English for Cross-border E-commerce course was used to explore the differences and associations between online interactive teaching modes. The results show that in the teaching experiment, students have 39 nodes in the synchronous interaction network (SMN) and 34 nodes in the asynchronous interaction network (UMN), and the degree centrality and eigenvector centrality Rank=4.07 and 3.15 of the SMN are also significantly higher than those of the three interaction networks. The SMN interaction model is found to be the most efficient in the online interaction teaching process. This study helps to improve the dynamic regulation and precise guidance of the online learning process for cross-border e-commerce English, which ultimately enhances the quality of online teaching.

Analysis of Parent Stress Levels Toward Children in the Online Learning Process During New Normal

The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of stress faced by parents in the online learning process during the new normal era. The research method used was descriptive qualitative, with a case study approach. The research subjects were parents who have early childhood and elementary school, with a total of 10 mothers. The data collection techniques used were observation and interview data analysis, reduction strategies, data display, data interpretation, and data verification. The study findings indicate that parents face various challenges when it comes to online learning at home during the current era of the new normal. These challenges contribute to heightened levels of stress in relation to their children's education. One such challenge is the lack of comprehension among parents regarding the lessons and learning materials provided by the school. Parents often exhibit impatience when assisting their children, and time constraints further exacerbate the situation. Furthermore, parents struggle to motivate their children to engage enthusiastically in learning. Lastly, parents also lack proficiency in utilising electronic devices such as cell phones and laptops.

Motivation and Factors Affecting Pre-Service English Teacher in Joining Webinar Session

In the pandemic due to COVID-19, a massive online learning process is being carried out in education. This study aims to investigate types of motivation and identify factors that influence motivation among pre-service English teachers to participate in webinars as learning material in a distance learning context. This research is descriptive research using a mixed methods research design. The sample for this research consisted of 96 teachers. The methods used to collect data were questionnaires and interviews. The data collection instrument uses a questionnaire sheet and interview guide. The data was tabulated and analyzed quantitatively using descriptive statistical analysis to categorize the data and determine the percentage of data. The research results show that the motivation of pre-service English teachers is dominated by extrinsic motivation. It has a significant impact on student motivation to take part in webinars. Several important points about respondents' motivation for webinars are useful for increasing and enhancing their motivation for participating in webinars to increase professional development as prospective English teachers.

Challenges and Strategies: Online Learning for Elementary School Teacher Education Students

The existence of an online learning policy that seems suddenly has an impact on many students who are not ready to carry out the online learning process. The aim of this research is to examine perceptions, problems, and summarize students' experiences regarding strategies for resolving challenges when participating in online learning. This research is classified as a qualitative descriptive research type, with research subjects namely 61 students. Data collection in the research was carried out using observation, interviews and questionnaires, with research instruments in the form of observation and interview guidelines. The data obtained in the research was then analyzed using the Bogdan & Biklen model data triangulation technique. The data obtained is then presented in qualitative descriptive form, by adjusting the research results with the results of previous research. The results of the research analysis show that the challenges faced by students when carrying out online learning activities consist of interference from the surrounding environment, less than optimal use of the internet, students' lack of understanding of the material delivered by lecturers and reduced interaction between students and lecturers during online learning. The strategies used to face challenges for students taking part in online learning are adapted to the students' different conditions and abilities so that solutions can be found individually.

The Effectiveness of Synchronous and Asynchronous for Online Learning at Vocational High School

The goal of this study is to characterize the implementation of the online teaching and learning process (Synchronous and Asynchronous learning), including supportive and barrier elements, students' experiences with online learning, and future expectations for participation. During the COVID-19 epidemic, students are after completing the process of introducing online teaching and learning. The investigation was conducted out at SMK Negeri 1 Tebing Tinggi, which is located in Tebing Tinggi. This study uses qualitative methodologies in its investigation. Teachers from SMK Negeri 1 Tebing Tinggi were employed as participants in this study. Semi-regular inquiries and replies, as well as taking images and assessing field outcomes, were utilized to report data. The COVID-19 epidemic has had a significant impact on education, particularly the teaching and learning process; the implementation, which was formerly done face-to-face, has now been switched to an online teaching and learning process (Synchronous learning and Asynchronous learning). The availability of modern devices such as computers and cell-phones are as well as data bundles and reliable internet connections. There are also certain barriers for instructors in implementing the online teaching and learning process, such as numerous complaints about acquiring internet quotas, and students who are more inclined or hooked to using smartphones for entertainment than for doing homework. It is believed that through studying in this manner, children would be able to practice responsibility and extend their understanding of how to use existing technologies in the future.

Selected Legal Issues in Online Adult Education: Compliance of Online Learning and Teaching Process with GDPR

Abstract COVID-19 has had a major influence on the educational system. Since March 2020, the majority of teaching and learning has taken place online, including in the adult education sector. At the same time, the speedy transformation to the online mode has raised various legal issues, particularly regarding data protection, intellectual property rights, and compliance with the national legal framework. This article aims to analyse the compliance of online learning and teaching in adult education programmes with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and, on the basis of that, make recommendations to adult education entities that offer online teaching and learning process. To achieve the aim, the author uses the following research methods: a doctrinal research method, a scientific literature review, and a survey. As a result, the author identifies various legal issues regarding personal data protection during recording online teaching and learning, such as compliance with the GDPR requirements during online lecturing, compliance of e-platform providers with the GDPR, unauthorised access, data loss, and cyberattacks.

The Student's Perception of The Use of The Google Form Application for Assessment at Senior High School

Google Forms is an educational application that teachers use in teaching activities to assess students. Teachers usually create questions, quizzes, and assessments through Google Forms. This research investigated the student's perception of the Google Form application as an instrument for assessment that teachers use. The researcher used a quantitative descriptive method through an online Malang senior high school students’ questionnaire. Twenty-nine students have used Google Forms in English learning for assessment, and to get more information about their perceptions in experiences using it, the researcher needs to give 16 questions in online questionnaires. The researchers found more than a few issues that stimulus the students' online learning process in assessment: In terms of utility, convenience of use, ease of learning, and satisfaction, 62.0% of participants believed that Google Forms is practical. 51.1% of them agree that the application is simple to use. The next component also agrees that 57.1% of the students went through easiness to learn how to utilize the software. The last is about the level of satisfaction; 61.8% of the students experience satisfaction. The results showed that oogle Forms can be very helpful in boosting students' abilities, skills, discipline, and impartial learning through instructional resources.

General issues of artificial general intelligence

Online education industry has been growing strongly in recent years. The market for educational platforms that provides access to online learning is growing every year. With the increasing growth of online course enrollment, the interest of researchers to study the effectiveness of online learning is increasing. This paper summarizes the results of a study of online courses on the Stepik educational platform. The courses selected for analysis were divided into three groups according to the parameter of learners’ “reachability” to the end of training. The process of course completion by 36226 online course participants was analyzed. The main purpose of the study was to identify the factors affecting the yield parameter. The data obtained in the study suggest that the design of online courses does not affect the learning effectiveness and the yield parameter. We attribute such results to the fact that “instructional presence” and “social presence” are almost completely absent in the online learning process, as interaction with the instructor and other learners is minimized. “Cognitive presence” formed through interaction with the educational material is insufficient to form the level of engagement necessary to complete the learning. The study also identified the main points of “falling out” of learners from the educational process and formulated the strategies that learners resort to. The obtained data indicate that the parameter of profitability and effectiveness of online learning is most influenced by the qualitative (psychological) criteria of learners. The conclusion of this article suggests the main directions for further research, which can contribute to obtaining more complete data on the factors affecting the effectiveness of online learning.

MODEL OF A PERSONALISED E-LEARNING PROCESS BASED ON A DECISION TREE ALGORITHM

The supply and demand for training, having undergone a revolution, involves information and communication technologies including artificial intelligence. However, following training adapted to the evolution of the learners skills remains a challenge. Our study aims to provide a solution aimed at promoting a personalized online learning process. Our approach consisted of choosing a decision tree algorithm following a comparative study and developing an architecture based upstream on the evaluation of the learners knowledge. This architecture directs the learner, according to their performance, towards educational resources (documents, courses, sections, videos, etc.) or learning devices, in an iterative and incremental manner until the end of the learning process. The results obtained reside in the proposed model based on the gradient boosting algorithm adapted to the personalization of human learning. This model takes into account three essential components driven by artificial intelligence and covers an entire personalized learning process from checking prerequisites to the end of successful learning.

Motivational Dynamics of Intermediate Chinese Learners in a COVID-Induced Remote IPA-Informed CSL Curriculum: A Case Study From a CDST Lens

Abstract Grounded in a complex and dynamic systems theory (CDST) perspective of L2 learning motivation, this year-long longitudinal study examines evolving motivational dynamics of two intermediate Chinese as a Second Language (CSL) learners at a Sino-US joint-venture university in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Adopting Higgins’ framework of motivation, this case study focuses on the interplay of learner motivation for value, control, and truth effectiveness and contextual factors in shaping the contrastive motivational trajectories of two CSL learners who displayed discrepancy in the improvement of Mandarin oral proficiency. In particular, the two contextual factors of interest are an Integrated Performance Assessment (IPA) -informed CSL curriculum and COVID-induced remote online learning. We focus on how learners co-adapted with the “here-and-now” manifestations of these contextual factors and how their motivational dynamics and learning behaviors evolved based on multiple interrelated layers of the temporal-spatial context. The findings show that CSL learners’ motivational dynamics were shaped by multiple overlapping and interrelated motivations related to value, control, and truth effectiveness, which emerged out of the contingencies and affordances in the learning context. The learner-context co-adaptations play a significant role in directing relevant motivational dimensions and thereby shaping the overall identity of the whole system. This empirical study contributes to CSL and L2 motivational studies by exploring the applicability of a CDST approach and a global motivational framework to study intermediate CSL learners’ motivational dynamics and how they individually co-adapted with an innovative curricular design and the perturbance during the COVID-19 online teaching and learning process. The paper reflects on the effectiveness and applicability of IPA in an intermediate-level CSL curriculum from a motivational perspective and offers insights into understanding and promoting the complex learner motivation during COVID-19 for language educators.

Persepsi Mahasiswa terhadap Pelaksanaan Perkuliahan Secara Daring di UIN Mahmud Yunus Batusangkar

This research aims to find out about student perceptions in carrying out the online lecture process by knowing aspects of access, media and implementation of evaluation in online lectures at UIN Mahmud Yunus Batusangkar, the impact of the Covid outbreak that has hit the world. Apart from the many negative impacts, there are also Positive impacts include the impact on the world, namely starting to get used to and become literate with virtual applications as media used in the online learning process such as zoom meetings, Google meetings, Google Classroom, Google Forms, WhatsApp groups, learning management systems (LMS), LMS used by UIN Batusangkar supports the learning process called e-campus and other media that support the online learning process. All of these media are also used by students and lecturers to support the learning process at UIN Mahmud Yunus Batusangkar. This research uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. The data source in this research is 585 students spread across 15 study programs. The data collection technique in this research is by conducting an online survey via Google Form. The results of the research show that students' perceptions regarding access to the implementation of the lecture process were 72.79% in the Good category. The data obtained by students regarding the media used in the online lecture process was 70.32% in the Good category. Student perceptions of online lecture evaluations were 68.04% in the Good category. The overall student perception of online lectures at UIN Batusangkar is 70.38% with a Good classification.

Assessing the Prospects and Challenges of Online Learning in Kenyan Public Universities: A Case Study of Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology

The increase in the number of internet users, the demand for education, and the widespread use of electronic devices among scholars have created a potential in online learning as an alternative to traditional education. This can be linked proper planning, clear online learning policies and trained personnel to facilitate the online learning process. Recent studies point to the possibility of African public universities adopting online learning more aggressively in the future than ever before. This study therefore outlines the opinions of lecturers, students and the management of Masinde Mulari University of Science and Technology regarding the prospects and challenges of online pedagogical infrastructure and how it affects learning in public universities. The study used a descriptive survey. Data was collected from a sample size of 682 which included students, members of faculty, and technical staff. The sample was selected using a stratified sampling technique. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. Analysis was done using frequencies, means, standard deviations, and regression analysis. The findings showed that mobile learning is the solution to online learning problems given its accessibility and availability amongst most learners. It also shows that online learning provides customized learning experiences in which learning is student-centered. The results from ordered logistic regression, (Wald = 0.673,) showed that indeed challenges of use of online pedagogical infrastructure affects learning in public universities. This was confirmed by the analysis of interval data using simple linear regression in which the outcome for both faculty and students also were in line with the findings of logistic ordered regression,

ANALISIS KEPUASAN MAHASISWA TERHADAP SISTEM PEMBELAJARAN ONLINE PADA MASA PANDEMIC COVID 19 DI STMIK AKAKOM DENGAN METODE NAIVE BAYES

In accordance with the circular of the Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia regarding Circular Letter Number 4 of 2020 concerning the Implementation of Educational Policies in the Emergency Period for the Spread of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19), the learning system implemented is online. 
 STMIK AKAKOM is one of the universities that has also implemented online lectures since the government's policy for the home learning system was established. Various efforts have been made by STMIK AKAKOM to carry out the online learning process during this covid-19 pandemic. 
 Therefore, researchers conducted a study that aims to analyze the success of the online learning system for students conducted at STMIK AKAKOM with the Naive Bayes method approach, using 4 (four) criteria, namely Communication, Building a Learning Atmosphere, Assessment of Students, and Delivery of Lecture Materials. The level of satisfaction assessment using a Likert scale (likert scale) 5 points with the same interval. starting from point 1 (one) which states very less, to point 5 (five) which states very well. Based on the results of calculations that have been carried out, it can be seen that the classification of testing data from respondents numbered R89 to R93 for online learning systems during the Covid 19 pandemic is satisfied.

The relationship between tolerance for uncertainty and academic adjustment: the mediating role of students' psychological flexibility during COVID-19.

University students are among the groups most adversely affected by COVID-19 in terms of their psychological and academic wellbeing, particularly given the pandemic's uncertainty. However, little is known about their psychological flexibility to deal with this uncertain nature of pandemic. This study aimed to examine the mediating role of psychological flexibility (PF) in the relationship between university students' intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and their academic adjustment to the online learning process during COVID-19. Data was collected from 388 university students from Türkiye (18-34 (Mage = 21.43, SD = 2.04) who completed five questionnaires - Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II, Academic Self Efficacy Scale, Educational Stress Scale, and Online Self-Regulatory Learning Scale. Additionally, as indicators of students' academic adjustment, perceived academic performance - ranging 1 to 10, and their last academic grade point average before and during the pandemic were also collected. The results indicated that PF and IU had a significant effect on the academic adjustment of students during the pandemic. PF had a complete mediating role between the IU and academic adjustment. Results also revealed that online self-regulation, a sub-dimension of academic adjustment, did not show a significant relationship with any other variable in the model. Research findings showed that psychological flexibility is a very important strength for university students to maintain their academic adjustment in stressful times. The results were discussed in light of the relevant research, and recommendations for further research and implications were provided.

Hubungan Antara Self efficacy Akademik dengan Perilaku Mencontek (Cheating) Selama Masa Daring Siswa SMA X

Online learning is a distance education system with a teaching method where there are teaching activities carried out separately from learning activities (Mustofa et all, 2019). The online learning process only focuses on cognitive development processes (Gusmaniarti, 2020). This research aims to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and cheating behavior in SMA X students during the online period. The research respondents were high school students in class X (X, XI and XII) with a population of 750 with a sample of 238 students. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. This type of research is quantitative correlational. The scale used is the cheating behavior scale adapted from Ginanjar Mukti Priaswandy (2015) with a validity of 0.311 to 0.762 and a reliability of 0.861, while the self-efficacy scale is adapted from Anggraeni Swastika Sari (2013) with a validity value of 0.25 and a reliability of 0.710. Based on the results of the correlation analysis, the correlation coefficient was -0.776 (negative) with a significance value smaller than probability (0.000 ≤ 0.05). This means that if self-efficacy is low then cheating behavior is also low among SMA X students during the online period.