One-way ANOVA Statistical Test Research Articles

Separate and Combined Effects of Resistance Training and Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Juice Consumption on the Diabetic Indicators and Lipid Profile in Women with Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disease with many consequences. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the separate and combined effects of resistance training and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) juice consumption on diabetic indicators and lipid profiles in women with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Women with type 2 diabetes (n = 40) were assessed in a randomized, double-blind study and categorized into four groups: (training + placebo), (training + supplement), supplement, and control. Blood sampling was performed 48 hours before and after the protocol, and blood indicators were evaluated to compare their changes among groups. One-way ANOVA statistical tests and Tukey’s post hoc test were used to compare groups. Results: The results indicated that separate resistance training significantly decreased fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) significantly increased. Cucumber juice consumption significantly reduced FBS, HbA1c, TG, TC, and LDL, while HDL significantly increased (P < 0.05). Combined resistance training and consuming cucumber juice caused a more significant decrease in (FBS, HbA1c, TG, TC, and LDL), and HDL increased significantly (P < 0.05). Intergroup changes in (FBS, TG, TC, LDL) was significant (P < 0.05). Intergroup changes in (HbA1c and HDL) were significant (P < 0.05). However, differences in (HbA1c and HDL) between training and supplement groups were not significant (P ≥ 0.05). Conclusions: Separate and combined effects of resistance training and cucumber juice consumption improved diabetic indicators and lipid profile in women with type 2 diabetes.

U UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SEDIAAN GEL HAND SANITIZER SANITIZER BUNGA LAWANG (Illiacium verum Hook. f) pada BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus & Escherichia coli

Some diseases caused by microorganisms on the hands are diarrhea, diphteria, boils, typhus and others. The bacteria that most often contaminate the skin of the hands are Staphylococcus aureus and Escheria coli, whose spreas most often transmitted from hand to hand. Bunga lawing are one of the medicinal plants that have been used in medicine. The purpose of this study was determine the antibacterial activity of gel hand essential oil sanitizer gel preparation (Illiacium verum Hook.f) to the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escheria coli bacteria compared to sanitizer Dettol gel hand. This was carried out with the experimental method. Essential oil of bunga lawing is extracted using a heat method, namely soxhletation. The antibacterial activity test in this study used the agar diffusion method (disc diffusion). The measurement of the diameter of the inhibited area formed were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA statistical test. The results of antibacterial activity of bunga lawang sanitizer hand have lower antibacterial activity gel hand sanitizer Dettol. In the diameter of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria the highest rate 0f hand flower sanitizer gel was 15,1 mm while the sanitizer gel hand wash 21,4 mm. In Escheria coli bacteria, the inhibitory diameter the sanitizer hand gel dettol was obtained at 20.1 mm, while the lawang hand sanitizer gel obtained the highest inhibition diameter of 13.1 mm. The results of data analysis using a one-way ANOVA statistical test showed a sig value p<0,05 so that there were significant differences between the gel hand to the inhibitory power of the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escheria coli bacteria.

Uji komparasi desinfektan septalkan, terralin, dan alkohol 70% terhadap daya sterilisasi permukaan kursi dental

Cross-infection has the potential to occur in the Dental and Oral Hospital due to cross-transmission of pathogenic microbes through dental chair surfaces that are contaminated with microbes. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of three types of disinfectant Septalcan, Terralin, and 70% alcohol on the inhibition of pathogenic microbes originating from the oral cavity of patients who contaminate the surface of dental chairs in aerosol and non-aerosol clinics. Sampling of microorganisms was carried out using the technique of wiping/swab the surface of dental chairs in aerosol and non-aerosol clinics before and after the disinfection process with three types of disinfectants. The decrease in the number of germs before and after the disinfectant process is used as a parameter for the effectiveness of the disinfectant. The results of the one-way ANOVA statistical test shows that there is no significant difference in the effectiveness of the three types of Septalcan, Terralin, and 70% alcohol in reducing the number of germs on the surface of dental chairs. The three types of disinfectants are able to minimize the risk of cross-infection due to pathogenic microbial contamination on the surface of the dental chair.

The Influence of Oral Administration of Red Dragon Fruit Peels Extract (Hylocereus polyrhizus) on Increasing High Density Lipoprotein in Male White Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Hypercholesterolemia

Background: Hypercholesterolemia is one of the most common diseases in the world, with cholesterol levels exceeding normal levels. Hypercholesterolemia can cause various systemic disorders in the body. One of the signs is by decreasing HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) cholesterol levels. Dragon fruit peel contains many ingredients, such as vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin C, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and other minerals that can affect the increase in HDL production and reduce total cholesterol levels. Purpose: To know the effect of red dragon fruit peel extract (Hylocereus polyrhizus)on increasing levels of High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) in male rats (Rattus norvegicus) hypercholesterolemia. Methods: Male rats were made hypercholesterolemic using a mixture of lard (3 ml) and egg yolk (1 g) for 14 days orally. 20 hypercholesterolemic male rats were further divided into 5 treatment groups and given dragon fruit peel extract therapy with different treatments, namely T0 negative control (CMC-Na 1% + aquadest), T1 positive control (Simvastatin 0.0013 mg/200 g BW), T2, T3 and T4 (each 100, 150, 200 mg/kg BW red dragon fruit peel extract) for 14 days orally. Blood serum was taken on day 36 and tested in the laboratory using a chemical analyzer machine; then the data were analyzed using the univariant multiple way one-way ANOVA statistical test with a significant difference (p>0.05). Results: The P4 treatment group has an effective dose (200 mg/kg BW) to increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, while the P3 treatment group (dose 150 mg/kg BW) is less effective but can still have an effect. Conclusion: This research showed that red dragon fruit peel extract could increase HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) cholesterol levels with an effective 200 mg/kg BW dose.

Formulation of Reed Diffuser is A Combination of Cinnamon (Cinnamomomum Verum) and Citronella (Cymbopogon Nardus) Essential Oil as An Anti-Stress Aromatheraphy

This study aims to determine whether the combination formulation of essential oils between cinnamon and citronella can be used as an aromatherapy reed diffuser preparation that has acted as anti-stress aromatherapy. The method used in this research is an experimental laboratory with a post-test only control group design using mice as test animals. The population used in this study was Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and citronella (Cymbopogon nardus), while the samples used were Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) originating from Antang Market, Makassar City, South Sulawesi. taken in the morning. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires and observation methods. A one-way ANOVA statistical test was used to analyze the obtained data. The results showed that the stability of the Reed Diffuser combination of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) essential oils in organoleptic testing had a physically and chemically stable odor and color. The hedonic test of the odor produced shows a distinctive odor in all four formulas, but the most preferred is at a concentration of 2:3. In addition, the preparation of Reed Diffuser, a combination of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) essential oils, is effective as an anti-stress based on the results of tests with regular use.

Effect of Soaking Time’s Variation of Red Onion (Allium Cepa L) Extracts on Formalin Content in Mackerel Tuna (Euthynnus Affinis)

Mackerel tuna (Euthynnus affinis) is one of the most popular foods in the community since it is affordable and has complete nutritional content. It is a frozen fish food product so the storage period of which is relatively short. In addition, it is possible to add formalin on which. Formalin is a substance that is prohibited from being used due to its dangerous effects. The content of saponin compounds found in red onions (Allium cepa L) can be used to reduce formalin levels. This study aimed to determine the effect of variations in the soaking time of red onion extract on the formalin level in mackerel tuna and the optimal soaking time for reducing formalin levels. This study used an experimental method with a posttest control group design. The treatment was given by soaking red onion extract at a concentration of 10% in mackerel tuna containing formalin with variations in soaking time of 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours which were tested quantitatively using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Then, the data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA statistical parametric test and a post hoc test using Duncan's test (DMRT). The decrease of the formalin levels by soaking the onion extract for 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours was 10.61%, 41%, and 73%, respectively. The result showed that there was an effect of the soaking time of red onion extract on formalin levels (p-value 0.05), and the optimal time of soaking onion extract to reduce the formalin content of the samples was 3 hours.

DISTANCE TRAINING OF DENTAL AND ORAL THERAPIST FUNCTIONAL POSITIONS AS AN EFFORT INCREASED KNOWLEDGE OF DENTAL AND ORAL HEALTH CARE SERVICES

Background: Dental and Oral Therapist Functional Positions from CPNS formation are required to attend the training of the Dental and Oral Therapist Functional Positions first appointment in accordance with applicable regulations. Bapelkes Semarang as a training unit of the Ministry of Health held a Distance Training for 4 batches of Dental and Oral Therapists Functional Positions in 2022. The training aims to increase the knowledge of trainees in carrying out dental and oral health care. Objective: This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Distance Training of Dental and Oral Therapist Functional Positions towards increasing the knowledge of trainees in dental and oral health care services. Methods: Quasi experimental design with the pretest-posttest one group design. The number of samples is a total population of 120 participants in the Distance Training of Dental and Oral Therapists Functional Positions in 2022. Data analysis used descriptive analysis and one-way ANOVA (Brown-Forsythe). Results: The descriptive test showed an increase in knowledge in each batch and the one-way ANOVA (Brown-Forsythe) statistical test showed a p value = 0.333 (p>0.05). It can be concluded that there is no significant difference in increasing knowledge among the four training batches. Conclusion: Distance Training of Dental and Oral Therapist Functional Positions is effectively increase the knowledge of trainees in dental and oral health care services.

A Novel, Sustainable, and Eco-Friendly Spectrophotometric and Chemometric Approach for Determination of Severely Overlapped Spectrum via Unified Regression Equation: Greenness and Whiteness Assessment.

Nebivolol and valsartan (VAL) in combination with each other successfully control blood pressure and improve hypertension patient outcomes. To develop and validate innovative, simple, and sustainable spectrophotometric methods for the simultaneous analysis of nebivolol and valsartan. The new modified difference amplitude modulation (MD-AM) method uses only unified regression equation and does not require any resolution techniques. Other different approaches were also applied for the determination of the same mixture including univariate and multivariate spectrophotometric methods. The multivariate methods were PLS and PCR, whereas the univariate methods were derivative ratio (DD1), ratio difference (RD), constant center (CC), constant center spectrum subtraction (CC-SS), constant value coupled with amplitude difference (CV-AD), advanced concentration value (ACV), and amplitude difference (AD). The proposed methods use a green solvent; thus, the environmental impact of the presented procedures was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively using six well-known evaluation tools. All methods were applied successfully for the analysis of the studied drugs in their bulk powder, pharmaceutical dosage form Byvalson®, and in vitro release at intestinal pH (7.4) using a USP dissolution tester. Results obtained were compared statistically with the reported method and with each other using a one-way ANOVA statistical test, and no significant differences were found. All green and white analytical chemistry evaluation tools results confirm the safety, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness of the approaches, indicating that the methods are regarded green and sustainable. Results were agreeable, encouraging their applicability in quality control laboratories for dosage form and making these methods an eco-friendly substitute for the analysis of this combined dosage form and for evaluating the dissolution profile. For the first time, a severely overlapped spectrum was determined using a unified regression equation without the need of extended part or zero contribution regions by the novel method MD-AM. The proposed methods are the first study of in vitro dissolution profiling of nebivolol hydrochloride (NEB) and VAL and the first sustainable and green methods applied without compromising the analytical criteria.

SIFAT FISIK, KIMIA, DAN TINGKAT KESUKAAN MI KERING YANG DISUBSTITUSI TEPUNG UWI UNGU (Discorea alata L.)

<p><em>Purple yam (Dioscorea alata </em>L<em>.) is a type of tuber that has the potential as a source of carbohydrates, and there are antioxidant compounds in the form of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds. The manufacture of dried noodles substituted with purple yam flour is expected to increase the utilization of purple yam and reduce the use of wheat flour as the main ingredient for making noodles. The addition of Carboxy Methyl Cellulose aims to improve the physical properties of dried noodles. In this study, the manufacture of dried noodles was carried out by treating the raw material with a ratio of wheat flour: purple yam flour 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and CMC 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 g/100 g. The resulting dried noodles were tested for water content, ash content, protein content, anthocyanin content, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, color, texture, cooking loss and preference test. The data obtained were then carried out with a one-way ANOVA statistical test and if there was a significant difference, it was continued with the DMRT test at a 5% confidence level. The results of this study indicate that the manufacture of dried noodles can be made with a ratio of wheat flour: purple yam flour ratio of 70:30, so as to reduce the use of wheat flour.In the manufacture of dried noodles with substitution 30 parts of purple yam flour used CMC 0.50 g/100 g. The characteristics of the best dry noodles produced in this study were as follows : water content 10.24% wb, protein content 12.19% db, ash content 3.97% db, anthocyanins content 4.93 mg/100 g db, total phenolic content 19.48 g GAE/ 100 g db, antioxidant activity 3.14%, color L= 29.53, a*=6.80, b*=7.58, cooking loss = 8.52% and overall preference level cooked dried noodle = 3.80 (preferred).</em></p>

Augmented Reality as a Media for Distance Learning in the Digital Era: Contribution in Improving Critical Thinking Skills

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, education has undergone a transformation in the learning methods it has carried out so far, from face-to-face to virtual face-to-face or better known as distance learning. Distance learning is a way of independent learning using technology. Usually, this learning method is considered less effective in developing critical thinking skills. Therefore, this study aims to measure the effectiveness of one of the technologies used for distance learning, namely smartphone-based Augmented Reality (AR) in improving critical thinking skills. The subjects involved in this study were second grade vocational high school students in Surakarta with a total sample of 120 students. Furthermore, the true experiment design research method of the Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design was used and the data were collected by studying the observation syntax, while data analysis techniques were conducted by using One-Way ANOVA statistical test. As for the results of this study, namely Surakarta State Vocational School X obtained an average test result in a class that used augmented reality media which was 71.4 points, higher than the class that did not use AR learning media, namely 51.03. The same results were also shown at Surakarta State Vocational School Y, where the class that used augmented reality (AR) media obtained an average test score of 69.47, which was greater than the class that did not use it, that was only 45.67. These results indicate that the use of smartphone-based augmented reality technology is quite effective in developing students’ critical thinking skills in distance learning.

Efeito de diferentes materiais para confecção de prótese parcial removível provisória: um estudo in vitro sobre rugosidade superficial e resistência à fratura

ABSTRACT The use of removable partial dentures is considered a common and inexpensive treatment option to rehabilitate edentulous areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different materials for provisional removable partial dentures, an in vitro study on surface roughness and fracture resistance. Thermopolymerizable acrylic resin and thermoplastic resin specimens with dimensions of 10 x 10 x 2 mm (blocks) (n=10) and with dimensions of 65 x 20 x 3 mm (bars) (n=10 were analyzed for their surface roughness (Ra) and three-point flexural strength test. All specimens were subjected to oven aging for 60 days at 37°C±0.5°C in distilled water. The statistical analysis was performed with a significance level of 5%, and the surface roughness data were submitted to the Two-way Anova statistical test (P < 0.05) and the mechanical strength data were subjected to One-way Anova statistical test (P < 0.05). For roughness, the factor resin type (P = 0.000) and the factor aging (P = 0.000) were statically significant, as well as showing interaction (P = 0.228). The Thermopolymerizable acrylic resin had the lowest mean roughness values compared to the thermoplastic resin and showed no statistical difference after aging. The same scenario was repeated for flexural strength values; Thermopolymerizable acrylic resin was statistically superior to thermoplastic resin (P = 0.000). Thermopolymerized acrylic resin showed lower surface roughness values and higher flexural strength values compared to thermoplastic resin.

UJI INVIVO AKTIVITAS DIURETIKA EKSTRAK ETANOL 70% DAUN UNGU (Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff) PADA MENCIT PUTIH JANTAN GALUR WISTAR

Traditionally, daun ungu plant (Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff) has been known to have pharmacological effects that can help with a variety of health issues. This plant’s flavonoid compounds content is thought to have diuretic activity in this plant is believed to have activity. The purpose of this study is to determine the diuretic activity and optimal dose of etanol extract of 70% daun ungu administered orally to male white mice. This is an experimental study with a completely randomized design (CRD) that includes 1 negative control group (Na.CMC 0.5%), 1 positive control group (furosemide 40 mg) and 3 test groups of 70% daun ungu ethanol extract doses of 10 mg/kg BW, 25 mg/kg BW and 40 mg/kg BW with urine volume test parameters. One-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis statistical test were used to analyze the data. The results showed that one-way ANOVA revealed a P < 0.05 (0.012), and P ≤ 0.05 (0.051) for the Kruskal-Wallis test. It can be concluded that 70% daun ungu etahanol exctract has effective diuretics, with an optimal dose of 40mg/Kg BW providing an effect twice as large as the positive control (furosemide 40 mg).

PERANAN AIR PERASAN JERUK NIPIS (Citrus aurantifolia) SEBAGAI ANTIMIKROBA TERHADAP Prevotella intermedia PADA PENCEGAHAN PERIIMPLANTITIS (SECARA IN-VITRO)

Introduction: One of the complications of using implants in patients is peri-implantitis which occurs due to the invasion of Prevotella intermedia bacteria. Therefore, we need an agent that can play a role in inhibiting the growth of these bacteria, including lime juice. Lime (Citrus aurantifolia) is an herbal plant that is often used by the community in traditional medicine because it contains antibacterial compounds. The purpose of this study was to determine whether lime juice has antibacterial activity against the growth of Prevotella intermedia by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Method: This research is a laboratory experimental study with a post-test-only control group design approach. The method used in this research is microdilution with 10 treatments. Results: The results of the antibacterial test were carried out by counting the number of bacterial colonies on the agar media, and the data were analyzed by using the One-way ANOVA statistical test. The results showed that the least number of bacterial colonies was found at a concentration of 3.125%, namely 8.75. Conclusion: Lime juice (Citrus aurantifolia) has an antibacterial effect by inhibiting the growth of Prevotella intermedia at a concentration of 3.125% and can kill the growth of Prevotella intermedia at a concentration of 6.25%.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SEDIAAN GEL HAND SANITIZER SANITIZER BUNGA LAWANG (Illiacium verum Hook. f) pada BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus & Escherichia coli

Abstract Some diseases caused by microorganisms on the hands are diarrhea, diphteria, boils, typhus and others. The bacteria that most often contaminate the skin of the hands are Staphylococcus aureus and Escheria coli, whose spreas most often transmitted from hand to hand. Bunga lawing are one of the medicinal plants that have been used in medicine. The purpose of this study was determine the antibacterial activity of gel hand essential oil sanitizer gel preparation (Illiacium verum Hook.f) to the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escheria coli bacteria compared to sanitizer Dettol gel hand. This was carried out with the experimental method. Essential oil of bunga lawing is extracted using a heat method, namely soxhletation. The antibacterial activity test in this study used the agar diffusion method (disc diffusion). The measurement of the diameter of the inhibited area formed were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA statistical test. The results of antibacterial activity of bunga lawang sanitizer hand have lower antibacterial activity gel hand sanitizer Dettol. In the diameter of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria the highest rate 0f hand flower sanitizer gel was 15,1 mm while the sanitizer gel hand wash 21,4 mm. In Escheria coli bacteria, the inhibitory diameter the sanitizer hand gel dettol was obtained at 20.1 mm, while the lawang handsanitizer gel obtained the highest inhibition diameter of 13.1 mm. The results of data analysis using a one-way ANOVA statistical test showed a sig value p<0,05 so that there were significant differences between the gel hand to the inhibitory power of the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escheria coli bacteria. Keywords: Bunga lawang, hand sanitizer gel, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli

Survival Rates of Oryzias Celebensis Embryo Reared in Different Media in an Attempt to Provide Embryos for Ecotoxicological Studies

Fish embryos from the genus Oryzias have long been used as animal models in ecotoxicological research. Research on the survival rate of Oryzias celebensis embryos in different rearing media has been carried out. In this study, the media used were embryo rearing medium (ERM), bottled water (BW), Pattunuang river water (PRW), and well water (WW). The data obtained is analyzed with a one-way ANOVA statistical test and descriptive analysis in the form of tables and figures. The results of this study indicated that the embryogenesis processes of O. celebensis in all media were faster than the development of O. latipes, which was used as a reference for embryogenesis observations. The yolk volume in each medium decreased in size along with the development of the embryogenesis phases. The results of the one-way ANOVA statistical test showed that the rearing medium was significantly different (P<0.05) concerning the hatching time parameter and not significantly different (P>0.05) on the parameters of survival rate of the embryo (SRe) and total larval length. The water quality of the rearing medium was still in a condition that the O. celebensis embryos could tolerate except for the concentration of CaCO3, which could affect the hatching time. This study concludes that embryo rearing medium (ERM) solution is the best medium for rearing O. celebensis embryos for ecotoxicological studies. The hatching time parameter of the O. celebensis embryo has the potential to be used as a biomarker in ecotoxicological studies.

Statistical Validation of a New Tensile Creep Test for Asphalt Mastics

Abstract Currently, the increasing traffic level and climatic change are exacerbating the premature distress of pavement infrastructures. In order to assess this problem, the proposed research activity aims to statistically evaluate the parameters of a new mastic tensile creep test, which is based on a uniaxial tensile configuration. This allows the material deformation to be kept in the small-strain domain and the mechanical behavior to be considered as linear viscoelastic (LVE). Particularly, the main tasks of the study herein were the statistical analysis of the proper testing temperature and load. Moreover, the storage period of the samples was also analyzed, comparing four storage durations (1, 2, 4, and 12 h). The proposed analysis was performed using three fillers (one pure limestone and two limestone-based fillers) and two asphalt binders, neat and 3.5 % Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified, respectively. The validation of the testing protocol also involved the analysis of the operator sensitivity using the one-way ANOVA statistical test. The results showed that the testing protocol is not operator-sensitive and allows the LVE behavior to be kept in the small-strain domain. The results also indicated that the m-value seems to interpret the accumulation of the permanent deformation for the mastic materials, which may be used as the property of materials, well.

Preventive Effects of Vitamin C on Cataracts: In Vivo Study

Background: A cataract is a disease caused by various factors, one of which is the aging process. With increasing age, the formation of free radicals will cause pathological reactions in the lens and other toxic compounds, resulting in oxidative reactions. Administration of vitamin C injection as an antioxidant can reduce the reactivity of free radicals caused by oxidative reactions in cataract lenses induced by sodium selenite. This study aims to determine the preventive effect of vitamin C administration on selenite-induced cataracts based on the value of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels.&#x0D; Methods: The experimental study used 30 rats which were then divided into 5 treatment groups (P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5). Lenses were extracted for the measurement of malondialdehyde. The value of MDA levels was then analyzed using the One-way ANOVA statistical test.&#x0D; Results: Statistically, there was no significant difference in MDA levels in each treatment group. Analysis of the difference in mean MDA between the 2 groups showed that the average MDA levels of mice in groups P4 and P5 were relatively lower than P2 and P3, but higher than P1.&#x0D; Conclusion: Giving vitamin C was able to reduce MDA levels (a marker of oxidative stress) better than the group that did not receive vitamin C, but not statistically different.

Efficiency Assessment of Hazardous Waste Disposal in EU Countries: A Three-Stage Super-Efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis Model.

Hazardous waste pollutes the air, soil, and water and adversely affects human health if not disposed of safely. Analysis of the efficiency of hazardous waste disposal is essential to sustainable development. This paper uses the three-stage super-efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis model to measure the efficiency of 28 EU countries from 2004 to 2016. To ensure the reliability of the results, the article utilizes a one-way ANOVA statistical test to verify whether DEA results vary significantly across various EU countries. This article discusses "how inputs and outputs can be adjusted to eliminate inefficiencies" to suggest a targeted improvement. The third stage supper efficiency DEA results shows that the efficiency varies significantly across different EU countries. The main reasons for the low efficiency are high generated hazardous waste, management expenditure, greenhouse gas emissions, and inadequate waste disposal volume. Targeted proposals from three aspects are given for policymakers in EU countries: Build a resource recycling system to reduce hazardous waste. Establish a sound fee management system to reduce expenses. Optimization of disposal technology to improve incineration efficiency.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EMULGEL OF Brucea javanica (L.) Merr SEED EXTRACTS

Anti-inflammatory drugs are needed to overcome excessive inflammatory reactions that can interfere with activities. The existence of side effects in the use of synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs causes the search for natural drugs with high therapeutic effects and low side effects to continue. Seeds of Makassar (Brucea javanica (L.) Merr) plant are known to have anti-inflammatory activity. Topical anti-inflammatory administration is currently being developed because it can minimize side effects compared to oral. This study aimed to formulate 96% ethanol extract of Makasar fruit seeds in the form of an emulgel and to determine the physical properties and anti-inflammatory activity of the emulgel in vitro. Makasar fruit seeds were extracted by sonication method using 96% ethanol solvent (3 x 35 minutes). The extract was then formulated into an emulgel preparation with an extract concentration of 1%. Emulgel was then tested for its physical properties and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro using protein denaturation inhibition method. The results showed that the physical properties of emulgel base (F0), extract emulgel (F1), and Na-diclofenac emulgel (F2) met the requirements for homogeneity, pH, adhesion, spreadability, and viscosity tests. F0, F1, and F2 had inhibition percentages of 3.74±1.58%,; 23.07±0.72%; and 33.49±0.29, respectively. According to one-way ANOVA statistical test, the three tested groups had significant differences.

PEMERIKSAAN KADAR ALANIN AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT) TERHADAP LAMA PAPARAN KARBON MONOKSIDA PADA PEKERJA BENGKEL DI JEMUR WONOSARI SURABAYA

Carbon monoxide is one of the most important pollutants and has toxic properties if the gas is inhaled by humans. Levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and ALT enzymes become one of the biomarkers that affect liver damage. The ALT enzyme is a transferase enzyme that is released when the liver is damaged. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of long exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) on workshop workers on the examination of ALT levels. The research method used is an experimental method with a one-shot case study design on 27 respondents of workshop workers in the Jemur Wonosari area of ​​Surabaya. ALT levels were measured using a photometer and analysis of ALT levels was carried out using the One-way ANOVA statistical test using SPSS. The results showed the average ALT levels in group X1 (long working 1-5 years) of 38.26 u/l while the average result in group X2 (long working 6-10 years) was 40.38 u/l and average results in group X3 (long working 11-15 years old) is 41.11 u/l. One way ANOVA statistical test obtained a significance value of 0.484&gt; 0.05. So the conclusion obtained in this study is that there is no effect of long exposure to carbon monoxide on the examination of ALT levels in the blood of workshop workers in Jemur Wonosari Surabaya.