One-way ANOVA Research Articles

Upper limb movement control strategy of top-tier elite male badminton players when smashing for different distances

PurposeMastering the skill of smashing in a game can be quite challenging. Unfortunately, it’s not always easy to control the distance of the smash. The present study investigated the impact of different smashing distances on muscle activation patterns and kinematics of the upper limbs.Material and methodsTen collegiate athletes from a top-ranked team in Korea participated in the present study with a mean age, weight, and height of 21 ± 1 years, 71.9 ± 9.1 kg, and 1.78 ± 2.24 m, respectively. Three valid data points for each subject at three different distances were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).ResultsThe results demonstrated that with increasing smashing distance, the internal rotation angle of the elbow and wrist joints decreased, while the angular velocity of flexion and internal rotation of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints increased. Muscle activation increased for all muscles except the biceps brachii (BICLO) with increasing distance. The greatest changes in activation levels were observed in the anterior deltoid (DELTA), extensor carpi radialis (ECR), and flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU).ConclusionsDuring tasks with different smashing distances, muscle activation in the upper limbs (except the biceps) increased with increasing distances. Additionally, the internal rotation angle of the upper limbs decreased with increased distances, while the angular velocity of flexion and internal rotation of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints increased.

Left Ventricular Geometric Pattern Impacts QT Dispersion in Males Athletes and Sedentary Men.

To (1) compare QT dispersion (QTd) and echocardiographic features between athletes with concentric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, athletes with eccentric LV hypertrophy, and sedentary controls with a normal LV geometric pattern and (2) quantify associations between QTd and echocardiographic features within these groups. Male athletes competing in different sports and sedentary men were stratified into groups according to their LV geometric pattern. These groups included eccentric LV hypertrophy (LV index > 115g/m2, relative wall thickness [RWT] < 0.42) consisting of 38 athletes, concentric LV hypertrophy (LV index > 115g/m2, RWT > 0.42) consisting of 40 athletes, and normal LV geometric pattern (LV index < 115g/m2, RWT < 0.42) consisting of 40 sedentary controls. Following a cross-sectional design, participants underwent electrocardiographic (ECG) and echocardiographic screening. Data were compared between groups using one-way analyses of variance with Bonferroni post hoc tests. Associations between corrected QTd and echocardiographic variables were quantified using Pearson correlations. Alongside structural disparities between groups, corrected QTd was significantly (p < 0.001) lower in athletes with eccentric LV hypertrophy compared to athletes with concentric LV hypertrophy and sedentary controls. Significant,moderate-to-very-largecorrelations were found between corrected QTd and interventricular septal wall thickness in athletes with concentric (r = 0.416, p = 0.008) or eccentric LV hypertrophy (r = 0.734, p < 0.001), and sedentary controls (r = 0.464, p = 0.003). The provided comparative and relationship data may inform the development of more precise approaches for ECG and echocardiographic screening in athletes, particularly in those with concentric LV hypertrophy who may be at greater risk for developing prolonged QTd.

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STAINING SOLUTIONS ON THE COLOR STABILITY OF PERMANENT INDIRECT COMPOSITE RESINS PRODUCED BY ADDITIVE AND SUBTRACTIVE TECHNIQUES

Objective: To investigate the effects of various beverages on the color stability of permanent composite resins produced by additive (AM) or subtractive manufacturing (SM) techniques comparatively. Materials and Methods: Six composite resin materials produced by SM (Vita Enamic-VE, Cerasmart-CE, Lava Ultimate-LU) and AM (Varseo Smile Crown plus-VSC, Saremco print Crowntech-SPC, Formlabs 3B Permanent Crown-FPC) techniques were selected and soaked in different solutions (artificial saliva, black tea, coffee) for different times (0, 1 and 7 days). L*, a*, b* values of the samples were recorded using a spectrophotometer. The color changes of the samples were determined using the CIELAB formula. In determining the color differences between the test materials, Kruskal-Wallis analysis was used when one-way analysis of variance wasn’t available. Results: Group VE was the least stained group on the 1st and 7th day of artificial saliva solution and the 7th day of coffee solution, while Group CE was the least stained group on the 1st day of coffee solution. In the tea solution, on the 1st and 7th days, there wasn’t difference in the materials' color change (p&amp;gt;0.05). Tea and coffee solutions caused statistically significantly more color change in all test materials than artificial saliva (except Group CE on the 7th day, Group VSC and FPC on the 1st day) (p&amp;lt;0.05). Conclusion: 3D permanent composite resins generally showed more staining than CAD/CAM milled composite resins. Tea and coffee staining solutions changed the color of the materials compared to artificial saliva. As the storage time increased, more color changes were observed.

Investigation into the effect of acute exposure to chlorogenic acid in male wistar mice

Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a natural polyphenolic compound widely present in various fruits, vegetables, and plant-based foods. It has gained considerable attention due to its potential health benefits including antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, central nervous system stimulator, and anti-hypertensive amongst others. There is a dearth of information about acute exposure to chlorogenic acid which is also used as a food supplement. Ninety-six male Wistar mice were weight-matched into 8 groups (n=12). Group 1 was treated with distilled water, Group 2 received 1% ethanol, while Groups 3-8 were treated with 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 and 1,000 mg/kg body weight doses of CGA, respectively. Six animals were bled and sacrificed per group 24 hours post-treatment, and the liver and kidney were excised. Sections of the organs were fixed in 10% formalin for histopathological examination. Various antioxidant parameters were assayed in the liver and kidney samples using standard methods. A liver function test was also carried out on the liver samples. Haematological analysis was carried out as well as histopathology analysis of the liver and kidney samples. The remainder of the treated mice in each group were observed for mortality 24 hours post-treatment and for two weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with p-values less than 0.05 considered to be significant. The results of this study show that chlorogenic acid led to dose-dependent increased levels of hydrogen peroxide and albumin, increased activity of alkaline phosphatase with decreased activities and levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and bilirubin in the liver function while there were increased hydrogen peroxide levels in the kidney. The haematological parameters were not affected and the histopathological examination complemented the results with mild to moderate lesions in the liver and none in the kidney. Although, the lethal dose (LD 50-i.e., the dose at 50% mortality) was not established in this study. Therefore, chlorogenic acid should be ingested with caution.

In-silico analysis of ethanol peel extract of Citrus sinensis on mercury chloride-induced prefrontal cortex damage in Wistar rat

This study evaluated the effect of ethanolic extract of Citrus sinensis peel on mercury chloride-induced changes in the prefrontal cortex of adult Wistar rats. Twenty-five Wistar rats were purchased and divided into five groups containing five animals in each group. Group 1 was administered with distilled water, Group 2, Group 3, Group 4, and Group 5 were administered with 5 mg/kg of mercury chloride only, 5 mg/kg of mercury chloride and 140 mg/kg Silymarin, 5 mg/kg mercury chloride and 1000 mg/kg of ethanoic extract of orange peel, and 5 mg/kg mercury chloride and 1500 mg/kg of ethanoic extract of orange peel. All administration was done orally and the administration lasted for 14 days. The animals were sacrificed humanely using 75 mg/kg ketamine intraperitoneally and prefrontal was dissected out. Part was homogenized in 0.1M phosphate buffered saline for the estimation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities, and Malondialdehyde (MDA) level and the other part was fixed by immersion in 10 neutral buffered formal-saline for histological evaluation. The chemical structure of sixteen compounds from Citrus sinensis peel obtained from GC-MS analysis reported in the literature were retrieved from the PubChem compound database and the crystal structure of human peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma (PPARγ; PDB:ID: 2P4Y) reported to increase the expression of catalase gene, human extracellular copper-zinc superoxide dismutase enzyme (PDB ID: 2JLP) and mammalian 15-lipoxygenase - 1 enzyme (PDB ID: 2P0M) responsible for the production of lipid peroxidation were retrieved from the PDB database. Ligands and protein preparation, docking and MM-GBSA relative binding free energy calculation were done in Maestro 2023.1. Data obtained was analyzed using the IBM SPSS (version 25) using one-way ANOVA and p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results indicate that the MDA level in control Group(13.29±1.183 μmol) is statistically significantly lower compared to the Group 2 (21.88±1.96 μmol), group 3 (27.44±3.52 μmol), Group 4 (22.20±1.16 μmol) and Group 5 (25.40±3.13 μmol). No statistically significant difference was observed in SOD activity. The CAT activities in control group (53.51±6.83 nmol/ml) was statistically significantly lower compared to the group 2 (26.21±3.70 nmol/ml), Group 3 (27.17±5.32 nmol/ml), Group 4 (25.30±4.24 nmol/ml) and Group5 (26.59±4.22 nmol/ml).The present study suggests, ethanolic extract of Citrus sinensis peel have protective effects on mercury-induced changes in prelimbic part of the prefrontal cortex of adult Wistar rats.

Determining the Care Burden and Burnout Levels of Family Members Providing Care for Cancer Patients

Objectives: Caregivers’ care burden and burnout levels are projected to increase as the physical independence of their patients decreases. This study aimed to determine the care burden and burnout perception of caregivers of cancer patients. Methods: The study was conducted with 143 patient relatives who were providing primary care for patients treated between March 1 and June 1, 2017, in the clinics of the Institute of Oncology of Istanbul University. The data were collected using the “ Personal information form “, “Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale” and “Maslach Burnout Inventory”. Data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical program. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviation) student t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for data analysis. Results: The mean score from the burden interview was found 27.38±17.04. In the burnout inventory results, the mean of emotional exhaustion is 19.61±9.08, the mean of depersonalization is 8.78±5.38, and the mean of decrease in personal accomplishment is 29.66±5.91. Individuals’ perceptions of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization increase as their perception of care burden increases (p&amp;lt;.001). There was, however, no relationship between care burden and personal accomplishment (p&amp;gt;.05). The study demonstrated that caregivers’ care burden and burnout perceptions increased as cancer patients’ self-care ability worsened (p=.001). Conclusion: It has been found that the perceived care burden level is low and burnout level is middle among the caregivers of cancer patients. The patients’ level of dependency increases perceptions of caregiver burden and burnout increases too.

Pemanfaatan Kecambah Kacang Hijau dan Kacang Kedelai sebagai Sumber Nitrogen pada Produksi Nata de Pina

Pineapple skin, a by-product of the pineapple industry in Lampung, has significant potential for utilization. Pineapple peel extract can be used as a fermentation medium for nata de pina, thereby enhancing its added value. The production of nata de pina requires a nitrogen source that is safe for human consumption and poses no food safety risks. Legume sprouts, such as mung bean and soybean sprouts, have the potential to serve as nitrogen sources in the production of nata de pina. This study aimed to investigate the effect of varying concentrations of nitrogen sources from mung bean or soybean sprouts on the properties of nata de pina, including pH, total acidity, thickness, yield, moisture content, crude fiber, ash content, and sensory attributes (color, aroma, texture). Mung bean and soybean sprout juices were used at two concentration levels, 25% and 50% of the volume of pineapple peel juice (v/v). Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA with a 5% significance level, followed by DMRT if significant effects were observed. Nata de pina produced with the addition of 50% soybean juice demonstrated optimal results, with a thickness of 1.4 cm, yield of 67.5%, moisture content of 97.7%, crude fiber of 2.2%, and ash content of 0.16%. The sensory evaluation revealed scores of 4.26 for color (like), 2.92 for aroma (moderate), 3.78 for texture (like), and 3.78 for overall preference (like).

Current Status and Factors Influencing Mental Health Literacy in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study.

This study aimed to investigate the current status of mental health literacy and related influencing factors in patients with coronary heart disease. Four hundred and thirty-five patients with coronary heart disease were recruited in this survey. Data collection was conducted using the General Information Questionnaire, the Chinese version of the Mental Health Literacy Scale, Coronary Artery Disease Self-Management Scale, Social Support Rating Scale, and Coronary Heart Disease Self-Efficacy Scale. Descriptive methods, independent samples t-test or one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression were used for data analysis. The results showed that the mean total mental health literacy score of patients with coronary heart disease was 96.42 ± 8.40; gender, age, education level, monthly per capita family income, first diagnosed with coronary heart disease, cardiac function classification, self-management ability, social support, and self-efficacy were the factors influencing the level of mental health literacy in patients with coronary heart disease (all p < 0.05). The study suggests that mental health literacy can improve patients' self-management ability and self-efficacy, and healthcare professionals should emphasize the strengthening of this aspect of health education in order to better improve patient's prognosis.

Factors Influencing Anxiety in MZ Generation Workers: Occupational Stress, Social Problem Solving, Work as Meaning, and Work-Life Balance

Purpose: This study aimed to examine factors influencing the anxiety levels of MZ generation workers, including occupational stress, social problem solving, work as meaning, and work-life balance.Methods: This study used secondary data from 503 MZ generation workers which was originally collected in a mental health study of workers applying machine learning techniques. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and stepwise multiple regression analysis with SPSS 26.Results: Results indicated that the job demand and job insecurity subscales of occupational stress, negative problem orientation, avoidance style, and impulsive &amp; careless style of social problem solving scale were identified as significant factors that increased anxiety. In contrast, the job control subscale of occupational stress, work-life balance, the greater good motivation subscale of work as meaning, and positive problem orientation of social problem solving scale were identified as important factors that reduced anxiety. These factors collectively explained approximately 49% of the variance in anxiety among MZ generation workers.Conclusion: The findings suggest that it is essential to manage occupational stress with an optimistic perspective, develop social problem solving skills with a sense of meaning at work and maintain a great work-life balance to reduce anxiety among MZ generation workers.

Rodents of Bahir Dar Blue Nile River Millennium Park, Ethiopia.

Rodents are mammals of the order Rodentia, which are found in all continents except Antarctica. They are the most diverse groups of mammals representing 41% of all mammals and they are known with 33 families, 481 genera, and about 2277 species. The present study was conducted from December 2018 to August 2019 both during the dry and wet seasons using Sherman traps and live traps. Four trap sites namely forest, bushland, grassland, and sugarcane plantation were selected for data collection. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') was used to compute rodent species diversity, Simpson's index (D) to assess the number and abundance of rodents in the different habitats, and one-way ANOVA and independent samples t-test were used for data analysis. A total of 163 individual rodents were captured in 1776 trap nights of which 125 individuals were captured using live traps in 1176 trap nights and 38 individuals using snap traps in 600 trap nights. Among the total individual rodents captured in the Bahir Dar Blue Nile River Millennium Park, 63.8% (n = 104) were males and 36.2% (n = 59) were females. Males outnumbered females in all the grids and the difference was significant (t = 31.5, df = 10, p < 0.05). The relative abundance of rodent species indicated that 42.4% (n = 53) were Arvicanthis niloticus, 26.4% (n = 33) Rattus rattus, 17.6% (n = 22) Mus musculus, 8% (n = 10) Mastomys natalensis, and 5.6% (n = 7) Arvicanthis abyssinicus. There are more individual specimens of A. niloticus than other species identified in the area (F = 698.22, df = 4, p < 0.05). Distribution of rodents varied among the different habitats. As a result, the bushland habitat showed more diversity of rodents (H = 0.98) and comprised relatively the highest (51.2%, n = 64) number of individuals captured, while the forest habitat supported the lowest number of rodents (4%, n = 5), and the difference showed a significant difference (F = 873.37, df = 3, p < 0.05). Population density with 95% confident interval estimated as 166 individuals/ha (95% CI:164.43-167.57). The present study provides basic information about population dynamics of rodents and contributes to design conservation strategies for rodents in particular and other biota of the area in general.

Colourimetric changes experienced in three types of aligners according to the L'Eclairage Commission.

The objective was to compare the colourimetric increment (L*, a*, and b*) of three types of aligners after subjecting them to two stains and to evaluate the initial colourimetric characteristics. A total of 120 aligners (40 Invisalign®, 40 Spark®, and 40 QuickSmile®) were immersed in two different agents (distilled water and coffee). Measurements were taken using a spectrophotometer before immersion (T0), after 12 hours (T1), and after 7 days (T2). Colour changes (ΔE*) were evaluated based on the International Commission of L'Eclairage, and subsequently converted to National Bureau of Standards units. The measurement was repeated three times. The intraclass correlation coefficient, one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test, and the independent t test were used (P ≤ .05). At T0, significant differences were observed for a*: Invisalign® and Spark® tended towards redder tones, whereas Quicksmile® leaned towards greener shades. Regarding b*, all aligners tended towards yellow, with Invisalign® exhibiting the least tendency. No differences were found in water between T1 and T0. In the intervals, T2-T1 and T2-T0, Spark® showed more noticeable changes, whereas for Invisalign® and Quicksmile®, the change was only slight. In coffee, a shift to another colour was detected in T1-T0, T2-T1, and T2-T0 for Invisalign®, whereas for other brands, it was barely noticeable except for T2-T0 in Spark®, where the change was appreciable. In coffee, Invisalign® tended towards darker values (L*), turning redder (a*), and more yellow (b*) in T2-T1 and T2-T0. Invisalign® aligners initially presented a more reddish and less yellowish colour. In water, after 7 days, a noticeable colour change was found for Spark®. In coffee, a greater loss in brightness and a change to red and yellow were observed after 12 hours and 7 days for Invisalign®. This study highlights the importance of considering the impact of coffee on the colouring of aligners, especially with Invisalign®, which shows more noticeable changes.

한국 부모의 자녀 교육 불안의 계층화: 공정성 인식의 매개효과를 중심으로

[Purpose] The purpose of this study is to define the anxiety of Korean parents regarding their children's education as a subtype of social anxiety and to analyze the factors influencing it. In particular, this study explores how parental education and income in Korean society affect anxiety about children's education and further investigates whether this relationship is mediated by parents' perceptions of fairness. [Methods] Using data from the 7th wave of the World Values Survey (WVS Wave 7) for Korea, a one-way ANOVA was conducted to examine whether there are differences in the level of anxiety about children's education based on parental education and income, thereby identifying the stratification of such anxiety. Next, a multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to determine whether parental education and income continue to influence anxiety about children's education even after controlling for various influencing factors. Lastly, to verify whether the relationship between parental education and income and anxiety about children's education is mediated by parents' perceptions of fairness, PROCESS (Model 4; Hayes, 2012) was used. [Results] The results of the one-way ANOVA showed that as parental education increases, anxiety about children's education also increases, whereas higher parental income tends to reduce this anxiety. The multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that anxiety about children's education among Korean parents is more influenced by income than education, and that age, residential area size, extroversion, religiosity, and subjective health status also have significant effects. Mediation analysis confirmed that the relationship between parental income and anxiety about children's education is partially mediated by perceptions of fairness in income and asset distribution, as well as fairness in educational, employment, and promotion opportunities. [Conclusion] The findings of this study demonstrate that anxiety about children's education in contemporary Korean society is stratified by income and that this anxiety can be interpreted as a negative emotional response arising from lower perceptions of social fairness. Based on these results, the limitations of this study and directions for future research are also discussed.

The chromatograph evaluation of white spot lesion treated with magnesium gel and diode laser: an in vitro study

Objective. White spot lesions are one of the most common concerns of orthodontic therapy. The present study was accomplished to evaluate the ability of Magnesium gel at different concentration and diode laser in combination compared with commercially available 1.23% APF in color restoring of WSL on permanent teeth. Methods. 42 extracted sound upper premolar teeth were recruited for this study. WSL was artificially induced, until it appears in wet and dry condition on buccal surface of each tooth. Different approaches have been utilized for treatment WSL. 6 experimental groups were involved: Group A: Control, Group B: 0.5%MgCl2 gel, Group C: 1%MgCl2 gel, Group D: 0.5%MgCl2 gel and Diode laser, Group E: 1%MgCl2 gel and Diode laser and Group F: 1.23%APF. The difference between the displayed color and the original color standard (ΔE) was assessed by colorimeter. The surface topography of teeth samples from each tested group was examined by a SEM. Collected data were investigated using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan post hoc test at p ≤0.05. Result. A significant difference in (ΔE) was noticed among groups (p = 0.006). Group (B) showed the lowest ΔE value (9.4 ± 1.6), followed by group (D) (10.2 ± 1.1), group (F) (10.4±2.6), group (A) (11.6 ± 1.3), group (C) (12.9 ± 2.3) and group (E) (13.2 ± 1.3). Conclusion. In present study, topical application of 0.5% MgCl2 gel ensure color reinstating compared to other groups.

Nephroprotective Effects of Sunkist Peel Ethanol Extract on Diabetic Nephropathy

The most common long-term diabetic complication is diabetic nephropathy which, in most cases, falls into the End-Stage Kidney Disease. Numerous studies on the nephroprotective effects of citrus fruit have been conducted recently. This study was performed to investigate the phytochemical properties of Sunkist peel ethanol extract and their possible effects on improving diabetic nephropathy. To get the extract, the Sunkist peels were macerated and the extract was analyzed by GC-MS. An in vivo assay of five different groups of 25 male Wistar rats was then performed using the extracts. The groups included control, standard, 500 mg/kg extract, 750 mg/kg extract, and 1,500 mg/kg BW extract. All rats were sacrificed after 28 days of treatment and VEGF level serum and kidney histology analysis were performed. The VEGF data were first analyzed descriptively, followed by one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test based on the data distribution. Meanwhile, the kidney histology was observed and narratively described. Results showed that the Sunkist peel ethanol extract has a potential effect to suppress the VEGF level (p-value &lt; 0.05). The extract at the highest dose revealed the mildest pathology damage in the form of tubular structure degeneration without any glomerular damage. This study indicates that Sunkist peel extract has nephroprotective effects from its various phytochemical compounds that work as antioxidants and anti-inflammation.

ONLINE LECTURE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AFFECTS MEDICAL STUDENTS' LEARNING OUTCOMES BASED ON MCQ SCORE EXAMINATION

The COVID-19 pandemic has made major changes, one of which is the policy of implementing online lectures from home. This change in method can affect student learning outcomes that can be observed through the results of the MCQ exam at the end of the block. This study was conducted to determine the influence of online lectures during the COVID-19 pandemic on the results of the final MCQ test of student blocks. The retrospective cohort research design was carried out by collecting the MCQ scores at the end of the block at the time before the pandemic, the beginning of the pandemic and the sixth month of the pandemic from students of the 2017, 2018, and 2019 batches and data analysis was carried out by means of the Friedman Test, the Repeated Anova test, the Kruskal-Wallis test and the One-Way Anova. In the class of 2017, the average MCQ test results of the final block before, at the beginning, and in the sixth month of the pandemic were 50.72+8.02 consecutively; 51,39+6,8; 50.31+8.41, and there was no significant difference between them (p&gt;0.001). Meanwhile, in other batches, a significant difference (p&lt;0.001) was found with the results of the final MCQ exam in the 2018 batch of 45.29 + 7.87; 42.77 + 10.4 and 50.68 + 10.63 and for the class of 2019 it is 62.00 + 6.83; 46.8+10.92 and 52.32+10.02. At the beginning of the implementation of online lectures, the final MCQ score of the junior student block was most affected (p&lt;0.001). The online lecture method affects the learning outcomes of first- and second-year students but not for third-year students.

Protected and Unprotected Areas as Refuges for Bird Conservation in Southeastern Coahuila, Mexico

Information gaps about the distribution of species hamper the evaluation of conservation status and decisions on biodiversity conservation, affecting areas with high species richness and endemism to a greater extent. In this context, carrying out biological inventories in protected and unprotected areas is an important tool to fill these gaps by providing data on the composition, richness, and abundance of species in each locality. The southeastern region of Coahuila (northeast Mexico) is a region where biodiversity research is required, as anthropogenic activities pose a serious threat to the avian diversity of this region. The present study aimed to compare the capacity of protected and unprotected areas to support the richness, abundance, and composition of bird species, as well as providing a list of bird species from eight areas located in this region. The point count method was conducted at the sites, and one-way ANOVA was used to determine the effect of area type on species richness and abundance. Based on our field observations, literature review, and digital databases, the avifauna of these eight areas includes 388 species in 63 families. Of these, 5 species are endemic to Mexico, 6 species are of global conservation concern, and 35 species are of regional conservation concern. The species richness found in this study supports the importance of protected and unprotected areas in southeastern Coahuila. The results of our study highlight the need for further assessment to conserve the avian community, especially considering the increasing threats of anthropogenic disturbance, as well as additional studies that will allow for better characterization of the avifauna of the region. This will help to ensure the conservation of the birds currently threatened by strong anthropic pressure due to the conversion of semiarid ecosystems to agricultural and livestock areas as well as increasing urbanization.

Characteristics of ice cream from black soybean sprout juice – red dragon fruit with yolk emulsifier

Black soybean germination into sprouts reportedly improved nutrition digestibility and bioactive compound content. Red dragon fruit (RDF) and egg yolk (EY) can be used as natural and halal colorants and emulsifiers. Black soybean sprout (BSS) juice made non-dairy ice cream with red dragon fruit and egg yolk as an emulsifier. This research aimed to measure the effect of various red dragon fruit and egg yolk concentrations on the characteristics of ice cream made from BSS juice. A completely randomized design was applied to six formulations made using the ratio of RDF : EY of FA (20%: 3%), FB (20%: 4%), FC (20%: 5%), FD (40%: 3%), FE (40%: 4%), and FF (40%: 5%). BSS juice was made using 48 hours of room temperature incubated sprout and water at a 1:4 (b/v) ratio. Filtrate was then mixed with sugar, cornstarch, and salt into a dough, which was then mixed with RDF and EY at various concentrations. Nutritional proximate composition, radical scavenging activity, phenolic content, total anthocyanin content, vitamin C, and sensory acceptance were analyzed. Data was then statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Results showed that higher RDF significantly changed overrun, melting rate, increased moisture content, vitamin C (20.4 – 40.23 mg/100 g), antioxidant activity (34.9 – 62.78 % radical scavenging activity), total phenolics (0.341 – 0.536 mg/g GAE), and total anthocyanin (3.905 – 9.726 mg/kg), and hedonic score, but shorter melting time. The shortest melting time was obtained by ice cream made using 20% RDF and 5% EY, the lower concentration of fruit, and the highest concentration of egg yolk, respectively. The results indicated that BSS juice could be used as the main ingredient to make non-dairy ice cream, with red dragon fruit and egg yolk as natural colorants and emulsifiers, respectively. Keywords: Black soybean sprout, Non-dairy ice cream, Red dragon fruit

The Rate of Leg Fat Oxidation Is Not Attenuated During Incremental Intensity One-Leg Knee Extensor Exercise.

It is not clear if fat oxidation is attenuated at higher exercise intensities, when exercising with a small muscle mass, and therefore, we studied leg fat oxidation during graded one-leg exercise. Ten males (age: 27 ± 2 years, body mass: 82 ± 3 kg, BMI: 24 ± 1 kg m-2, V̇O2max: 49 ± 2 mL min-1 kg-1) performed one-leg exercise at 25% of maximal workload (Wmax) for 30 min, followed by 120-min exercise at 55% Wmax with the contralateral leg, and finally 30-min exercise at 85% Wmax with the first leg. Blood was sampled from an artery and both femoral veins, and blood flow was determined using Doppler ultrasound. Muscle biopsies were obtained before and after 30 min at each workload. One-way RM ANOVA was applied to determine the impact of exercise intensity. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. From rest through exercise average blood flow (0.4 ± 0.1, 2.1 ± 0.1, 2.6 ± 0.2, 3.7 ± 0.2 L min-1) and oxygen uptake across the leg (0.03 ± 0.01, 0.23 ± 0.02, 0.35 ± 0.03, 0.53 ± 0.04 L min-1) increased with exercise intensity (p < 0.001). Leg RQ (0.76 ± 0.04, 0.86 ± 0.02,0.87 ± 0.01, 0.92 ± 0.01, p < 0.001), leg plasma FA uptake (2 ± 2, 46 ± 8,83 ± 9, 114 ± 16 μmol min-1; p < 0.001) and rate of leg fat oxidation (0.016 ± 0.005, 0.062 ± 0.012, 0.075 ± 0.011, 0.084 ± 0.018 g min-1, p < 0.007) increased with exercise intensity. Muscle-free carnitine content was unchanged from rest at 25% Wmax and decreased after 30 min exercise at 55% and 85% Wmax (17.4 ± 1.6, 16.6 ± 0.7, 14.5 ± 1.2, 10.5 ± 1.0 mmol/kg dry muscle, respectively; p < 0.006). During incremental one-leg exercise, the rate of leg fat oxidation was not attenuated with increasing exercise intensity, probably due to an insufficient muscle metabolic stress response.

Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation at different targets on brain function in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial

IntroductionRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can improve post stroke motor function. However, there is little research on targets. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of rTMS therapy with different targets on post stroke motor function and neural plasticity.MethodsFifty-four subjects were randomly divided into M1 (Primary motor area) group, SMA (supplementary motor area) group and Sham group, and were given 10 Hz on the affected M1 area, SMA area and sham stimulation rTMS. The primary outcomes included Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity Scale (FMA-UE), Fugl-Meyer Assessment Lower Extremity Scale (FMA-LE) and Berg balance scale (BBS). Secondary outcomes: amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo) and functional connectivity (FC) were analyzed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluate brain functional activation and functional connectivity changes.ResultsThe 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant group × time interaction (F = 23.494, p &amp;lt; 0.001; F = 10.801, p &amp;lt; 0.001; F = 17.812, p &amp;lt; 0.001) in the FMA-UE, FMA-LE and BBS scores. Post hoc analysis indicated that 4 weeks of SMA rTMS resulted in an increase in FMA-UE, FMA-LE and BBS scores compared with Sham group (p = 0.006; p = 0.033; p = 0.012), SMA group was significantly increased in BBS compared with M1 group (p = 0.034). Moreover, there were significant effects of time in all 3 groups in the FMA-UE, FMA-LE and BBS scores (p &amp;lt; 0.001). In addition, the increase of ALFF in the supramarginal gyrus on the affected side was correlated with better FMA-UE recovery, the increase of ALFF in the middle temporal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus on the affected side was positively correlated with the improvement of BBS, and the ALFF in the cerebellum on the healthy side was negatively correlated with the improvement of BBS. There was a positive correlation between FC (SMA – ipsilateral cerebellum) changes and BBS changes in SMA group.DiscussionIn conclusion, SMA-rTMS intervention has a better recovery effect on motor dysfunction after stroke than Sham-rTMS. SMA-rTMS led to similar improvement on motor function but significantly greater improvement on balance compared to M1-rTMS, and this may pave a new way for stroke rehabilitation.Clinical trial registrationRegistration number: ChiCTR2200060955, https://www.chictr.org.cn/.

Orthopaedic patients' emergency department attendance behavior in relation to weather conditions: temperature, rain, day and time, and regional thursday effect.

Great variation was noticed in emergency department (ED) afflux in relation to daily weather conditions, including difficulties in arranging the correct number of orthopaedic on-calls on the floor. This study aimed to quantify the association between the number of patients referred to the orthopaedic team from the ED and weather conditions, particularly daily temperature and rain. Data were obtained from a large state research hospital's ED attendance. Weather information for the local area for the year was obtained from the regional meteorological office. Data were evaluated using descriptive statistics, with one-way analysis of variance for the relationship between the day of the week and patient numbers, the Pearson test for correlations between daily ED patient flow and daily temperature and the Spearman correlation test for correlations between daily patient flow and daily rain status. A positive and meaningful correlation existed between daily patient influx and daily temperature, along with a negative correlation between daily patient flow and daily rain. Throughout the year, significantly more patients were referred to the orthopaedic team on Thursdays than on any other day of the week. Patients tended to visit the ED more on warm days and days without rain. These results may help in organising daily, monthly or seasonal on-call orthopaedic team requirements despite the challenges. Incorporating climate forecasts into planning the on-call service might help alleviate the stress on the team.