One-way ANOVA Research Articles

Comparison of the Scapula in Human and Laboratory Rat Species from the Perspective of Translational Medicine

Aim: The aim of the study is to provide anatomical differences between rat and human scapula and definitive information to the literature about which strain is most appropriate for rat modeling, particularly in orthopedics. Methods: In current study, a total of 40 scapulas belonging to Wistar Albino, Brown Norway, Sprague Dawley and Lewis strains were examined morphologically and morphometrically with each other and with the human scapula. Digital calipers were used to measure parameters for rat scapula. Literature searches were conducted for the measurements of the human scapula, and the obtained literature data was evaluated. A statistical analysis of the observed parameters was conducted using mean values, standard deviations, and One Way Anova Analysis in the IBM SPSS program. The Tukey post hoc test was used to determine the differences between groups that have a statistical difference. A fold ratio was calculated for each parameter based on the average values of all rat and human scapulae. Results: According to One-Way Anova analysis, there is not any difference between groups for; width of collum scapula, length of cavitas glenoidalis-1, length of cavitas glenoidalis -2, width of cavitas glenoidalis, external width of cavitas glenoidalis, length of processus hamatus, width of processus hamatus, distance between processus coracoideus and incisura scapula, distance between cavitas glenoidalis to acromion at p<0.05 level. There is a statistical difference groups for; length of scapula (p<0.001), width of scapula (p<0.001), length of margo cranialis (p=0.001), length of margo caudalis (p<0.001), length of spina scapula (p<0.001), length of acromion (p=0.007), width of acromion (p=0.001), coracoacromial distance (p=0.003), distance between cavitas glenoidalis and incisura scapula (p<0.001), angle of angulus cranialis (p=0.001) levels. Conclusions: Wistar Albino, Brown Norway, Sprague Dawley and Lewis rat strains are suitable for orthopedical animal models for especially models including cavitas glenoidalis. Any strain can be used in modeling indiscriminately. However, in modeling where the acromion, spina scapula, and edges of the scapula are important, the most appropriate strain specified in the current study should be selected.

Effects of yak rumen anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces sp. YF3 fermented on in vitro wheat straw fermentation and microbial communities in dairy goat rumen fluid, with and without fungal flora.

Rumen fungi play an essential role in the breakdown of dietary fibrous components, facilitating the provision of nutrients and energy to the host animals. This study investigated the fermentation characteristics and effects on rumen microbiota of yak rumen anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces sp. YF3 in goat rumen fluid, both with and without fungal flora, utilizing anaerobic fermentation bottles. Crushed and air-dried wheat straw served as the fermentation substrate, and cycloheximide was used to eradicate microorganisms from the rumen fluid of dairy goats. The experiment compromised four treatment groups (2×2 factorial design): control (C); yak fungus group (CF, Orpinomyces sp. YF3); goat fungi eliminated group (CA, antibiotic: 0.25 mg/mL cycloheximide); goat fungi eliminated+yak fungus group (CAF). Each treatment had six replicates. Fermentation characteristics and microbial composition of the fermentation media were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and high-throughput sequencing technology. The findings revealed that in the Orpinomyces sp. YF3 addition group (CF and CAF groups), there were significant increases in ammonia nitrogen concentration by 70%, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) by 53%, as well as acetate, isobutyrate, and valerate concentrations, and the ratio of acetate to propionate (p < 0.05), while the propionate proportion declined by 13%, alongside a reduction of butyrate concentration (p < 0.05). Similarly, in the CF and CAF groups, there were a notable increase in the relative abundance of Bacteroidota, Synergistota, Desulfobacterota, Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteriota, alongside a decrease in the relative abundance of Fibrobacterota and Proteobacteria (p < 0.05). Bacteria exhibiting increased relative abundance were positively correlated with the activity of carboxymethyl cellulase and avicelase, total VFA concentration, and acetate proportion, while showing a negatively correlation with propionate proportion. In conclusion, supplementing rumen fermentation media with yak rumen anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces sp. YF3 led to an increase in bacteria associated with fibre degradation and acetic acid production, a decrease in propionate-producing bacteria, enhanced the activity of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, and promoted cellulose degradation, ultimately elevating total VAF concentration and acetate proportion. This presents a novel approach to enhance roughage utilization in ruminants.

Explore Indonesian Spatial Patterns: Poor House Sanitation and Critical Environmental Disease in East Kalimantan

Objective Community-Led Total Sanitation, along with its contained 5 pillars, impacts on the fundamentals of status environmental health. This study aims to determine the spatial distribution pattern with sanitation facilities. This research aimed to analyze the distribution of houses with low economic priority in terms of topografi and their occupants' health conditions, focusing on critical environmental-based diseases, particularly stunting. Methods In order to improve sanitation facilities in terms of the community-based total sanitation pillar, this program was utilized as the stimulant recipient in this study, which had a population of 45 homes with special attention categories. Total sampling was employed to establish the research sample. Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the gathered data. Results As a result, the distribution pattern of the houses by looking at the poor environmental health condition, is categorized as clustered. The topography is hilly, with poor access to clean water, and there is no difference in the physical condition of the houses. Conclusion The pattern of distribution of houses with low economy is obtained in groups in areas that do not have access to adequate clean water. Diseases that exist in these community groups include diarrhea, tuberculosis, ISPA, and stunting.

Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Alhagi Maurorum Leaf Extract and Evaluation of Their Cytotoxic Effect on Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Antibacterial Effects.

Green synthesis offers a fast, simple, and economical method for producing metallic nanoparticles.The basis of this method is to obtain nanoparticles using natural materials, such as plants, fungi, and bacteria, instead of harmful and expensive chemical-reducing agents. In this study, CeO2NPs were produced using Alhagi maurorum extract, and their anticancer and antibacterial activities were evaluated. Alhagi maurorum extract was prepared according to a previously described protocol, and CeO2NPs were synthesized from the salt of this extract. The resulting nanoparticles were characterized using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The antibacterial and cytotoxic effects of the nanoparticles were measured by MIC, MBC, and MTT assays, respectively. The results were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Prism software. The MTT assay on breast cancer cell lines showed that the cytotoxic effect of CeO2NPs on cell lines was concentration-dependent. In addition, this nanoparticle was more effective against Gram-positive bacteria. These nanoparticles can be used as cancer drug delivery systems with specific targeting at low concentrations in addition to anticancer treatments. It can also have biological and medicinal applications, such as natural food preservation and wound dressing.

White Matter Alterations of Visual Pathway in Thyroid Eye Disease: A Fixel-Based Analysis.

Thyroid eye disease (TED), particularly its sight-threatening complication, dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON), profoundly impacts patients' visual health. The pathological changes in the white matter (WM) fibers within the intracranial visual pathway in TED have been infrequently studied. Understanding these changes holds crucial importance for exploring the pathogenesis and prognosis of TED. To utilize fixel-based analysis (FBA) to clarify the type of microstructural damage occurring in the visual pathway in TED. Prospective. 28 TED with DON patients (11 males and 17 females), 28 TED without DON (non-DON) patients (12 males and 16 females), and 28 healthy controls (HCs) (12 males and 16 females). 3 T; multishell diffusion MRI using echo planar imaging. Fiber density (FD) and fiber-bundle cross-section (FC) were calculated to characterize WM microstructural alteration in TED visual pathway. The correlations between FBA metrics and visual field index and mean deviation were examined. One-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, t-tests, Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square, and Pearson correlation, were conducted with false discovery rate and family wise error corrections. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Both DON and non-DON groups showed significant FD loss in the right optic tract compared with HCs, with DON patients experiencing more severe FD loss. Only DON patients had FD loss in the right optic radiation (OR) compared with the non-DON patients and HCs, with no FC difference across groups. FD in DON patients' ORs significantly correlated with visual field index (r = 0.857) and mean deviation (r = 0.751). Both DON and non-DON affect the WM microstructure of the visual pathway to varying extents. Visual field metrics can reflect the severity of FD damage to the OR in the visual pathway of DON patients. 2. Stage 3.

Effects of the three-child policy on the employment bias against professional women: evidence from 260 enterprises in Jiangxi province

AbstractBased on the samples from 260 enterprises in Jiangxi Province in 2022, this study examines the enterprises’ employment attitudes towards female employees from the perspective of HR managers. Through factor analysis, one-way analysis of variance, product-moment correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis, this study investigates the female employment bias and its underlying mechanism across five dimensions: employee change, career development bias, policy impact, job competency and gender bias. The research findings confirm the employment bias against professional women by employers. The study reveals that the implementation of China’s three-child policy has exacerbated employment bias against female employees, especially in male-dominated enterprises. It is therefore recommended to provide more preferential policies for such enterprises. Furthermore, job competency has a significant negative correlation with gender employment bias. Continuing education and skills training are effective measures for professional women of childbearing age, particularly those in low-skilled jobs. With the further implementation of the three-child policy, this study anticipates a more challenging employment or promotion prospects for professional women. This study has also indirectly confirmed the employment dilemma of professional women of childbearing age, indicating potential obstacles in achieving the intended outcomes of the three-child policy.

Impacts of Sustainable Land Management Intervention on the Soil Condition and Landscape Greenness: Evidence from Jimma Arjo District, Southwestern Ethiopia

Soil degradation has been a major environmental and agricultural challenge in Ethiopia in general and in the study area in particular. Recently, several governmental and nongovernmental organizations have made efforts to reduce the problem and improve the productivity of land through sustainable land management (SLM) practices. The main objective of this study was to investigate the impact of sustainable land management practices on soil condition and landscape greenness in the Jimma Arjo District, Southwestern Ethiopia. The impact of SLM practices on soil condition was examined by collecting twenty-eight (28) composite and core (28) soil samples from treated (14) and nontreated (14) lands. Landsat satellite images of 2012 and 2022 were used to detect changes in landscape greenness using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). ArcGIS® 10.3, ERDAS® 2014, and Microsoft Excel software packages were used for analysis. The significance test was performed using a one-way ANOVA. The result showed a significant difference in soil physiochemical properties (soil texture, soil pH, soil organic carbon, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, and available phosphorous and calcium) between treated and nontreated lands (P&lt;0.01). However, the landscape greenness result shows that the lowest NDVI value in the SLM-treated kebele during 2012 was −0.15 but increased to 0.09 in 2022. Similarly, the highest value was found to be 0.41 in 2012 and the value rose to 0.53 in 2022. It is concluded that sustainable land management practices implemented in the area have resulted in an important positive effect on improving the soil condition and landscape greenness. Hence, strengthening and scaling up SLM practices and continuous maintenance are advisable for better results in land productivity and livelihood improvement.

EIF3B stabilizes PCNA by counteracting SYVN1-mediated ubiquitination to serve as a promotor in cholangiocarcinoma.

Cholangiocarcinoma, a prevalent hepatic malignancy, exhibits a progressively rising incidence. While Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit B (EIF3B) has been implicated in the occurrence and development of various cancers, its specific roles in cholangiocarcinoma remain unexplored. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was employed to detect EIF3B/PCNA expression in cholangiocarcinoma. Cells were manipulated using short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated lentiviruses or overexpression plasmids. Statistical significance was assessed using the Student's t-test and one-way ANOVA, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. EIF3B exhibited robust expression in cholangiocarcinoma, demonstrating a significant correlation with the pathological grade of cholangiocarcinoma patients. Furthermore, modulation of EIF3B expression, either depletion or elevation, demonstrated the ability to inhibit or enhance cholangiocarcinoma cell survival and migration in vitro. Mechanistically, we identified Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) as a downstream gene of EIF3B, driving cholangiocarcinoma. EIF3B stabilized PCNA by inhibiting PCNA ubiquitination, a process mediated by E3 ligase SYVN1. Similar to EIF3B, PCNA levels were also abundant in cholangiocarcinoma, and knocking down PCNA impeded cholangiocarcinoma development. Intriguingly, silencing PCNA attenuated the promotion induced by EIF3B overexpression. Furthermore, the elevated P21 protein level in shEIF3B RBE cells was partially attenuated after UC2288 (P21 signaling pathway inhibitor) treatment. Our findings underscored the potential of EIF3B as a therapeutic target for cholangiocarcinoma. Unraveling its functions holds promise for the development of more specific and effective targeted therapy strategies.

Radiofrequency-Induced Heating of Amalgam Restorations and Dental Implants During 1.5T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate radiofrequency-induced heating of different amalgam restorations and dental implants during 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: Standardized class I cavities (5 mm long, 3 mm wide, and 3 mm deep) were prepared on the occlusal surface of 45 extracted human third molars. The samples were restored by three different types of amalgam including Cinalux amalgam (non-gamma-2, spherical), GS-80 (non-gamma-2, admix), and GK-110 amalgam (non-gamma-2, admix in silver). As a separate intervention group (G4), five titanium mini drive-lock implants with 2mm diameter and 10mm length were also selected and mounted to the base of the Eppendorf tube with 3mm of the implants extending above the mounting putty. The box containing the specimens was placed parallel to the long axis of the standard head and neck coil of the MRI device (64MHz radio-frequency energy with 25kW amplifier, 1.5T). Temperature fluctuations of the metallic materials in each group were monitored during MRI scans using a calibrated thermometer. One-way ANOVA was used to compare temperature changes among the amalgam groups (P&lt;0.05). Results: Temperature elevations ranged from 0.21°C to 0.70°C in amalgam restorations and from 0.35 to 0.47°C in dental implants. The temperature changes among the three amalgam agents were not statistically significant. Conclusion: According to our findings, the radiofrequency-induced heating of amalgam restorations and dental implants during MRI examination can be considered within acceptable ranges. Therefore, amalgam restorations and dental implants can be categorized as "MR safe" in terms of radiofrequency-induced heating during 1.5 T MRI.  

Relationship of Teachers' Social Recognition with their Self-Esteem at the Secondary School Level

This study investigated the potential link between social recognition and self-esteem among secondary school teachers in Punjab, Pakistan. Employing a descriptive correlational design, the research explored the participants' perceptions and the correlation between the two variables. A multi-stage random sampling technique yielded a sample of 450 teachers from 100 schools across four randomly chosen districts (Lahore, Multan, Rawalpindi, and Okara). Data collection involved administering two questionnaires (Social Recognition Scale (SRS) and the Self-Esteem Measurement Scale (SMS)), and statistical analysis utilized techniques such as mean scores, Correlation coefficient r, t-tests, and one-way ANOVA with post-hoc tests. The results revealed that teachers' self-esteem and their perceived social recognition were not correlated. Based on these results, the study recommends the implementation of specific psychological practices such as praise, thanks, and respect that are aimed at enhancing social recognition and its potential association with increased self-esteem among teachers. Further research in this area, particularly. 

Dietary inflammatory impact on NAFLD development in obese vs. lean individuals: an analysis based on NHANES 2003–2018

BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), often linked with obesity, can also affect individuals with normal weight, a condition known as “lean NAFLD”, imposing comparable burdens and adverse effects. However, the impact of diet on lean NAFLD remains underexplored. The objective of this study is to investigate the correlation between the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and NAFLD among Americans, stratified by waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and body mass index (BMI).MethodsFive thousand one hundred fifty-two participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2018 were comprised in the final analysis. NAFLD and advanced liver fibrosis were diagnosed by serological markers. Lean and abdominal lean individuals were identified using BMI and WHtR, separately. DII was determined by assigning scores to 28 distinct food parameters based on their inflammatory potential, obtained from the NAHNES website. Differences across DII quartiles were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis H Test, Chi-Square Test along with One-Way ANOVA. The correlation between DII and NAFLD was determined by multiple regression models and subgroup analyses.ResultsAmong the 5152 subjects, 2503 were diagnosed with NAFLD, including 86 cases of lean NAFLD and 8 cases of abdominal lean NAFLD. DII was positively linked with NAFLD (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.81 [1.48–2.21], P < 0.001) and advanced liver fibrosis (OR = 1.46 [1.02–2.07], P = 0.037). Further analysis revealed that this association was primarily observed in obese or abdominal obese participants (In BMI ≥ 25.00 kg/m^2, OR = 1.56 [1.23–1.98], P < 0.001. In WHtR> 0.50, OR = 1.48 [1.23–1.79], P < 0.001.), rather than their lean counterparts. Subgroup analyses indicated that female individuals, without a diagnosis of hypertension or diabetes appeared to be more sensitive to the rise in DII.ConclusionsOur data demonstrated a significant positive correlation between DII and NAFLD in the general population. However, the impact of a pro-inflammatory diet was less prominent in lean individuals compared to obese ones.

Nutrient Content and in Vitro Digestibility of Apple Pomace Derived from Three Different Apple Cultivars

This study focused on evaluating the nutritional characteristics and in vitro true digestibility of apple pomace derived from three apple cultivars: Golden Delicious, Starking, and Granny Smith (Malus domestica Borkh). These apple cultivars were sourced from the local market in Nigde, Turkiye. Statistical analyses, including one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's test, were employed to assess variations among the apple pomace samples. Results indicated that, except for in vitro true digestibility, there were no significant variations in the chemical composition and total phenolic matter contents among the apple pomaces (P&gt;0.05). However, Granny Smith apple pomace exhibited distinct features, such as higher neutral detergent fiber content (29.80%), elevated crude protein levels (5.09%) and substantial acid detergent fiber (25.30%) values. In contrast, Starking apple pomace displayed superior air-dry matter (27.24%), while Golden Delicious showcased enhanced dry matter (95.3%) and ash content (2.00%). Regarding total phenolic matter contents, Granny Smith excelled with 112.4 mg GAE/100g, outperforming Starking (103 mg GAE/100g) and Golden Delicious (75.8 mg GAE/100g). Crucially, Starking demonstrated superior in vitro true digestibility, with values reaching 92.36% (as received) and 92.23% (dry matter). Granny Smith, in comparison to Golden Delicious and Starking, displayed significantly different neutral detergent fiber digestibility (P&lt;0.05). Starking apple pomace exhibit the highest overall digestibility among the apple pomaces analysed in this study, hence recommended for use in ruminant nutrition. These findings have implications for the potential utilization of apple pomace in diverse applications, given the diverse nutritional profiles of these cultivars.

Effects of sterilization, conditioning, and thermal aging on the retention of zirconia hybrid abutments: A laboratory study.

To investigate the effects of sterilization, conditioning method, and thermal aging on the retentive strength of two-piece zirconia abutments. In total, 128 stock zirconia abutments were divided into four groups (n = 32) according to the conditioning parameters: (A) air-abrasion using 50 μm alumina particles/1.0 bar, (B) 50 μm/2.0 bar, (C) 100 μm/1.0 bar, and (D) 100 μm/2.0 bar. All abutments were bonded onto titanium bases using DTK adhesive resin and stored in water bath (37°C) for 72 h. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups (n = 16), group 1 was disinfected, whereas group 2 followed disinfection and autoclave sterilization. Half of the specimens of each subgroup (n&amp;#x02009;=&amp;#x02009;8) was directly subjected to the axial retention test (groups N), while the other half was first subjected to 150&amp;#x02009;days of thermocycling followed by retention test (groups T). Statistical analysis was performed with three-way ANOVA, additional statistical analysis was performed by using separate one-way ANOVAs followed by the Tukey's post-hoc test for post hoc pairwise comparisons among groups. The highest median retention strength was recorded for group B2N (1390 N), whereas the lowest strength was recorded for group C1T (688 N). No significant interaction (p ≥ 0.05) was detected between the different variables; conditioning method, sterilization, and the thermal cycling regarding the effect on the resulting retention. However, the sterilization always showed a positive effect. Thermocycling presented an adversely significant effect only in the absence of sterilization (p < 0.05), with the exception of subgroups A. For the sterilized groups, thermocycling had no statistically significant effect on the retention. Steam autoclaving increased the retention of hybrid zirconia abutments. DTK adhesive resin for two-piece zirconia abutments performed well after sterilization and thermocycling.

Effect of various surface coating methods on surface roughness, micromorphological analysis and fluoride release from contemporary glass ionomer restorations.

To evaluate the effect of various surface coating methods on surface roughness, micromorphological analysis and fluoride release from contemporary resin-modified and conventional glass ionomer restorations. A total of 72 permanent human molars were used in this study. The teeth were randomly assigned into 2 groups according to type of restorative materials used; resin modified glass ionomer cement and conventional glass ionomer (SDI Limited. Bayswater Victoria, Australia). Each group was subdivided into 3 subgroups according to the application of coat material; Sub-group1: without application of coat; Sub-group2: manufacturer recommended coat was applied and sub-group3: customized (vaseline) coat was applied. Each group was then subdivided into two divisions according to the time of testing; immediate (after 24h) and delayed (after 6 months of storage). Three specimens from each sub-group were selected for surface roughness test (AFM) and another 3 specimens for the micromorphological analysis using scanning electron microscope (SEM). For the fluoride release test, a total of 60 cylindrical discs were used (n = 60). The discs were randomly split into 2 groups according to type of restorative materials used (n = 30); resin modified glass ionomer cement and conventional glass ionomer. Each group was subdivided into 3 subgroups (n = 10) according to the application of the coat material; Sub-group1: without application of coat; Sub-group2: with the manufacturer recommended coat and sub-group3: with application of customized (vaseline) coat. Data for each test was then collected, tabulated, were collected, tabulated, and tested for the normality with Shapiro-Wilk test. Based on the outcome of normality test, the significant effects of variables were assessed using appropriate statistical analysis testing methods. Regarding the data obtained from surface roughness test, Shapiro-Wilk test showed normal distribution pattern of all values (p > 0.05). Accordingly, Two-way ANOVA outcome showed that the 'type of restoration' or 'test time' had statistically significant effect on the AFM test (p < 0.05). Regarding Fluoride specific ion electrode test 2-way ANOVA followed by Least Significant Difference (LSD) Post-hoc test revealed significant difference among the groups (p < 0.05). It showed that SDI GIC group after 14 days of measurement had the highest mean of fluoride release (36.38 ± 3.16 PPM) and SDI RMGIC after 30 days of measurement had the second highest mean of fluoride release (43.28 ± 1.89 PPM). Finally, regarding the micromorphological analysis using SEM, a slight difference was observed between the studied groups. Based on the results of this study, various coatings enhance surface roughness in the initial 24h of restoration insertion. Different coat types seems that have no influence on fluoride release and the micromorphological features of the restoration/dentin interface.

Comparison of hematologic variables among Warmbloods, Thoroughbreds, and Western stock horse breeds.

Hematology is a diagnostic tool used to evaluate the health status of horses. However, breed differences are often not considered. The objective was to compare complete blood count variables among Warmbloods, Thoroughbreds, and stock horses (SH). Ninety-six healthy horses were grouped by breed (Warmbloods, Thoroughbreds, and SH). Samples were collected through venipuncture for complete blood count analysis. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's tests or Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's post hoc tests were used to compare hematologic variables among groups. Warmbloods had a significantly lower total white blood cell (WBC) count (6.08 ± 1.11 × 109/L) and lymphocyte count (1.76 ± 0.41 × 109/L) than Thoroughbreds (7.28 ± 1.45; 2.28 ± 5.16 × 109/L, respectively; P < .001) and SH (7.21 ± 1.18 × 109/L, P < .01; 2.10 ± 5.17 × 109/L; P < .05). Warmbloods had a significantly lower red blood cell count (7.7 ± 0.8 × 1012/L) and higher mean corpuscular volume (MCV, 49.4 ± 2.2 fL) than Thoroughbreds (8.42 ± 1.2 × 1012/L, P < .01; 47.3 ± 3.0 fL). Warmbloods had lower MCVs than SH (49.4 ± 2.2 vs 51.2 ± 2.6 fL). The mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was higher in Warmbloods (35.0, 33.8-36.2 g/dL) and Thoroughbreds (34.9, 33.4-35.7 g/dL) than in SH breeds (34.0, 33.4-35.4 g/dL; P < .001, both). Total protein concentrations were significantly lower in Thoroughbreds (67, 59-80 g/L) compared with SH (71, 64-83 g/dL) (P < .05). Warmbloods had decreased WBC and lymphocyte counts compared with Thoroughbreds and SH, and Thoroughbreds had increased red blood cell counts. Thoroughbreds had lower total protein concentrations than SH. Clinicians should consider breed differences when interpreting hematologic values.

The Implementation of MALL for Idiom Learning Attainment during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Case of Iranian EFL Learners

The present investigation examines the impact of Mobile-Assisted Language Learning (MALL) on the enhancement of EFL learners’ idiom learning through WhatsApp during the COVID-19 pandemic. Three complete classes with 60 intermediate female learners (20 per class) were selected and randomly assigned into two experimental and one control group in WhatsApp. Data collection tools included Preliminary English Test (PET) and a researcher-designed idiom test used as pre-and post-tests. In the intervention, the first treatment group included contextualized MALL. In other words, the teachers provided the students with idiomatic expressions in context. The second treatment group included decontextualized MALL, idiomatic expressions merely with their meanings were presented to the students through WhatsApp. In the control group, the researchers taught the idioms through translation. This procedure lasted for 20 sessions. The findings of a paired-samples t-test and one-way ANOVA indicated that the contextualized MALL group surpassed the rest in both immediate and delayed post-tests. The implications regarding the efficacy of MALL and online teaching in developing EFL learners’ idiom learning, and retention are discussed

Characterization of tumors of jaw: Additive value of contrast enhancement and dual-energy computed tomography.

Currently, the differentiation of jaw tumors is mainly based on the lesion's morphology rather than the enhancement characteristics, which are important in the differentiation of neoplasms across the body. There is a paucity of literature on the enhancement characteristics of jaw tumors. This is mainly because, even though computed tomography (CT) is used to evaluate these lesions, they are often imaged without intravenous contrast. This study hypothesised that the enhancement characteristics of the solid component of jaw tumors can aid in the differentiation of these lesions in addition to their morphology by dual-energy CT, therefore improving the ability to differentiate between various pathologies. To evaluate the role of contrast enhancement and dual-energy quantitative parameters in CT in the differentiation of jaw tumors. Fifty-seven patients with jaw tumors underwent contrast-enhanced dual-energy CT. Morphological analysis of the tumor, including the enhancing solid component, was done, followed by quantitative analysis of iodine concentration (IC), water concentration (WC), HU, and normalized IC. The study population was divided into four subgroups based on histopathological analysis-central giant cell granuloma (CGCG), ameloblastoma, odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), and other jaw tumors. A one-way ANOVA test for parametric variables and the Kruskal-Wallis test for non-parametric variables were used. If significant differences were found, a series of independent t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests were used. Ameloblastoma was the most common pathology (n = 20), followed by CGCG (n = 11) and OKC. CGCG showed a higher mean concentration of all quantitative parameters than ameloblastomas (P < 0.05). An IC threshold of 31.35 × 100 μg/cm3 had the maximum sensitivity (81.8%) and specificity (65%). Between ameloblastomas and OKC, the former showed a higher mean concentration of all quantitative parameters (P < 0.001), however when comparing unilocular ameloblastomas with OKCs, the latter showed significantly higher WC. Also, ameloblastoma had a higher IC and lower WC compared to "other jaw tumors" group. Enhancement characteristics of solid components combined with dual-energy parameters offer a more precise way to differentiate between jaw tumors.

Bleaching versus color change resistant adhesive in the discoloration of bracket-bonded tooth surfaces: an in vitro study

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the effect of office bleaching of teeth bonded with Transbond XTTM (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA) (TRXT) and the use of color change resistant Orthocem (FGM, Joinville, Brazil) in bracket bonding on coffee-induced enamel discoloration.Materials and methodsEighty premolars were distributed in equal numbers (n = 20) to group 1 (TRXT + distilled water), group 2 (TRXT + coffee solution), group 3 (TRXT + coffee solution + bleaching), and group 4 (Orthocem + coffee solution). Color was measured using a SpectroShade Micro (MHT, International, Verona, Italy) device at the beginning (T0), after coloring (T1), after bleaching (T1B), and after debonding (T2). ΔE color change values were calculated as T1-T0, T1B-T0 and T2-T0 differences. The conformity of the data to the normal distribution was examined with the Shapiro–Wilk test. Multiple comparisons were made with Tamhane’s T2 test and Tukey’s HSD test using one-way analysis of variance in the comparison of normally distributed data, and multiple comparisons were made with Dunn’s test using the Kruskal–Wallis H test for comparison of non-normally distributed data. The significance level was set at p < 0.050.ResultsA statistically significant (p < 0.001) difference was found between the T1-T0 and T2-T0 stages for group 1–4 ΔE values. A statistically significant (p < 0.001) difference was also found when the T1B-T0 ΔE values of group 3 were compared with the T1-T0 ΔE values of groups 1, 2, and 4.ConclusionsAfter coffee-induced enamel discoloration, bleaching of teeth bonded with TRXT produced acceptable color difference of the incisal, middle, and gingival regions of the crown. In teeth bonded with Orthocem, acceptable color difference was seen only in the middle of the crown.Clinical relevanceThe presented study will guide the clinician on how enamel discoloration side effect of fixed orthodontic appliance can reduce.

Tailoring Microemulsification Techniques for the Encapsulation of Diverse Cargo: A Systematic Analysis of Poly (Urea-Formaldehyde) Microcapsules

Cargo encapsulation through emulsion-based methods has been pondered over the years. Although several microemulsification techniques have been employed for the microcapsule’s synthesis, there are still no clear guidelines regarding the suitability of one technique over the others or the impacts on the morphological and physicochemical stability of the final particles. Therefore, in this systematic study, we investigated the influence of synthesis parameters on the fabrication of emulsion-based microcapsules concerning morphological and physicochemical properties. Using poly(urea-formaldehyde) (PUF) microcapsules as a model system, and after determining the optimal core/shell ratio, we tested three different microemulsification techniques (magnetic stirring, ultrasonication, and mechanical stirring) and two different cargo types (100% TEGDMA (Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and 80% TEGDMA + 20% DMAM (N,N-Dimethylacrylamide)). The resulting microcapsules were characterized via optical and scanning electron microscopies, followed by size distribution analysis. The encapsulation efficiency was obtained through the extraction method, and the percentage reaction yield was calculated. Physicochemical properties were assessed by incubating the microcapsules under different osmotic pressures for 1 day and 1, 2, or 4 weeks. The data were analyzed statistically with one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests (α = 0.05). Overall, the mechanical stirring resulted in the most homogeneous and stable microcapsules, with an increased reaction yield from 100% to 50% in comparison with ultrasonication and magnetic methods, respectively. The average microcapsule diameter ranged from 5 to 450 µm, with the smallest ones in the ultrasonication and the largest ones in the magnetic stirring groups. The water affinities of the encapsulated cargo influenced the microcapsule formation and stability, with the incorporation of DMAM leading to more homogeneous and stable microcapsules. Environmental osmotic pressure led to cargo loss or the selective swelling of the shells. In summary, this systematic investigation provides insights and highlights commonly overlooked factors that can influence microcapsule fabrication and guide the choice based on a diligent analysis of therapeutic niche requirements.

A Comparison of the Smile Esthetic Understanding of Periodontists, Orthodontists, General Dentists, and Dental Students

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate smile esthetics among periodontists, orthodontists, general dentists, and dental students. Methods: The study consisted of five groups: periodontists, orthodontists, general dentists, fifth-year dental students, and fourth-year dental students. The evulaters used the Smile Esthetics Index (SEI) consisting of 10 items to analyze the natural smile photographs of 15 different individuals. One-way ANOVA was performed for the comparison of group means. The Duncan multiple comparison test was also used to identify different groups. Non-linear principal component analysis was performed to determine the configuration of the relationship between categories of variables in two-dimensional space. Results: The group with the highest reliability coefficient among the groups was the fourth-year dental students (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.89). This was followed by general dentists, periodontists, fifth-year dental students, and orthodontists. According to the evaluation of the total score averages of the fifteen pictures, a statistically significant difference was observed between the groups (p = 0.041). Accordingly, the fourth-year dental students (5.78 ±1 .13) had a lower total score than the fifth-year dental students (6.56 ± 0.88), and this difference was statistically significant. However, no significant difference was observed between the fourth-year dental students and the general and specialized dentists and between the fifth-year dental students and graduated and specialized dentists in terms of the total score given to the pictures. Conclusion: It was observed that the reliability coefficient was high in all groups evaluated with SEI. It can be concluded that esthetic perception is formed by actively performing the profession of dentistry, and this situation does not change according to specialization.