One-factor Analysis Of Variance Research Articles

Dynamics of feet dorsiflexion after percutaneous Achilles lengthening for correction of flat feet in children

BACKGROUND: Achilloplasty is one of the most common procedures in the reconstruction of various foot deformities. Achilles tendon lengthening is often used in most reconstructive interventions in patients with flatfeet. Literature data reflecting the dynamics of foot dorsiflexion after percutaneous achilloplasty are limited. AIM: This study aimed to determine the foot dorsiflexion dynamics in children with flatfeet at different time points after foot reconstruction in combination with percutaneous Achilles tendon lengthening. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included the observation results of 159 children (260 feet) aged 12 (9–17) years having flatfeet with Achilles tendon shortening after flatfoot reconstruction and percutaneous Achilles tendon lengthening. Dynamic follow-up was performed for 3 years after foot reconstruction. The obtained data were analyzed statistically by nonparametric one-factor analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis and post hoc test, pairwise comparisons, and Dwass–Steel–Critchlow–Fligner test. RESULTS: At follow-up after Achilles tendon lengthening, significant differences were obtained in the magnitude of the initial foot dorsiflexion up to 2 years after surgery, and other indicators were not significantly different. Foot dorsiflexion with tarsal joint stabilization was significantly different at all stages of follow-up compared with baseline. Foot dorsiflexion tended to decrease throughout the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: After reconstructive interventions on the feet in combination with percutaneous Achilles tendon lengthening, the dorsiflexion of the feet decreased over time. At 2 and 3 years after Achilles surgery, dorsiflexion was not significantly different from baseline. The angle of dorsiflexion of the feet with the tarsal joint stabilization 3 years after Achilles tendon lengthening was significantly different from the initial level, but throughout the follow-up there was also a tendency to its gradual decrease.

From laboratory to industrial use: Understanding process variation during enzymatic protein hydrolysis with dry film fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

Industries are continuously looking for dedicated sensor solutions for evaluating the chemical composition of products that can provide valuable insights into process control, process optimization, and product quality. A rapid and robust analytical method, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, holds significant potential in this regard as it provides detailed compositional values of food nutrients. The main aim of the present study was to use dry film FTIR spectroscopy as an analytical tool to characterize products from an industrial enzymatic protein hydrolysis process and link this to understand industrial process variations. For this purpose, 463 protein hydrolysate samples were obtained from an industrial enzymatic protein hydrolysis plant. In the same period, systematic variations in process parameters such as raw material composition, enzyme type, and water addition, were performed. All samples were analyzed using dry film FTIR spectroscopy. Two subsets containing 200 and 68 hydrolysate samples were chosen for measuring average molecular weight (AMW) and collagen content respectively, providing reference data for constructing calibration models based on partial least squares regression (PLSR). The percentage of low molecular weight constituents was derived from the molecular weight distribution of size exclusion chromatograms of protein hydrolysates and also used in the modeling. Calibration models for the prediction of AMW, low molecular weight constituents, and collagen content were obtained with a good fit and lower estimation errors. Principal component analysis (PCA) of protein hydrolysates' FTIR spectra effectively differentiated process variations (enzyme types and raw materials) without extensive reference analysis. One-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests was used to observe the impact of process variation on product quality. FTIR proved to be a sensitive method for liquid protein analysis and process control with a significant potential in process optimization approaches. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time dry film FTIR spectroscopy has been used to evaluate an industrial bioprocess with designed process variations.

Экспрессия ARID1a в эндометрии женщин репродуктивного возраста с аномальными маточными кровотечениями и ожирением

Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the expression of the proliferative marker ARID1a in endometrial biopsies of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) and obesity and its role in the pathogenesis of endometrial dysfunction. Materials and methods. The study included 40 endometrial samples from patients of reproductive age with AUB-E: 20 from patients with AUB-E and obesity (group 1) and 20 from patients with normal body mass index (BMI) and AUB (group 2). 10 endometrial samples were obtained from healthy women of reproductive age, taken on the 2nd-3rd day of the menstrual cycle. All patients underwent histological examination according to the standard procedure. At the second stage, an immunohistochemical study of the ARID1a proliferation marker was performed using polyclonal rabbit antibodies to Anti-ARID1a (clone EPR13501-73) in standard dilution (1:500) according to the protocol of the manufacturer Abcam (Great Britain). The IBM SPSS Statistics v.26 program (IBM Corporation, USA) was used for statistical data analysis. To determine statistically significant differences between quantitative parameters with a normal distribution, one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used with the calculation of a 95% confidence interval followed by the post-hoc Games-Howell test for multiple comparisons. The differences were considered significant at p<0.05. Results. ARID1a expression was evaluated in the glandular and stromal compartments of the endometrium. In the endometrial glands, the expression of ARID1a was statistically significantly higher in the first group of obese patients compared with the normal and control groups. In the endometrial stroma, the expression of the proliferative marker was higher in the main group compared with the control group. However, when comparing between groups within the main group, statistical significance in the level of expression was not achieved. Conclusion. The results obtained demonstrate the possible pathological effect of obesity on the structural and functional properties of the endometrium, which leads to delayed regeneration of the endometrium due to the glandular component and, consequently, to AUB-E.

Экспрессия ARID1a в эндометрии женщин репродуктивного возраста с аномальными маточными кровотечениями и ожирением

Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the expression of the proliferative marker ARID1a in endometrial biopsies of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) and obesity and its role in the pathogenesis of endometrial dysfunction. Materials and methods. The study included 40 endometrial samples from patients of reproductive age with AUB-E: 20 from patients with AUB-E and obesity (group 1) and 20 from patients with normal body mass index (BMI) and AUB (group 2). 10 endometrial samples were obtained from healthy women of reproductive age, taken on the 2nd-3rd day of the menstrual cycle. All patients underwent histological examination according to the standard procedure. At the second stage, an immunohistochemical study of the ARID1a proliferation marker was performed using polyclonal rabbit antibodies to Anti-ARID1a (clone EPR13501-73) in standard dilution (1:500) according to the protocol of the manufacturer Abcam (Great Britain). The IBM SPSS Statistics v.26 program (IBM Corporation, USA) was used for statistical data analysis. To determine statistically significant differences between quantitative parameters with a normal distribution, one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used with the calculation of a 95% confidence interval followed by the post-hoc Games-Howell test for multiple comparisons. The differences were considered significant at p<0.05. Results. ARID1a expression was evaluated in the glandular and stromal compartments of the endometrium. In the endometrial glands, the expression of ARID1a was statistically significantly higher in the first group of obese patients compared with the normal and control groups. In the endometrial stroma, the expression of the proliferative marker was higher in the main group compared with the control group. However, when comparing between groups within the main group, statistical significance in the level of expression was not achieved. Conclusion. The results obtained demonstrate the possible pathological effect of obesity on the structural and functional properties of the endometrium, which leads to delayed regeneration of the endometrium due to the glandular component and, consequently, to AUB-E.

Features of topography and macroscopic structure of the digestive organs of the Yemeni chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus)

The relevance of this study is conditioned by the lack of detailed information on the structure and topography of the digestive organs of the Yemeni chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus). The purpose of this study was to find out the specific features of changes in body weight, topography, and structure of the digestive organs of the Yemeni chameleon, to determine their morphometric parameters in animals from 1 day to 1 year of age. The research material included the tongue, oesophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas of chameleons of different sexes of 9 age groups. The data obtained were processed by one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA). According to the topography, macroscopic structure and surface of the mucous membrane, there are three intestines in the small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and two intestines in the large intestine: the colon with a diverticulum and the rectum, which passes into the cloaca. A feature of the serous membrane of the chameleon intestine is that it is coloured black by melanin. From 1 day to 1 year of age, the body weight of chameleons increased 185.9 times, the snout-vent length (SVL) increased 6.7 times, the length of the digestive tract increased 3.8 times, and the ratio of the length of the digestive tract to SVL decreased from 3.2 to 1.8 times. The most intensive increase in body weight and SVL occurred during the second and third months of life. The relative length of the small intestine in chameleons of different age groups was 65.1- 81.6%, with the longest part being the jejunum. The increase in the morphometric parameters of the stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas was asynchronous. The most pronounced changes in their relative weight were determined in animals of 2-3 months of age. The obtained materials supplement and clarify the information on the topography and structure of the digestive organs of the Yemeni chameleon, and therefore they will be useful in X-ray and ultrasound examination during veterinary manipulations

On Microflora of Entomoparasitic Nematodes from Long-Tailed Souslik Fleas in Tuva Mountain Natural Plague Focus

Entomoparasitic nematodes have a specific role to play in the persistence of Yersinia pestis in natural foci, however their natural microbial environment has not been studied.The aim of the study was to search for bacteria associated with nematodes parasitizing fleas-vectors of plague in the Tuva natural focus.Materials and methods. Fleas were collected during the planned epizootiological surveillance in May, 2017 and 2018. During the taxonomic identification of insects, the presence of parasitic nematodes was recorded. In 2017, bacteriological examination of fleas affected by nematodes and those free from them was carried out separately without dissection. The presence and number of bacteria colonies on the agar plates were taken into account. The results were evaluated by conventional methods using the Excel program. The t-criterion, one-factor analysis of variance were employed. In 2018, 84 invaded fleas were dissected. Extracted nematodes were suspended in Hottinger’s broth, followed by cultivation of grown bacteria on Hottinger’s agar. Systematic position of isolated cultures was determined through mass spectrometric analysis (MALDI-TOF) and partial sequencing of 16S rRNA.Results and discussion. In 2017, 30 samples of fleas with helminthes and 276 without helminthes were bacteriologically examined, including 23 samples infested and 145 non-infested specimens of the main vector, Citellophilus tesquorum. Statistical differences in the proportion of samples contaminated by unpretentious bacteria and effect of flea abundance in the sample on the number of colonies grown have not been revealed. In 2018, 26 cultures of bacteria of the genera Serratia, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Macrococcus, and Bacillus were isolated from 23 samples of entomoparasitic nematodes. Possible ways of their penetration into flea imagoes are discussed.

Shear bond strength between conventional composite resin and alkasite-based restoration used in sandwich technique: An in vitro study.

The success of layered restorations necessitates the utilization of an improved restorative material compatible with composite restorations. Therefore, in this line of research, the strength of adhesion of conventional resin-based dental composite to different filling materials was tested. Conventional composite resin was bonded to four restorative materials (Group I: conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC), Group II: resin-modified glass ionomer cement, Group III: flowable composite, and Group IV: Cention-N) received no surface treatment (Subgroup A: control), sandblasting using 50-µm aluminum oxide particles (Subgroup B), sandblasting and resin adhesive (Subgroup C), acid etch and resin adhesive (Subgroup D), or self-etch resin adhesive (Subgroup E). After 24 h, the strength of adhesion between the conventional composite resin and the other tested filling materials was estimated by using a universal testing machine and compared using one-factor analysis of variance and Tukey's method. The conventional GIC had the minimum values of adhesion strength while the flowable composite and Cention-N had the maximum values of adhesion strength (P < 0.05). The treatment of the used restorative materials with sandblasting and resin adhesive boosted the adhesion strength (P < 0.05). The surface treatment of GIC-based materials with either acid etch and resin bonding agent or self-etch resin bonding agent boosted the adhesion strength (P < 0.05). Cention-N sandblasted and coated with resin adhesive before the application of conventional composite resin in layered restorations is a potential alternative to GIC-based restorations and flowable composite.

Need for Care in Old Age: Characterization of Informal Caregivers and the Care Situation with Regard to Care Levels in Home Care

In Germany, people in need of care can be supported by benefits from care insurance. Prerequisite is an official assessment of the need for care, which is carried out by assigning care levels (1 to 5) according to the Second Care Strengthening Act. One of the reasons for introducing care levels was to pay more attention to the needs of people with dementia. In this article, characterization of care levels were based on characteristics of care recipients, their relatives, and the care situation. The aim was to map the current state of health care and providing practical suggestions to improve health care. Data was collected as part of the cross-sectional study "Benefits of being a caregiver" by a written survey of informal caregivers throughout Bavaria on aspects of the caregiving situation as well as on current and desired future use of 15 care services. To compare care levels, group differences were analyzed using χ2-tests and one-factor analysis of variance. The effect size measures odds ratio and Cohen's d were reported for significant group differences comparing care levels 1 and 4. The sample consisted of 958 cases of people in need of care aged 65 and above. The proportion of people with dementia increased significantly with care level. For informal caregivers, subjective burden, functional coping strategies, and the caregiving motive of not wanting to place the care recipient in a nursing home increased with care level. Informal caregivers of those with higher care levels spent significantly more time on supporting activities of daily living and supervision; they received more informal help, and more often lived together with the care recipient in a household. For 9 of the 15 care services surveyed (e. g. 24-h care), current use increased significantly with increasing care level. However, we recorded a low overall utilization rate of care services across all care levels (M=2.20; SD=1.90). As a result of the Second Care Strengthening Act, people with dementia get good access to care insurance benefits. The increasing amount of time required for assisting in activities of daily living and supervision is reflected by care levels. Despite the increasing caregiving burden, care services are rarely used. Therefore, we recommend that measures to increase the use of support and counselling services be expanded.

Associations between different body mass index and lung function impairment in Chinese people aged over 40 years: a multicenter cross-sectional study

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore the associations between different body mass index (BMI) levels and different lung function impairment (LFI) in Chinese people aged over 40 years.MethodsWe used a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method to investigate 3000 residents aged over 40 years from 5 areas in Hubei province of China in 2019-20. The data on questionnaire, physical measurements, and spirometry of the participants were collected. The associations of different BMI levels with different LFI were analyzed using multivariate logistic regressions after complex weighting. The spirometry data were analyzed using one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), and post-hoc was performed using the least significance difference (LSD)-t test.ResultsA total of 2860 subjects were included. The prevalence (95%CI) of obstructive lung disease (OLD), restrictive lung disease (RLD), mixed lung disease (MLD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), COPD mild, and COPD moderate/severe/very severe were 24.1% (95% CI: 22.2–26.2), 11.6% (95% CI: 10.3–12.9), 4.0% (95% CI: 3.3–4.8), 12.6% (95% CI: 11.0-14.1), 7.2% (95% CI: 6.0-8.4), and 5.3% (95% CI: 4.3–6.4) respectively. After multivariate adjustment, the risk of OLD, COPD, and COPD mild decreased with the increment of BMI levels (both P for trend < 0.05). When compared to the normal weight group, the overweight group and obese group were at lower risk of experiencing OLD than normal group, the ORs were 0.77 (95% CI: 0.59–0.99) and 0.59 (95% CI: 0.40–0.86) respectively. The obese group was at lower risk for people with COPD mild (OR: 0.42, 95%CI: 0.21–0.85). Participants in underweight group were more likely to experience COPD and COPD moderate/severe/very severe, the ORs were 2.82 (95% CI: 1.07–7.39) and 3.89 (95% CI: 1.28–11.87) respectively.ConclusionHigher BMI levels were associated with an decreased risk of OLD and COPD. Obesity had a protective effect on lung function in OLD patients and COPD patients. However, there was no significant difference in RLD and MLD prevalence between different BMI groups.

Step-by-step one-way ANOVA analysis with the Jamovi program

ANOVA is the acronym for Analysis of Variance, which stands for Analysis of Variance, and is used to establish statistically significant differences between the means of two groups. Currently there are several programs that synthesize this work allowing us to analyse statistical data in a simpler way. In this manuscript we will address a one-way or one-factor analysis of variance, which means that we must have an explanatory variable, also known as an independent variable, which must have two or more categories, we must also have a dependent or response variable of the type quantitatively discrete, in a fictitious case we will observe with this method how the independent variables shifted to the dependent variable, using the JAMOVI program, which is a free and easy-to-install advanced calculation program that allows the creation of complex statistical calculations efficiently. for manipulation, filtering, selection and combination of data.

Development, piloting, and dissemination of a suicide prevention brief online course for non-health professionals

Introduction: The use of online gatekeeper training resources facilitates the dissemination of useful knowledge and skills for suicide prevention with an integrated care perspective and a focus in the community, especially in a context of a pandemic and of limited human and economic resources. &#x0D; Aim: To develop and evaluate the impact of a short online gatekeeper training course in Spanish for non-health professionals in the community. To disseminate the course among this group of professionals as a free and easy to access online resource. &#x0D; Methods: An expert panel developed the training after the review of the evidence and available programs. Evaluation was carried out in two phases (Pilot 1&amp;2). In the 2nd pilot a greater variety of professional fields was included and the evaluation questionnaire was shortened. In both cases, a single group design of repeated measures (before, immediate post and 3 months post) was used as well as a one-factor analysis of variance with repeated measures. Participants responded to an ad-hoc online questionnaire which evaluated satisfaction, knowledge, self-confidence (pilot 1&amp;2), and attitudes (pilot 2). We consecutively recruited all interested professionals in the community who responded to an invitation email sent by the public health coordinators in the counties. A dissemination plan in 4 stages has been developed in coordination with Public Health coordinators. &#x0D; Results: Sample for the pilot was made up of 272 (53+219) professionals. Improvements in self-confidence, knowledge about suicide and attitudes were found, with statistically significant differences. Overall satisfaction with the training was 8.5 out of a maximum of 10. The dissemination phase is now starting. The aim is to reach as many professionals working with vulnerable groups as possible. Results of this phase will be available by May 2023. &#x0D; Conclusions: Results of the evaluation pilot are promising and suggest the usefulness of this training to improve professionals' self-confidence and knowledge about suicide prevention. The challenge is to make this training available to the greatest possible number of community professionals.&#x0D;

USING STATISTICAL ANALYSIS TO CONTROL THE STABILITY OF THE COFFEE MACHINE

The stability of the coffee machine is usually associated with the stability of the flow of coffee during the preparation of the drink. Coffee is prepared when hot water under pressure passes through a washer with coffee powder. The flow rate of the beverage can vary for different extractions, forcing the barista to change the grinder settings. The degree of grinding is one of the most important factors affecting the flow rate of the drink. The paper presents the results of experimental studies on the determination of the coffee flow rate and mass consumption during the preparation of the drink. For the experiment, three batches of coffee from different producers were chosen (UAB “Kavos bankas”, Lithuania; Jacobs Douwe egberts, the Netherlands; Saffè Carraro SpA, Italy). Each batch was tested using 12 extractions. Each of the extractions was obtained from freshly ground coffee. The beans were ground using a professional flat grinder with the same settings. A new method of forming a coffee washer was proposed, which gave a more stable result, in terms of flow rate, than the usual method of laying ground coffee (using a washer made of homogeneous raw materials). The results are presented, which confirm that the new method is able to reduce the sensitivity of the coffee machine to variations in the properties of coffee beans (different manufacturers, different packages from the same batch). The results of testing the hypothesis about the absence of violations of the stability of the mass consumption of coffee using one-factor variance analysis (equality of average values), linear regression analysis (on the absence of influence of time on the value of the indicator in each sample), covariance analysis (absence of discrepancies in the functional influence of time on the value of stability of the coffee flow rate). Recommendations for baristas on using the proposed method are provided.

Analysis of the results of preventive testing of bushings using elements of the theory of statistical hypothesis testing

The article presents the results of a study of the dependence of insulation indicators on the duration of operation for serviceable and faulty high-voltage oil-filled bushings, both of hermetic and non-hermetic construction. The results of periodic tests of oil-filled bushings, with a voltage of 110 kV of hermetic design with paper-oil insulation of the capacitor type, as well as non-hermetic construction, were used as initial data. Three statistical criteria were used to form statistically homogeneous data sets: the Wilcoxon rank test, the Z-test, and the Fisher-Snedecor test. The values of the sample mean, sample variance, as well as coefficients of asymmetry and excess of insulation indicators of high-voltage bushings were obtained for the array of initial data and arrays obtained during statistical processing. The values of the sample averages for the arrays obtained as a result of the statistical processing procedure differ significantly. There is a significant decrease in the sample variance values for tgd1 compared to the original arrays. To check the homogeneity of the data in the obtained arrays, the one-factor variance analysis model is used. The practical use of this algorithm made it possible to significantly reduce the heterogeneity of the results of periodic tests of the state of insulation of high-voltage bushings. The analysis of the composition of the arrays with homogeneous values of the indicators made it possible to establish that the values of the indicators of bushings from different regions of Ukraine, of different types and made with different numbers of factory drawings, got into the homogeneous data arrays. It is noted that for high-voltage bushings that do not have insulation defects, the values of the mathematical expectation of the same indicator for different arrays of preventive tests of capacitor-type insulation have a shift relative to each other. From this it follows that the load factor and the operating time of the transformer significantly affect the determination of the maximum allowable value of the insulation index of the high-voltage bushing.

Dependence of coagulation activity of chicken blood IN VITRO on temperature

The paper presents the results of examine the relationship between blood plasma incubation temperature and the hemostasis parameters in chickens. The purpose of this research was to study of the blood coagulation parameters in chickens during hypo-, normo- and hyperthermia in vitro. In addition, to assess the possibility of using a coagulometer to identify hemostasis activity and the use of hemostatic reactions in chickens as models for human medicine. The Vologda region was where the study was conducted. The coagulogram was examined for the following parameters: thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen activity, and antithrombin III activity (AT-III). It was found that at 46° C activation of blood clotting occurs, manifested as an acceleration of the TT by 29% (13 seconds), PT by 72% (111 seconds), and decrease in the antithrombin III activity by 6% (1.5 seconds) compared to normothermia. The parameters of secondary hemostasis also responded to hypothermia (18 °C) with hypercoagulation. It was an acceleration of PT of 81% (125 sec), an increase in fibrinogen activity by 77% (84 sec) and a decrease in AT-III activity by 55% (14 sec), with the exception of thrombin time, which was extended by 70% (104 seconds). There were no significant changes in the APTT at different temperatures. The correlation-regression and one-factor analysis of variance revealed a significant correlation between the temperature and the TT and the fibrinogen activity, where the coefficients of determination for which were 71% and 39%, respectively. Plasma hemostasis activity measured on a coagulometer (at 37 °C) showed no significant differences from those measured at 43 °C, except for prothrombin time, which was 71.51 seconds (47%) less than that measured at 43 °C.

DIFFERENCES IN THE EXPERIENCE OF SCIENCE CONTENTS AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN CLASSROOM TEACHING

The educational process for every individual has an important role in life. An even more important role is played by the teacher, on whom the quality of teaching depends a lot. Teachers fight their own battles along the way - how to interest the student and develop positive attitudes about teaching and teaching content, how to implement teaching as high-quality as possible, how to contribute to better student achievements, etc. One of the key things for quality acquisition of knowledge is students’ awareness of the importance and applicability of the teaching content they learn. The concept of the content of natural science, on which we will base this work, refers to the content of natural sciences that are covered within the subject My environment (in the first three grades) or Nature and society (fourth and fifth grade) in the Republic of Srpska according to the Curriculum for elementary education (2021). The aim of the paper is to examine the differences in experiencing the content of science and their realization in the teaching of nature and society among students of younger grades of elementary school. A survey questionnaire was conducted with 343 students of grades II-V. The Likert-type questionnaire consisted of 13 statements to which the students responded by circling one of the provided answers on a five-point scale - “strongly agree”, “partially agree”, “not sure”, “mostly disagree” and “disagree”. The following research tasks were set: examine the homogeneity of the variance in student answers; perform a one-factor analysis of variance according to the independent variable “class”; examine the existence of statistically significant differences in responses between groups; interpret and analyze the obtained results. The results of the research indicate that the differences appear in favor of second-grade students, who experience the teaching of nature and society more positively, and adopt the material with more enthusiasm, than students of other grades. Classes organized according to some of the active learning models leave a better impression and effect, as found. Enthusiasm for learning declines already in the third grade, but returns with a slightly lower intensity in the fourth and fifth grade. What they all have in common is that they can be used by active learning models, of which ambiental teaching of nature and society, followed by multimedia teaching, stands out. Since through the research we have gained knowledge about the experience of science content and its implementation among students of younger school age, in the next research we should deal with each grade individually, trying to find out what actually happens at the transition from the second to the third grade, and what from the third to in the fourth, or in the fifth, regarding the adoption of the contents of nature and society, with special reference to specific learning models.

Analysis of the Somatic Cell Pattern in Mastitis - Affected Cows on Three Dairy Farms in Vojvodina

Summary Somatic cells (SCs) in milk, which include epithelial cells from the gland and blood cells, are present in milk during the normal course of milking. Increase in SCs is found in mastitis-affected dairy cows and can be a useful indicator for estimating mammary health and milk quality worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine whether there was a pattern of somatic cell count (SCC) in mastitis-affected cows on three different farms. The study was conducted on three dairy farms of high milk-producing cattle breeds in Vojvodina during 2021. Samples were taken from 15 cows from each farm, all of the cows being diagnosed with clinical and subclinical mastitis. The SCC in milk samples was determined by the microscopic reference method according to the standard (SRPS EN ISO 13366-1:2010) of the Institute for Standardization of Serbia. The value of SCC was considered as high if &gt;200.000 cells/mL, as this is the threshold indicating secretion disorder. In order to examine the differences between the observed three farms, one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied, while a post-hoc LSD test was used for determination of statistically significant differences between the SCC in cows on three different farms. The mean values of the SCC on Farms 1, 2 and 3 were 7,055,266.67, 2,619,893.33 and 552,000 cells/mL, respectively. Based on the results, a statistically significant difference (p&lt;0.05) was established between Farms 1 and 2, as well as between Farms 1 and 3, while there was no statistically significant difference between Farms 2 and 3. Apart from mastitis, differences in the SCC on the farms could also be influenced by the cows’ productivity, parity, lactation stage and breed, as well as poor management practices. Besides mastitis control, better hygiene and proper nutrition can help in reducing SCs in milk. In conclusion, establishing SCs pattern can provide useful information that may contribute to reducing SCs and developing differential SCs standards to help obtain milk with low SCs and consequently better dairy products with a longer shelf life.

Factors and their influence on the indicators of milk productivity of first-born of Ukrainian dairy breeds

The article examines the influence of genotypic factors on the formation of milk productivity indicators in first-born cows of various breeds. Genotyping of 744 cows of Ukrainian Brown Dairy, Ukrainian RedAnd White, Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breeds and Sumy inbred type of Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed, which are kept in breeding farms of State Enterprise "Experimental Farm of Institute of Agriculture of Northern East of NAAS" of Sumy district of Sumy Region and PRAE Ichnyanske and PRAE Khliborob of Chernihiv region. In order to determine the polymorphism of the beta-casein gene, genetic studies were carried out in the laboratory of Institute of Physiology named after Bogomolets of NAS with the help of molecular biological analysis of allele recognition by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in real time. The study of milk productivity indicators was carried out with the help of generally accepted methods, using the electronic database of SUMS "Orsek". The influence of genotypic factors was determined based on the results of one-factor variance analysis. Between animals of different breeds, there is a significant difference in the influence of genotypic factors on indicators of milk productivity. Linear belonging had a statistically significant effect on milk yield and the content of fat and protein in milk in animals of the Ukrainian black-and-white and redand-white dairy breeds. Whereas in cows of Ukrainian brown dairy breed - only on the amount of milk yield. In first-borns of Sumy intrabreed type, linear belonging did not have a statistically significant effect on the studied indicators. Father's origin has a much greater influence (ή2,=22-62 %). The genotype of the animal according to beta-casein actually does not have a reliable effect on the indicators of milk productivity. However, in animals of Ukrainian red-and-white dairy breed and Sumy inbred type of Ukrainian black-and-white dairy breed, it reliably influenced the formation of milk yield and fat content in milk. Therefore, with the aim of forming the desired value of milk productivity traits in first-born cows, the primary task is to carry out the selection of breeders assessed for the quality of the offspring of the corresponding lineal affiliation. Key words: genotype, beta-casein, influence, milk productivity, breed

Assessment of morphological features of skin and hair cover of Karakul lambs (South of Kazakhstan).

The relevance of the present research is related to the great importance of Karakul sheep breeding in Kazakhstan and the insufficient investigation of morphological features of the skin and hair cover of Karakul lambs in modern literature. The purpose of the research was to explore the specific features of hair pigmentation and histological structure of the skin of Karakul lambs of different colour groups: black, sur, grey, and brown. The work involved the standard methods of assessing the pigment content in the hair of lambs and methods of histological studies. The study utilised statistical methods including the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion, one-factor analysis of variance, Fisher's F-criterion, and the Bonferroni method, with data processed through the "PASW Statistics 17" and "Statistica 6.0" software packages. The results of the research demonstrate that the pigment content in the hair of new-born Karakul lambs depends on their colouring. Differences in pigment precipitation between different colour groups of lambs were established: pigment grains in black hairs and suras were larger, in comparison with brown and grey hairs, in which pigment was represented by the smallest grains. At the age of 19days, no significant changes in the colouring of the lambs examined were found (p > 0.05), whereas on reaching 4months of age, depigmentation (p < 0.05) was noted in all colour groups, which was slower in black lambs.

Multivariate analysis of the parameters of the immune response after immunization with inactivated influenza vaccines

Influenza A and B viruses are widely spread respiratory pathogens of humans and cause both isolated cases and local outbreaks of the disease, as well as massive seasonal epidemics and pandemics. Vaccination is the main strategy for combating influenza, and an increase in the proportion of vaccinated people in the population determines the success of vaccination. To identify patterns of postvaccination immune response formation to different types of vaccines and assess the significance of its multiple parameters the appropriate statistical methods should by applied. These methods allow to operate with large datasets and reduce their dimension, while keeping the maximum of information about the differences between individual observations. The aim of our study was the analysis of parameters of humoral and cellular immunity and their dynamics after vaccination with different types of inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV) using statistical methods of complex data analysis. The study was conducted in the clinical department of the Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, in the flu season 2018 – 2019. The multivariate analysis of the immune response parameters after immunization with IIV “Grippol plus”, “Sovigripp” “Ultrix” included data obtained for 39 volunteers before vaccination, on the 7th and 21st days after vaccination. To identify parameters with significant differences between groups, one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used separately for each parameter and time point. To visualize the differences in the parameters selected in the analysis of variance, the Principal component analysis (PCA) method was used. The conducted studies revealed the peculiarities of the formation of a post-vaccination immune response to various types of IIV. It was shown that the factors of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell immune response introduced the major contribution to the formation of the differences between groups. The approach is a powerful tool in analyzing the parameters of the immune response in clinical trials of influenza vaccines and other preventive medicine.

Erratum: High-Throughput Identification of Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato in Tomato using Seedling Flood Assay.

Erratum: High-Throughput Identification of Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato in Tomato using Seedling Flood Assay.