One-dimensional Radiation Research Articles

Wavelength and temperature dependence of continuous-wave laser absorptance in Kapton<sup>®</sup> thin films

Optical properties and laser damage characteristics of thin-film aluminized Kapton® were investigated. Spectral absorptance of virgin and irradiated samples was measured from the Kapton side of multilayered insulation over 0.2 to 15 µm wavelengths at both room temperature and 150°C. The laser-damage parameters of penetration time and maximum temperature were then measured in a vacuum environment at laser wavelengths of 1.07 and 10.6 µm. Differences in damage behavior at these two wavelengths were observed due to differences in starting absorption properties at these wavelengths. During laser irradiation, the Kapton thin film was observed with a calibrated FLIR® thermal imager in the 8 to 9.2 µm band to determine its temperature evolution. Spectral radiance throughout the mid- and long-wave infrared was also observed with a Fourier transform spectrometer, allowing temperature-dependent spectral emittance to be determined. Kapton emittance increased after the material heated past approximately 500°C, and continued to increase as it cooled posttest. This evolving temperature-dependent spectral emittance successfully predicts the increasing absorptance that led to shortened penetration times and increased heating rates for the 1.07 µm laser. For tests with constant absorptance and no material breakdown, a simplified one-dimensional thermal conduction and radiation model successfully predicts the temporally evolving temperature.

A fast high-order method to calculate wakefields in an electron beam

In this paper, we report on a high-order fast method to numerically calculate wakefields in an electron beam given a wake function model. This method is based on a Newton–Cotes quadrature rule for integral approximation and an FFT method for discrete summation that results in an O(Nlog(N)) computational cost, where N is the number of grid points. Using the Simpson quadrature rule with an accuracy of O(h4), where h is the grid size, we present numerical calculation of the wakefields from a resonator wake function model and from a one-dimensional coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) wake model. Besides the fast speed and high numerical accuracy, the calculation using the direct line density instead of the first derivative of the line density avoids numerical filtering of the electron density function for computing the CSR wakefield.

Global Existence and blowup phenomenon for a 1D radiation hydrodynamics model problem

We consider the global existence of classical solutions and blowup phenomena for a spatially one-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics model problem, which consists of a scalar Burgers-type equation coupled with a nonlocal advection-reaction equation for radiation intensity. The model can be seen as an extension of the well-known Hamer model that includes additionally the effects of scattering. It is well-known that the initial value problem for Burgers' equation cannot be solved classically as soon as the derivative of the initial datum is negative somewhere. For our model problem, there is a critical negative number such that if the spatial derivative of the initial function is larger than this number, the associated initial-value problem admits a global classical solution. However, when the spatial derivative of the initial data is below another negative threshold number, the initial value problem can also not be solved classically. Moreover, when there does not exist a global classical solution, it is shown that the first spatial derivative of solution must blow up in finite time. The results of the paper generalize the findings of Kawashima and Nishibata for the Hamer model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Parameterization of cloud optical properties for semidirect radiative forcing

[1] A parameterization of liquid cloud optical properties with a mixture of black carbon is proposed. It is found that the changes in cloud optical properties due to mixture of black carbon can be treated as a perturbation to existing cloud optical property parameterizations in climate models. The advantage of the proposed scheme is that current cloud optical property parameterizations used in climate models can be kept. It is shown that the dominant factor with respect to radiative forcing due to the inclusion of black carbon in cloud droplets is the resulting change in single-scattering albedo values. Therefore, a simple scheme to modify only the single-scattering albedo is considered. The additional consideration of the modification of asymmetry factor only applies to the case of very large black carbon volume fraction. The results in a one-dimensional radiation model show that internal mixtures of black carbon can have a significant impact on solar flux and heating rates. For a black carbon volume fraction of 10−7, the reduction in solar flux at the top of the atmosphere can be over 0.5 Wm−2 and the heating rate can increase by about 0.08 Kd−1 for a solar zenith angle of 53°.

Implementation and testing of a multivariate inverse radiation transport solver

Detection, identification, and characterization of special nuclear materials (SNM) all face the same basic challenge: to varying degrees, each must infer the presence, composition, and configuration of the SNM by analyzing a set of measured radiation signatures. Solutions to this problem implement inverse radiation transport methods. Given a set of measured radiation signatures, inverse radiation transport estimates properties of the source terms and transport media that are consistent with those signatures. This paper describes one implementation of a multivariate inverse radiation transport solver. The solver simultaneously analyzes gamma spectrometry and neutron multiplicity measurements to fit a one-dimensional radiation transport model with variable layer thicknesses using nonlinear regression. The solver's essential components are described, and its performance is illustrated by application to benchmark experiments conducted with plutonium metal.

Multi-dimensional fiber-optic radiation sensor for ocular proton therapy dosimetry

In this study, we fabricated a multi-dimensional fiber-optic radiation sensor, which consists of organic scintillators, plastic optical fibers and a water phantom with a polymethyl methacrylate structure for the ocular proton therapy dosimetry. For the purpose of sensor characterization, we measured the spread out Bragg-peak of 120MeV proton beam using a one-dimensional sensor array, which has 30 fiber-optic radiation sensors with a 1.5mm interval. A uniform region of spread out Bragg-peak using the one-dimensional fiber-optic radiation sensor was obtained from 20 to 25mm depth of a phantom. In addition, the Bragg-peak of 109MeV proton beam was measured at the depth of 11.5mm of a phantom using a two-dimensional sensor array, which has 10×3 sensor array with a 0.5mm interval.

Conceptual design study of a superconducting spherical tokamak reactor with a self-consistent system analysis code

In a spherical tokamak (ST) reactor, the radial build of toroidal field coil and the shield play a key role in determining the size of the reactor. For self-consistent determination of the reactor components and physics parameters, a system analysis code is coupled with a one-dimensional radiation transport code. A conceptual design study of a compact superconducting ST reactor with an aspect ratio of up to 2.0 is conducted and the optimum radial build is identified. It is shown that the use of an improved shielding material and high-temperature superconducting magnets with high critical current density opens up the possibility of a fusion power plant with compact size and small re-circulating power simultaneously at a low aspect ratio, and that by using an inboard neutron reflector instead of a breeding blanket, tritium self-sufficiency is possible with an outboard blanket only and thus a compact-sized all superconducting coil ST reactor is viable.

Comparative estimates of influence of changes in carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapor concentrations on radiation-equilibrium temperature of Earth’s surface

This paper deals with direct calculations of the radiation-equilibrium temperature profile in the Earth’s atmosphere from experimental spectroscopic data. The calculations are made for its present composition and for the modified ones, when concentration of a gas, namely, one of carbon dioxide CO2, methane CH4, nitrous oxide N2O or water vapor H2O is changed. Calculations were carried out with one-dimensional (horizontally homogeneous) radiation model proceeding from the values of absorption coefficients of atmospheric layers estimated from actual data. Calculations are carried out for small disturbances of the said gases’concentrations. Approximate estimates of large disturbance were made for the cases of total withdrawal of concrete gas from the atmosphere or, on the contrary, of large increase in its concentration.

Impact of Neutronics on the Determination of a Radial Build of Tokamak Reactor Systems

To determine the radial build of tokamak reactor systems, a one-dimensional radiation transport code is coupled with the system analysis. Neutronic effects such as the tritium breeding capability and the shielding characteristics are self-consistently calculated in the system analysis which allows a determination of the design parameters of a reactor which satisfy plasma physics and engineering constraints simultaneously. We apply this coupled analysis to determine the radial build of tokamak reactor systems and show that it is a powerful tool for the optimal design of a tokamak reactor.

Lattice Boltzmann method for one-dimensional radiation transfer

The macroscopic conservation equations of radiation energy and radiation momentum are derived on the basis of radiation hydrodynamics. Based on the Chapman-Enskog method, the lattice Boltzmann model for one-dimensional radiative transfer is proposed from the Boltzmann equation. The numerical simulation results agree well with the exact solution and show that the lattice Boltzmann method developed in this paper has good accuracy and stability for solving one-dimensional radiative transfer problems.

Ultraviolet-Bright Type IIP Supernovae from Massive Red Supergiants

AbstractRed supergiants (RSGs) are progenitors of Type IIP supernovae (SNe). It is suggested that RSGs can experience a mass loss with a very high mass-loss rate (even as high as 0.01 M⊙ yr−1) due to, e.g., dynamical instabilities of their envelopes (e.g., Yoon & Cantiello (2010)). Because of the extensive mass loss, RSGs can have very dense circumstellar medium (CSM) around them. If a SN explosion occurs soon after the extensive mass loss of a RSG, the SN ejecta will collide with the dense CSM. Due to the collision, the kinetic energy of the ejecta is converted to radiation energy and such SNe with collision can be brighter than usual Type IIP SNe. By performing one-dimensional multi-group radiation hydrodynamical calculations, we investigate the effects of the collision on Type IIP SN LCs. We show that if RSGs explode within a dense CSM, the SN will be very bright, especially in ultraviolet, at early epochs. We also compare our models with the ultraviolet-bright Type IIP SN 2009kf and show that the progenitor of SN 2009kf can be a massive RSG which experienced extensive mass loss just before its explosion. We conclude that this is evidence that massive RSGs experience extensive mass loss and the existence of such mass loss can actually be the cause of the contradiction between theoretical and observational mass ranges of Type IIP SN progenitors.

基于一维辐射转移方程的等离子体发射谱线线形模拟

基于一维辐射转移方程的等离子体发射谱线线形模拟

Impacts of Urban Albedo Increase on Local Air Temperature at Daily–Annual Time Scales: Model Results and Synthesis of Previous Work

AbstractThe authors combine urban and soil–vegetation surface parameterization schemes with one-dimensional (1D) boundary layer mixing and radiation parameterizations to estimate the maximum impact of increased surface albedo on urban air temperatures. The combined model is evaluated with measurements from an urban neighborhood in Basel, Switzerland, and the importance of surface–atmosphere model coupling is demonstrated. Impacts of extensive albedo increases in two Chicago, Illinois, neighborhoods are modeled. Clear-sky summertime reductions of diurnal maximum air temperature for the residential neighborhood (λp = 0.33) are −1.1°, −1.5°, and −3.6°C for uniform roof albedo increases of 0.19, 0.26, and 0.59, respectively; reductions are about 40% larger for the downtown core (λp = 0.53). Realistic impacts will be smaller because the 1D modeling approach ignores advection; a lake-breeze scenario is modeled and temperature reductions decline by 80%. Assuming no advection, the analysis is extended to seasonal and annual time scales in the residential neighborhood. Yearly average temperature decreases for a 0.59 roof albedo increase are about −1°C, with summer (winter) reductions about 60% larger (smaller). Annual cooling degree-day decreases are approximately offset by heating degree-day increases and the frequency of very hot days is reduced. Despite the variability of modeling approaches and scenarios in the literature, a consistent range of air temperature sensitivity to albedo is emerging; a 0.10 average increase in neighborhood albedo (a 0.40 roof albedo increase for λp = 0.25) generates a diurnal maximum air temperature reduction of approximately 0.5°C for “ideal” conditions, that is, a typical clear-sky midlatitude summer day.

A hybrid Godunov method for radiation hydrodynamics

From a mathematical perspective, radiation hydrodynamics can be thought of as a system of hyperbolic balance laws with dual multiscale behavior (multiscale behavior associated with the hyperbolic wave speeds as well as multiscale behavior associated with source term relaxation). With this outlook in mind, this paper presents a hybrid Godunov method for one-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics that is uniformly well behaved from the photon free streaming (hyperbolic) limit through the weak equilibrium diffusion (parabolic) limit and to the strong equilibrium diffusion (hyperbolic) limit. Moreover, one finds that the technique preserves certain asymptotic limits. The method incorporates a backward Euler upwinding scheme for the radiation energy density E r and flux F r as well as a modified Godunov scheme for the material density ρ, momentum density m, and energy density E. The backward Euler upwinding scheme is first-order accurate and uses an implicit HLLE flux function to temporally advance the radiation components according to the material flow scale. The modified Godunov scheme is second-order accurate and directly couples stiff source term effects to the hyperbolic structure of the system of balance laws. This Godunov technique is composed of a predictor step that is based on Duhamel’s principle and a corrector step that is based on Picard iteration. The Godunov scheme is explicit on the material flow scale but is unsplit and fully couples matter and radiation without invoking a diffusion-type approximation for radiation hydrodynamics. This technique derives from earlier work by Miniati and Colella (2007) [41]. Numerical tests demonstrate that the method is stable, robust, and accurate across various parameter regimes.

Self-consistent calculation of shielding in the development of a fusion reactor concept

To consider the inter-relation of various components of a tokamak reactor in a self-consistent manner, a system analysis code is coupled with a one-dimensional radiation transport code, ANISN, which provides the neutronic response for reactor components. By using the coupled system analysis code, the operational space for a low aspect ratio (LAR) tokamak reactor with a superconducting toroidal field (TF) coil is investigated with an aspect ratio in the range of 1.5–2.5. The minimum major radius which satisfies all the physics and engineering requirements increases with the magnetic field at the magnetic axis. A required inboard shield thickness is mainly determined by the requirement on the protection of the TF coil against radiation damage. It is shown that the minimum major radius increases as the magnetic field increases and higher magnetic field is required to have a same fusion power in higher aspect ratio cases.

A NEW MECHANISM FOR MASS ACCRETION UNDER RADIATION PRESSURE IN MASSIVE STAR FORMATION

During the formation of a massive star, strong radiation pressure from the central star acts on the dust sublimation front and tends to halt the accretion flow. To overcome this strong radiation pressure, it has been considered that a strong ram pressure produced by a high-mass accretion rate of 10{sup -3} M{sub sun} yr{sup -1} or more is needed. We reinvestigated the necessary condition to overcome the radiation pressure and found a new mechanism for overcoming it. Accumulated mass in a stagnant flow near the dust sublimation front helps the mass accretion by its weight. This mechanism relaxes the condition for the massive star formation. We call this mechanism the 'OMOSHI effect', where OMOSHI is an acronym for 'One Mechanism for Overcoming Stellar High radiation pressure by weIght'. Additionally, in Japanese, OMOSHI is a noun meaning a weight that is put on something to prevent it from moving. We investigate the generation of the OMOSHI effect using local one-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics simulations. The radiation pressure and the gravitational force are connected through the gas pressure, and to sum up, the radiation pressure is balanced or overcome by the gravitational force. We also discuss the global structure and temporal variation ofmore » the accretion flow.« less

Radiation-temperature shock scaling of 1 ns laser-driven hohlraums

Simulations of the x-ray ablation process of aluminum are performed using a one-dimensional multigroup radiation hydrodynamic code RDMG [F. Tinggui et al., Chin. J. Comput. Phys. 16, 199 (1999)]. The scaling relation of the peak temperatures of the x-ray sources with the shock velocities is studied, and its dependence on the temporal profile and the length of the x-ray sources is described and analyzed in this paper. A scaling relation applicable to x-ray sources of 1 ns pulse laser-driven hohlraums is proposed, the dependence of which is studied and found to be negligible. Our scaling relation of radiation temperature versus shock velocity is about 10 eV lower than that proposed by Kauffman et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 2320 (1994)] for shock velocity of (4–8)×106 cm/s.

Shock-heating of stellar envelopes: a possible common mechanism at the origin of explosions and eruptions in massive stars

Observations of transient phenomena in the Universe reveal a spectrum of mass-ejection properties associated with massive stars, covering from Type II/Ib/Ic core-collapse supernovae (SNe) to giant eruptions of Luminous Blue Variables (LBV) and optical transients. Here, we hypothesize that a fraction of these phenomena may have an explosive origin, the distinguishing ingredient being the ratio of the prompt energy release E_dep to the envelope binding energy E_binding. Using one-dimensional one-group radiation hydrodynamics and a set of 10-25Msun, massive-star models, we explore the dynamical response of a stellar envelope subject to a strong, sudden, and deeply-rooted energy release. Following energy deposition, a shock systematically forms, crosses the progenitor envelope on a day timescale, and breaks-out with a signal of hour-to-days duration and a 10^5-10^11 Lsun luminosity. For E_dep > E_binding, full envelope ejection results with a SN-like bolometric luminosity and kinetic energy, modulations being commensurate to the energy deposited and echoing the diversity of Type II-Plateau SNe. For E_dep ~ E_binding, partial envelope ejection results with a small expansion speed, and a more modest but year-long luminosity plateau, reminiscent of LBV eruptions or so-called SN impostors. For E_dep < E_binding, we obtain a "puffed-up" star, secularly relaxing back to thermal equilibrium. In parallel with gravitational collapse and Type II SNe, we argue that the thermonuclear combustion of merely a few 0.01Msun of C/O could power a wide range of explosions/eruptions in loosely-bound massive stars, as those in the 8-12Msun range, or in more massive ones owing to their proximity to the Eddington limit and/or critical rotation.

Self-Reversal in Hydrogen Lyman-α Line Profile

A detailed spectral profile of the Lyman-α line of neutral hydrogen, i.e., the transition from n = 2 to the ground state, where n is the principal quantum number, was measured with a vacuum ultraviolet spectrometer for the plasma in the Large Helical Device. Self-reversal was observed in the spectral profile when the plasma density was increased with repetitive injection of hydrogen pellets. A one-dimensional radiation transport model was used for creating the Lyman-α spectral profile, for which an emission and absorption medium with a slab geometry and constant plasma parameters were assumed. The population density of the n = 2 level generally has a peaked spatial profile even with constant ground state density because of the reabsorption effect which is essential for the emergence of self-reversal in the spectral profile. We used the n = 2 level population distribution in the medium by Molisch et al. [Radiation Trapping in Atomic Vapours, Oxford University, Oxford, 1998] and evaluated the Lyman-α spectral profile as a function of the optical thickness. The observed line profile was found to be well fitted, for example, with a ground state density of 5.2 × 1018 m−3 and a medium thickness of 10 cm when a Lorentzian profile having a full width at half maximum of 0.0018 nm is adopted for the emission and absorption coefficients.

A spectral directional reflectance model of row crops

A computationally efficient reflectance model for row planted canopies is developed in this paper through separating the contributions of incident direct and diffuse radiation scattered by row canopies. The row model allows calculating the reflectance spectrum in any given direction for the optical spectral region. The performance of the model is evaluated through comparisons with field measurements of winter wheat as well as with an established 3D computer simulation model. Especially the systematic comparisons with the computer simulation model demonstrate that the model can adequately simulate the characteristic distribution of directional reflectance factors of row canopies, which is shown in the polar map of reflectance as a high or low value stripe approximately parallel to the row orientation, besides the hotspot effect. Physical mechanisms causing the dynamics were proposed and supported by comparison studies. The features of reflectance distributions of row canopies, which are distinctively different from those of homogeneous canopy, imply that it is problematic to use one-dimensional radiation transfer model to interpret radiation data and estimate the structural or spectral parameters of row canopies from reflectance measurements. Finally, further improvements needed for the current model are briefly discussed.