One-dimensional Kinetic Equation Research Articles

Lie group geometry. Invariant metrics and dynamical systems, dual algebra, and their applications in the group analysis of a one-dimensional kinetic equation

Lie group geometry. Invariant metrics and dynamical systems, dual algebra, and their applications in the group analysis of a one-dimensional kinetic equation

A multi-agent approach to the impact of epidemic spreading on commercial activities

We introduce a class of one-dimensional linear kinetic equations of Boltzmann and Fokker–Planck type, describing the dynamics of the amount of consumer spending transactions of a multi-agent society, that, in the presence of social distancing laws consequent to an epidemic spreading, can reduce the volume of a consistent part of economic commercial activities requiring the presence. At the Boltzmann level, the microscopic variation of the number of transactions around a desired commercial target, is built up by joining a random risk with a deterministic change. Both the risk and target value parameters are here dependent of the number of social contacts of the multi-agent system, which can vary in time in reason of the governments decisions to control the epidemic spreading by introducing restrictions on the social activities. In the asymptotics of grazing interactions, the solution density of the Boltzmann-type kinetic equation is shown to converge towards the solution of a Fokker–Planck-type equation with variable coefficients of diffusion and drift, characterized by the details of the elementary interaction. The economic description is then coupled with the evolution equations of a new SIR-type compartmental epidemic system suitable to describe both the classical epidemic spreading and the social contacts evolution in dependence of the multi-agent social heterogeneity. The (local in time) steady states of the statistical distribution of the amount of economic transactions predicted by the Fokker–Planck equation are shown to be inverse Gamma densities, with time-dependent polynomial tails at infinity which characterize the consequences of the control policies on the time evolution of the Pareto index.

A multi-agent description of the influence of higher education on social stratification

We introduce and discuss a system of one-dimensional kinetic equations describing the influence of higher education in the social stratification of a multi-agent society. The system is obtained by coupling a model for knowledge formation with a kinetic description of the social climbing in which the parameters characterizing the elementary interactions leading to the formation of a social elite are assumed to depend on the degree of knowledge/education of the agents. In addition, we discuss the case in which the education level of an individual is function of the position occupied in the social ranking. With this last assumption, we obtain a fully coupled model in which knowledge and social status influence each other. In the last part, we provide several numerical experiments highlighting the role of education in reducing social inequalities and in promoting social mobility.

Hyperbolic Quadrature Method of Moments for the One-Dimensional Kinetic Equation

A tractable solution is proposed to a classical problem in kinetic theory, namely, given any set of realizable velocity moments up to order $2n$, a closure for the moment of order $2n+1$ is constructed for which the moment system found from the free-transport term in the one-dimensional (1-D) kinetic equation is globally hyperbolic and in conservative form. In prior work, the hyperbolic quadrature method of moments (HyQMOM) was introduced to close this moment system up to fourth order ($n \le 2$). Here, HyQMOM is reformulated and extended to arbitrary even-order moments. The HyQMOM closure is defined based on the properties of the monic orthogonal polynomials $Q_n$ that are uniquely defined by the velocity moments up to order $2n-1$. Thus, HyQMOM is strictly a moment closure and does not rely on the reconstruction of a velocity distribution function with the same moments. On the boundary of moment space, $n$ double roots of the characteristic polynomial $P_{2n+1}$ of the Jacobian matrix of the system are the roots of $Q_n$, while in the interior, $P_{2n+1}$ and $Q_n$ share $n$ roots. The remaining $n+1$ roots of $P_{2n+1}$ bound and separate the roots of $Q_n$. An efficient algorithm, based on the Chebyshev algorithm, for computing the moment of order $2n+1$ from the moments up to order $2n$ is developed. The analytical solution to a 1-D Riemann problem is used to demonstrate convergence of the HyQMOM closure with increasing $n$.

First-order reduction and emergent behavior of the one-dimensional kinetic Cucker-Smale equation

In this paper, we introduce the kinetic description of the first-order Cucker-Smale (CS) flocking model on the real line. We reveal the equivalent relation between the measure-valued solution to the first- and second-order kinetic CS equations. The emergent behavior of the first-order kinetic CS equation and the characterization of the asymptotic solution are studied. We also provide the equivalent relation between classical/measure-valued solutions to the first-order kinetic CS equation and a classical solution to the second-order hydrodynamic CS equations, and present the corresponding analysis on the large-time behavior. The numerical experiments support our analysis and provide an efficient algorithm to obtain the asymptotic solution without simulating the model for a long time.

Social climbing and Amoroso distribution

We introduce a class of one-dimensional linear kinetic equations of Boltzmann and Fokker–Planck type, describing the dynamics of individuals of a multi-agent society questing for high status in the social hierarchy. At the Boltzmann level, the microscopic variation of the status of agents around a universal desired target, is built up introducing as main criterion for the change of status a suitable value function in the spirit of the prospect theory of Kahneman and Twersky. In the asymptotics of grazing interactions, the solution density of the Boltzmann-type kinetic equation is shown to converge towards the solution of a Fokker–Planck type equation with variable coefficients of diffusion and drift, characterized by the mathematical properties of the value function. The steady states of the statistical distribution of the social status predicted by the Fokker–Planck equations belong to the class of Amoroso distributions with Pareto tails, which correspond to the emergence of a social elite. The details of the microscopic kinetic interaction allow to clarify the meaning of the various parameters characterizing the resulting equilibrium. Numerical results then show that the steady state of the underlying kinetic equation is close to Amoroso distribution even in an intermediate regime in which interactions are not grazing.

Non-local hydrodynamics as a slow manifold for the one-dimensional kinetic equation

We prove an explicit, non-local hydrodynamic closure for the linear one-dimensional kinetic equation independent on the size of the relaxation time. We compare this dynamical equation to the local approximations obtained from the Chapman--Enskog expansion for small relaxation times. Our results rely on the spectral theory of Jacobi operators with rank-one perturbations.

Calculation of nonlocal EDF using a one-dimensional Boltzmann equation solver

A method for the calculation of the nonlocal electron distribution function (EDF) with programs commonly used for solving the one-dimensional Boltzmann kinetic equation (e.g., COMSOL Multiphysics) was proposed and implemented. The capabilities of the proposed method were illustrated using the example of the positive column plasma in argon. Significant differences between the local and nonlocal EDFs were observed, especially at the plasma periphery. This can result in significant differences in the electron transport coefficients and reaction rate constants for electron-induced processes. The proposed approach increases the precision of the numerical modeling of gas discharge devices and equipment.

Modeling of the effect of field electron emission from the cathode with a thin insulating film on its emission efficiency in gas discharge plasma

A model of field electron emission from the metal cathode with a thin insulating film under the strong electric field, generated in the film by ions bombarding its surface in gas discharge, is developed. It takes into account tunneling of electrons from the electrode metal substrate into the insulating film, their motion in the film and going out of it into the discharge volume. An analytical solution of the one-dimensional kinetic equation for the energy distribution function of emitted electrons in the film conduction band is found and an expression for the film emission efficiency equal to the fraction of emitted electrons, which escapes from the film and increases the cathode effective secondary electron emission yield, is obtained. It is demonstrated that calculated dependence of the emission efficiency on the electric field strength in the aluminum oxide film is in an agreement with experimental data for metal-insulator-metal tunneling cathodes. The proposed model can be used for investigation of an influence of the field electron emission from the cathode with a thin insulating film on its emission characteristics in gas discharge devices.

A realizability-preserving high-order kinetic scheme using WENO reconstruction for entropy-based moment closures of linear kinetic equations in slab geometry

We develop a high-order kinetic scheme for entropy-based moment models of a one-dimensional linear kinetic equation in slab geometry. High-order spatial reconstructions are achieved using the weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) method, and for time integration we use multi-step Runge-Kutta methods which are strong stability preserving and whose stages and steps can be written as convex combinations of forward Euler steps. We show that the moment vectors stay in the realizable set using these time integrators along with a maximum principle-based kinetic-level limiter, which simultaneously dampens spurious oscillations in the numerical solutions. We present numerical results both on a manufactured solution, where we perform convergence tests showing our scheme converges of the expected order up to the numerical noise from the numerical optimization, as well as on two standard benchmark problems, where we show some of the advantages of high-order solutions and the role of the key parameter in the limiter.

Confinement by biased velocity jumps: Aggregation of <em> escherichia coli</em>

We investigate a one-dimensional linear kinetic equation derived from a velocity jump process modelling bacterial chemotaxis in presence of an external chemical signal centered at the origin. We prove the existence of a positive equilibrium distribution with an exponential decay at infinity. We deduce a hypocoercivity result, namely: the solution of the Cauchy problem converges exponentially fast towards the stationary state. The strategy follows [J. Dolbeault, C. Mouhot, and C. Schmeiser, Hypocoercivity for linear kinetic equations conserving mass, Trans. AMS 2014]. The novelty here is that the equilibrium does not belong to the null spaces of the collision operator and of the transport operator. From a modelling viewpoint, it is related to the observation that exponential confinement is generated by a spatially inhomogeneous bias in the velocity jump process.

Characterization of Weak Convergence of Probability-Valued Solutions of General One-Dimensional Kinetic Equations

For a general inelastic Kac-like equation recently proposed, this paper studies the long-time behaviour of its probability-valued solution. In particular, the paper provides necessary and sufficient conditions for the initial datum in order that the corresponding solution converges to equilibrium. The proofs rest on the general CLT for independent summands applied to a suitable Skorokhod representation of the original solution evaluated at an increasing and divergent sequence of times. It turns out that, roughly speaking, the initial datum must belong to the standard domain of attraction of a stable law, while the equilibrium is presentable as a mixture of stable laws.

Hamiltonian formalism of two-dimensional Vlasov kinetic equation.

In this paper, the two-dimensional Benney system describing long wave propagation of a finite depth fluid motion and the multi-dimensional Russo-Smereka kinetic equation describing a bubbly flow are considered. The Hamiltonian approach established by J. Gibbons for the one-dimensional Vlasov kinetic equation is extended to a multi-dimensional case. A local Hamiltonian structure associated with the hydrodynamic lattice of moments derived by D.J.Benney is constructed. A relationship between this hydrodynamic lattice of moments and the two-dimensional Vlasov kinetic equation is found. In the two-dimensional case, a Hamiltonian hydrodynamic lattice for the Russo-Smereka kinetic model is constructed. Simple hydrodynamic reductions are presented.

On the accuracy of a one-dimensional approach to the solution of kinetic equations with velocity-dependent collision frequencies

The solution of many problems in light-induced gas kinetics can be simplified significantly using quantum kinetic equations in the context of the so-called one-dimensional approximation, in which the initial equations are averaged over transverse (relative to the direction of radiation) velocities. The errors introduced in such an approach are usually assumed to be small; however, this has been confirmed quantitatively only on the basis of the simplest (two- and three-level) particle models. We analyze the accuracy of the one-dimensional approximation for multilevel particles quantitatively for the light-induced drift (LID) effect in cesium atoms in the atmosphere of inert buffer gases. It is shown that in the case of the so-called “normal” LID, one-dimensional kinetic equations can always be used instead of three-dimensional equations without a risk of losing some important fine details in the dependence of the drift velocity on the radiation frequency. In the case of anomalous LID, the error of the one-dimensional approximation is also insignificant, but it can be disregarded only in the case of light buffer particles. For comparable masses of resonant and buffer particles, the one-dimensional approximation may give a noticeable error in determination of drift velocity amplitudes; however, the positions of drift velocity zeros and extrema depending on radiation-frequency detuning can be described successfully. Results show that the error introduced by using the one-dimensional approximation for multilevel particles turns out to be more significant than for the simplest particle models.

Exact solution of the ( 0+1 )-dimensional Boltzmann equation for a massive gas

We solve the one-dimensional boost-invariant kinetic equation for a relativistic massive system with the collision term treated in the relaxation time approximation. The result is an exact integral equation which can be solved numerically by the method of iteration to arbitrary precision. We compare predictions for the shear and bulk viscosities of a massive system with those obtained from the exact solution. Finally, we compare the time evolution of the bulk pressure obtained from our exact solution with results obtained from the dynamical equations of second-order viscous hydrodynamics.

Variance-reduced DSMC method for axial-symmetric flows of gaseous mixtures

A variance-reduced DSMC method is presented for the simulation of axial-symmetric flows of gas mixtures, which are described by the McCormack linearized kinetic model. The one-dimensional kinetic equation is solved by the variance-reduced DSMC method. The distribution function of the molecular velocity is modeled by positive and negative particles. Weighting zones are introduced in order to handle the cylindrical symmetry of the problem. Pressure driven flows of noble gas mixtures and a single gas through a tube are simulated in order to analyze the method. The results are compared to the discrete velocity solution of the kinetic problem. A good agreement is found between the results provided by the two approaches. An equivalent standard DSMC simulation is also performed to test the computational performance of the methods. It is demonstrated that the present variance-reduced DSMC provides a more efficient simulation for low speed flows than the standard DSMC.

Speed of convergence to equilibrium in Wasserstein metrics for Kac-like kinetic equations

This work deals with a class of one-dimensional measure-valued kinetic equations, which constitute extensions of the Kac caricature. It is known that if the initial datum belongs to the domain of normal attraction of an $\alpha$-stable law, the solution of the equation converges weakly to a suitable scale mixture of centered $\alpha$-stable laws. In this paper we present explicit exponential rates for the convergence to equilibrium in Kantorovich-Wasserstein distancesof order $p>\alpha$, under the natural assumption that the distancebetween the initial datum and the limit distribution is finite. For $\alpha=2$ this assumption reduces to the finiteness of the absolute moment of order $p$ of the initial datum. On the contrary, when $\alpha \alpha$. For this case, we provide sufficient conditions for the finiteness of the Kantorovich-Wasserstein distance.

DENSITY FLUCTUATIONS AND THE ACCELERATION OF ELECTRONS BY BEAM-GENERATED LANGMUIR WAVES IN THE SOLAR CORONA

Non-thermal electron populations are observed throughout the heliosphere. The relaxation of an electron beam is known to produce Langmuir waves which, in turn, may substantially modify the electron distribution function. As the Langmuir waves are refracted by background density gradients and as the solar and heliospheric plasma density is naturally perturbed with various levels of inhomogeneity, the interaction of Langmuir waves with non-thermal electrons in inhomogeneous plasmas is an important topic. We investigate the role played by ambient density fluctuations on the beam-plasma relaxation, focusing on the effect of acceleration of beam electrons. The scattering of Langmuir waves off turbulent density fluctuations is modeled as a wavenumber diffusion process which is implemented in numerical simulations of the one-dimensional quasilinear kinetic equations describing the beam relaxation. The results show that a substantial number of beam electrons are accelerated when the diffusive time scale in wavenumber space \tau_D is of the order of the quasilinear time scale \tau_ql, while when \tau_D << \tau_ql, the beam relaxation is suppressed. Plasma inhomogeneities are therefore an important means of energy redistribution for waves and hence electrons, and so must be taken into account when interpreting, for example, hard X-ray or Type III emission from flare-accelerated electrons.

Analytical estimates of free Brownian diffusion times in corrugated narrow channels

The diffusion of a suspended brownian particle along a sinusoidally corrugated narrow channel is investigated to assess the validity of two competing analytical schemes, both based on effective one-dimensional kinetic equations, one continuous (entropic channel scheme) and the other discrete (random walker scheme). For narrow pores, the characteristic diffusion time scale is represented by the mean first exit time out of a channel compartment. Such a diffusion time has been analytically calculated in both approximate schemes; the two analytical results coincide in leading order and are in excellent agreement with the simulation data.

Electron transfer reactions in condensed phase: Effect of reversibility

We propose a generalized one-dimensional kinetic equation for multidimensional reversible electron transfer (ET) reaction with a nonequilibrium situation as the initial condition. The rate constant for the forward reversible ET reaction obtained here consists of the rate for the corresponding irreversible ET reaction, and an extra term due to reversibility of the ET process which includes the rates of diffusion dynamics in the reactant and product wells. In order to understand the effect of reversibility, we consider back ET reaction in a system consisting of an electron donor-acceptor pair in a solvent modeled through low frequency solvent collective coordinates (multidimensional) characterized by the orientational polarization and slowly relaxing one-dimensional vibrational mode. We propose here a new generalized polarization energy functional corresponding to the extension of the continuum version for the same, which has opened up the possibility of inclusion of molecular nature of the solvent into the solvent reorganization energy. We then derive an exact expression for the ET rate for this model system. The numerical results calculated by using the proposed one-dimensional approach are shown to be in good agreement with the available experimental results. Non-Marcus free energy gap dependence of the rates observed here for the reversible and irreversible ET reactions are very close to each other in the barrierless region, while for other situations, the rate for the former process is found to be less than the latter. The extra term, which makes the difference between the rate constants for irreversible and reversible ET reactions, is found to be contributed by the diffusion dynamics from both reactant and product wells but the dominating contribution is provided mainly by the product well.