On-line Recording Research Articles

Sport, exercise, and recreation participation in Malaysia 2023: The engagement pattern according to demographics, participant characteristics and social groups

Malaysian Sports Culture Index 2023 (MSCI’23) measures Malaysians' participation level in sports, exercise and recreation activities based on two domains, namely the participation domain and the sporting spirit domain. There is one indicator under the participation domain: activeness, and four indicators under the sporting spirit domain: volunteering, dedication, expenditure, and contribution. This study uses quantitative methods through a self-designed questionnaire. Quantitative data was collected among 7,015 people aged 13 and above through a face-to-face approach. A multi-cluster random sampling selection across Malaysia was facilitated by employing the block calculation (BP) and residence area (TK) methods, aided by the iGREAT Survey Management System (IYRES) for online recording of respondent feedback. Descriptive analyses were conducted on quantitative data. The analysis shows that 52% of Malaysians engage in sports, exercise, and recreational activities at least once a month. A total of 48% are not involved in any sports-related activities. The level of activity among the people involved shows that 11.8% are at an active level, 68.8% are moderately active and 19.4% are less active (WHO, 2020). Involvement in sports and exercise are the two main choices of Malaysians over recreational activities. The sporting spirit is measured based on indicators of volunteering, dedication, spending and contributions. Voluntary activities are a catalyst for sporting spirit and the main indirect contributor to the MSCI'23 score compared to the other three indicators. The findings of this study also show that gender, ethnicity, marital status, and age influence the index. In terms of age for example, the younger the more active they are. While urban and rural locations do not show a real difference. This study identified and outlined five main themes that influence the participation of Malaysians in sports, namely, individual intrinsic motivation, proper and holistic education, facility condition and management, individual goal priorities and dynamic creative media use. These themes could help stakeholders to determine the types of programs to cultivate sports in Malaysia. Many positive signs show Malaysia's sports culture will continue to improve in the coming years. The completion of the sports program is recommended to focus equally on the domains of participation and sporting spirit.

What can we learn from pandemic educational methods?: military general practice trainees’ attitudes to feedback from recorded consultations

ABSTRACT Background Recorded consultations are a useful tool for developing consultation skills for general practice speciality trainees (GPSTs). Historical barriers to utility include a lack of recording equipment and trainee discomfort. Widespread use of online communication platforms during the pandemic led to the introduction of the Recorded Consultation Assessment (RCA), prompting an exploration of its impact on GPSTs’ attitudes and acceptability of using recorded consultations for feedback. Aim This sequential explanatory mixed methods study explored attitudes of military GPSTs towards using recorded consultations for feedback to develop consultation skills, and identify factors influencing GPST attitudes. Methods Participants of this study completed a questionnaire, followed by a representative sample focus group. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse quantitative data, reflexive thematic analysis was employed for qualitative data. Triangulation was conducted using a meta-matrix. Results Results indicated agreement among respondents on the usefulness of recorded consultations for developing consultation skills, particularly communication skills. Perceived trainer attitudes significantly influence the GPST utility of this tool. The RCA positively impacted attitudes, providing familiarity, free access to easy-to-use online recording platforms, simplified consenting procedures, secure data storage, and improved feedback quality from trainers. Conclusion Pre-pandemic studies cited equipment access and consent procedures as barriers to utilising recording as a method of feedback. The pandemic and RCA introduced online resources and imperative to utilise this method, resulting in largely positive GPST learning experiences. As we move away from the RCA it is important to retain institutional memory of the benefits gained from feedback using recorded methods.

Composite learning prescribed performance control of strict-feedback nonlinear systems with mismatched parametric uncertainties

A composite learning prescribed performance control (CLPPC) approach is presented for strict-feedback nonlinear systems with mismatched parametric uncertainties. A finite-time performance function based on polynomial is introduced to predefined a restriction region with respect to the tracking error. By introducing an error transformation function, the tracking error restriction problem of the original system is transformed into the stability problem of an equivalent transformation system. To guarantee the convergence of unknown parameters, online recording data and instantaneous are used to generate a prediction error, which is used together with filtered tracking errors to update parameter estimations under an interval excitation condition. All signals are proven to be ultimately uniformly stable under the proposed CLPPC strategy. Furthermore, the tracking error is limited within the predefined region after the predefined time. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Evaluation of the Great Artery Mechanics with CarotidFemoral (Aortic) Pulse Wave Propagation Time in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic, systemic, rheumatic, autoimmune disease in adults, which has unknown etiology and targets primarily synovial tissue. Those patients have increased cardiovascular mortality based on inflammation and atherosclerosis. In our study, we evaluated great artery mechanics in newly diagnosed RA patients with inactive disease. Great artery mechanics, referred as arterial distensibility, elasticity, and compliance can be evaluated by pulse wave propagation time and pulse wave velocity. Methods: Our study included newly diagnosed and in inactive stage 25 RA patients ( mean age: 39.4±9.8 years, 21–63 years, 19 female, 6 male) and 29 healthy subjects (mean age: 36.9±9.9 years, 18–59 years, 13 female, 16 male). Aortic pulse wave propagation time and pulse wave velocitiy were determined using an automatic device, the Complior Colson (France), which allowed online recording and automatic calculation. Results: Height, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio values were significantly higher in healthy objects. (p=0.006, p=0.030, p=0.004, respectively) pulse wave propagation time and pulse wave velocity were significantly lower and higher, respectively, in RA patients compared to healthy subjects (p=0.000, p=0.041, respectively). Conclusion: RA patients have decreased pulse wave propagation time and higher pulse wave velocity.

Tuberculosis Information System: Evaluation Approach with HOT-FIT Framework

Background: The increase in the number of pulmonary TB cases increases the risk of illness and death, which indicates the need for TB prevention and control efforts through online recording and reporting of cases using the Tuberculosis Information System (SITB). However, there are several challenges in implementing the use of SITB, which results in delays in reporting TB cases and disrupts TB prevention and treatment efforts. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the use of SITB with the HOT-FIT Framework in the UPT Puskesmas Lemo area, North Barito District, Central Kalimantan. Methods: This research applies qualitative research methods with a phenomenological approach. The study population consisted of five informants who were selected deliberately (purposive sampling), including the Head of Puskesmas, TB Program Manager, TB Program Management Assistant, General Practitioner, and Laboratory Officer. Results: The results highlight that the use of Tuberculosis Information System (SITB) applications faces a number of supporting and inhibiting factors, which eventually lead to delays in reporting. Although the availability of adequate human resources (HR) is one of the supporting factors for reporting tuberculosis (TB) cases through the SITB application, the unstable internet network and lack of facilities and infrastructure such as inadequate software are also inhibiting factors. Conclusion: Puskesmas Lemo has participated in the successful implementation of TB case recording and reporting activities using SITB, but there are several aspects that still need to be improved and followed up. Thus, the Lemo Health Center still needs regular guidance and monitoring by the Health Office in carrying out its functions.

Adoptive Parent-Child Interaction Quality During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil

ABSTRACT This study presents findings derived from an investigation into parent-child interactions among Brazilian adoptive families conducted through online recording and analysis. Participating parents enrolled in an online Parental Training Program titled Adoption: Beginning of New Bonds, which emphasized parental reflective function. Data collection spanned from March to November 2021, coinciding with the isolation measures imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. The study aimed to delineate interaction patterns within the sampled group and assess whether any alterations occurred in these patterns pre- and post-program participation. The sample consisted of 23 adoptive parents who had adopted a child under the age of five from the public child welfare system. Video recordings of parent-child free play sessions were collected online both before and after program participation. Results indicated a significant difference in the proportion of parents demonstrating sensitivity toward their child, accompanied by a noticeable trend toward enhanced quality in child interaction with their caregivers. Furthermore, this study offers valuable insights for refining observational instruments within the context of adoption.

Compact rover surveying and laser scanning for BIM development.

This paper presents a custom made small rover based surveying, mapping and building information modeling solution. Majority of the commercially available mobile surveying systems are larger in size which restricts their maneuverability in the targeted indoor vicinities. Furthermore their functional cost is unaffordable for low budget projects belonging to developing markets. Keeping in view these challenges, an economical indigenous rover based scanning and mapping system has developed using orthogonal integration of two low cost RPLidar A1 laser scanners. All the instrumentation of the rover has been interfaced with Robot Operating System (ROS) for online processing and recording of all sensorial data. The ROS based pose and map estimations of the rover have performed using Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) technique. The perceived class 1 laser scans data belonging to distinct vicinities with variable reflective properties have been successfully tested and validated for required structural modeling. Systematically the recorded scans have been used in offline mode to generate the 3D point cloud map of the surveyed environment. Later the structural planes extraction from the point cloud data has been done using Random Sampling and Consensus (RANSAC) technique. Finally the 2D floor plan and 3D building model have been developed using point cloud processing in appropriate software. Multiple interiors of existing buildings and under construction indoor sites have been scanned, mapped and modelled as presented in this paper. In addition, the validation of the as-built models have been performed by comparing with the actual architecture design of the surveyed buildings. In comparison to available surveying solutions present in the local market, the developed system has been found faster, accurate and user friendly to produce more enhanced structural results with minute details.

Glasgow Museums Biological Records Centre: achievements over the past 25 years and future prospects

The development of Glasgow Museums Biological Records Centre from its inception in 1997 to the present is described, along with geographical and taxonomic coverage of the records. The principal sources of records are listed, and the contribution of online recording systems in recent years is highlighted. Data accuracy, gaps in taxonomic coverage, and new taxa possibly resulting from climate change are discussed. Finally, the possible future of the Centre in the context of the Scottish Better Biodiversity Data project is outlined.

Improving the impact of pharmacy interventions in hospitals

The clinical and pharmaceutical interventions of pharmacy professionals are considered impactful inputs towards optimised patient care and safety, by rationalising prescriptions, enhancing therapeutic choices and reducing and preventing medication errors...

Halogenated polymers as a problematic component in the pyrolysis of waste plastics

The study deals with the complications associated with the pyrolysis of a polymer releasing highly corrosive compounds and other products that are difficult to be utilized in practice. Poly(vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate) was chosen as a sample material. This copolymer was subjected to slow pyrolysis up to a temperature of 650 °C, which was achieved with a temperature ramp of 10 °C min‒1. Thermal decomposition took place in a batch apparatus in nitrogen atmosphere. The evaluation of the experiments included a mass balance using an online recording of gas and condensate formation, which was followed by an analysis of the obtained products. The tests showed very small yields of condensates (pyrolysis tar) in the range of 3.0 – 5.5% compared to gas production reaching 71.1 – 72.1% of the raw material weight. Within the discussion, the problem with the production of non-flammable gas consisting mainly of HCl in the initial stages of pyrolysis was highlighted. Under the given conditions, the release of acid gases, in which HCl was gradually replaced by also non-flammable CO2, continued up to about 400 °C. Only gases collected from this temperature above and having a calorific value of 33.5 MJ m‒3 (20 °C / 101.32 kPa) can be considered energetically usable. Condensates mainly represented by a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons, acetic acid and chlorobenzene were also evaluated as problematic for possible use. The possibilities of physical activation of solid pyrolysis residues by steam at temperatures of 850 and 900 °C were also tested. All experiments led to obtaining products with very small specific surface areas in the range of 1 – 6 m2 g–1. The process loss during activation reached 25 – 33% of the pyrolysis residue weight, depending on the applied temperature and contact time with steam. These values show that the reaction of the activation medium with the sample took place more or less only on the outer surface of the particles and did not lead to the development of an internal porous structure. The achieved results were compared with the identically processed samples of waste tires, which were evaluated as promising in tests carried out in the past. The contrast be-tween the two materials clearly spoke against the discussed copolymer. The results of the experiments can be interpreted, among other things, as a certain warning against attempts at industrial pyrolysis processing of this type of plastic.

Effect of the catalyst type on pyrolysis products distribution of polymer blends simulating plastics contained in waste electric and electronic equipment

The valorization of the plastic part from waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) is of significant importance for the upcycling of this waste stream with pyrolysis proposed as an appropriate, environmentally friendly, thermo-chemical recycling technique. The subject of this study is to investigate the distribution of the products obtained after the addition of certain catalysts in the pyrolysis of polymer blends with a composition similar to that of plastics in WEEE. Specifically, blends of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were examined in experiments taking place in a lab scale pyrolyser coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) for the on-line recording of the products obtained. Six different catalysts (CaO, γ-Al2O3, Fe2O3, ZSM-5, Silicalite, Al-MCM41) were used and the optimum pyrolysis temperatures were selected for each system based on evolved gas analysis. The results from catalytic cracking were compared and evaluated in terms of the number of compounds produced, the ratio between aromatic and aliphatic products, and the intensity of the peaks. It was found that the best choice for the decomposition of ABS is Fe2O3 and for HIPS the Al-MCM41. γ-Al2O3 affects PC degradation and CaO exhibits specific selectivity to this polymer. Pyrolysis of blends results in the production of a mixture of hydrocarbons together with other aliphatic and aromatic compounds. Polymer blends including chlorinated compounds such as PVC start degrading at relatively low temperatures, slightly over 200 °C. Degradation occurs in two steps with peaks around 300 and 465 °C, respectively. The first is attributed to the removal of halogenated compounds and the second to the scission of the main carbon chain. PVC degradation produces chlorine radicals that affect the degradation mechanism. The presence of the catalysts did not significantly change the temperatures of degradation. However, they do change the type of the products obtained. Pyrolysis of the styrenic polymers, i.e. ABS or HIPS resulted in mainly aromatic compounds with one, two or even three aromatic rings, whereas PC results in several phenols. CaO is proposed as the best choice for catalytic cracking of Blend A, whereas Silicalite should be considered for Blend B since it leads in the production of more aromatic compounds compared to conventional pyrolysis.

Experimental Platform for Evaluation of Full-Scale Variable-Speed Wind Generators Under Stator Winding Faults

An experimental platform for internal fault application on the stator winding of synchronous and induction machines used as full-scale variable-speed wind generators is described. Machines with modified stator winding are employed to enable fault application during operation. This experimental rig allows on-line monitoring and recording of voltage and current waveforms, as well as control variables, therefore it can contribute significantly for control and protection developments specifically designed to attend variable-speed generator particularities. It could also be used for teaching renewable energy technology concepts. Equipment connections, sensing and conditioning stages, control algorithms and the fault application system are described in order to guide future projects. The control algorithms are tested under healthy and faulty conditions. Furthermore, the basic modeling of the machines under healthy and faulty conditions are presented as reference to the experimental results presented.

Parametric Classification of Furniture From Point Cloud Developed Using Low Cost Trolley Based Laser Scanning System

This paper presents a parametric classification methodology to identify common indoor and outdoor furniture objects present in the 3D Cartesian point cloud of the surveyed environment. For this purpose, a low cost custom made trolley based scanning and surveying system has developed using orthogonal integration of two popular Hokuyo-30LX 2D laser scanners. The developed system has been successfully used to generate 3D point cloud of the environment using Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) technique. The instrumentation system of the trolley has been interfaced through Robot Operating System (ROS) for online processing and recording of all sensorial data. While classification of the furniture present in point cloud has been done in offline mode using Random Sampling and Consensus (RANSAC) based parametric segmentation technique. The innovative furniture detection has applied on each scan in order to reduce the region of interest in the developed point cloud. In addition, the validation of the classified furniture objects has been performed using Fuzzy Logic. Multiple indoor and outdoor vicinities have been scanned and modelling results have been found accurate nearer to ground truth. In comparison to available surveying solutions present in the local market, the developed system has been found faster and precise to produce more enhanced structural results with minute details.

Synaptic Processes in Raphe Magnus Nucleus under Activation Periaqueductal Gray Matter on the Model of Parkinson’s Disease.

The electrophysiological studies on 4 Albino rats (230 ± 30?.) on the rotenone model of Parkinson’s disease (PD), induced by unilateral injection of rotenone and kept 4 weeks has been conducted. The extracellular online recording of spike activity of 149 single neurons of the Raphe Magnus (RMG) at high frequency stimulation (HFS) of Periaqueductal gray (PAG) had produced. The programmed mathematical analysis of spikes averaged frequency, with recalculation in interpulse intervals and frequencies to assess of degree of manifestation depressor and excitatory effects as well as the frequency of pre- and post-stimulus activation degree of manifestation in terms of diagrams of averaged frequency spikes are used. On the model of PD a significant reduction in quantity of RMG neurons, evoked at HFS PAG by depressor and depressor–excitatory manifestations of activity had been revealed. On the model of PD, the significant reduction in the number of neurons RMG, responding at PAG HFS by depressor and depressor-excitatory manifestations of activity has been revealed. Analysis of relative degree of intensity of depressor and excitatory effects, by way of example diagrams average frequency of spikes, led to the conclusion. It has been discovered the prevalence of excitatory post stimulus manifestations of activity over depressive (on the order of 1.63- and 2.0-multiple). The pre stimulus frequency of activity substantially prevailed in neurons, responding by excitatory effects (on the order of 2.46- and 17.0-multiple in uni- and multidirectional successions, respectively). As regards to post stimulus frequency, the difference is even higher proved– on the order of 14.6 and even 56.5-multiple for uni- and multidirectional sequences, respectively. Besides, especially larger for multidirectional successions. In other words, under PD excitotoxicity revealed, promoting the powerful frequency growth of pre- and post-stimulus activity in both excitatory sequences, testifying about deep neurodegenerative defeat of important ant nociceptive structure – RMG and promotes the emergence of resistant chronic pain.

Generalising the impact of lecture capture availability on student achievement: A method and its application

Whether the use of lecture capture technology helps improve student performance is a contested area of research. In most cases, the answer relies on the degree to which online recordings supplement or substitute for live or live-streamed lecture delivery. We present a parameter, the technical rate of substitution, which captures this information holding student performance constant. We introduce a method to estimate this measure, which we applied to a pilot sample of students in a first-year quantitative methods class. We find imperfect substitutability: live lectures are, in the context of our sample, a less resource-intensive technology than the corresponding online recording to produce a set exam score. Our main contribution is the proposed parameter and the method to derive it. Its calculation significantly facilitates comparison and consolidation of previous research and provides valuable insights on the relative effectiveness of different learning platforms to inform instructor best practice and higher education policy. Implications for practice or policy: Instructors can use our measure to evaluate their students’ effective use of online learning technologies. Course designers can use the measure to select the right mix of online and offline delivery methods. Educators can use the measure to determine the most effective platform for delivering introductory, substantive or review material. Our method helps researchers compare and generalise results from existing studies of the relative performance of online and offline educational technologies.

Suitability of online and offline remote recording for vowel reduction analysis

Increasing demand for remote research techniques has led to several initial investigations of the suitability of remote recording for vowel production research. An initial consensus has emerged that remote recording may provide broadly accurate data for broad-strokes analysis, such as analyzing the relative positions of a speaker’s vowels, although some minor distortions may occur; fine-grained analysis of sociolinguistic variation suffers greatly from remote data collection (Freeman and De Decker, 2021). This study investigates the quality of data obtainable through two remote recording methods (online recording through Gorilla and offline recording via smartphone) for a vocalic phenomenon requiring a medium level of sensitivity of analysis, namely vowel reduction. Ten subjects completed a shadowing task eliciting target words containing one of five English vowels in reduced or unreduced form, taking simultaneous online and offline remote recordings. To determine whether the variability introduced through the remote recording process was sufficient to alter the findings of the study, results were compared to data from a second group of subjects who completed the task in person in a traditional laboratory setting. This comparison to in-person data allows for an assessment of the suitability of online and offline remote recordings for vowel reduction research.

The Formulas

The most effective way to express the mathematical and physical research results is by using the formulas. Our article contains the formulas that were the biggest contributors to the development of technical, physical, and mathematical sciences. The formulas can be applied in different research areas. In this article, we will show how to calculate an orbit of a miniature satellite based on the Law of Gravity. For calculations and online recording of results, we are using the MATLAB system. This article contains also a description of some formulas discovered by the authors.

The Effect of Online Prescription Drug Monitoring on Opioid Prescription Habits After Elective Single-level Lumbar Fusion.

The United States opioid epidemic is a well-documented crisis stemming from increased prescriptions of narcotics. Online prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) are a potential resource to mitigate narcotic misuse by tracking controlled substance prescriptions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate opioid prescription trends after implementation of an online PDMP in patients who underwent single-level lumbar fusion. Patients who underwent a single-level lumbar fusion between August 27, 2017, and August 31, 2020, were identified and placed categorically into one of two cohorts: an "early adoption" cohort, September 1, 2017, to August 31, 2018, and a "late adoption" cohort, September 1, 2019, to August 31, 2020. This allowed for a 1-year washout period after Pennsylvania PDMP implementation on August 26, 2016. Opioid use data were obtained by searching for each patient in the state government's online PDMP and recording data from the year before and the year after the patient's procedure. No significant difference was observed in preoperative opioid prescriptions between the early and late adoption cohorts. The late adoption group independently predicted decreased postoperative opioid prescriptions (β, 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65 to 0.93; P = 0.007), opioid prescribers (β, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.90; P < 0.001), pharmacies used (β, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.97; P = 0.006), opioid pills (β, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.50 to 0.74; P < 0.001), days of opioid prescription (β, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.45 to 0.72; P < 0.001), and morphine milligram equivalents prescribed (β, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.66; P < 0.001). PDMP implementation was associated with decreased postoperative opioid prescription patterns but not preoperative opioid prescribing behaviors. 4.

The “Time-Makam Analysis Model” as a graphic notation: A playful tool for collaborative improvised music

This study seeks to explore the creative performing processes that arise from the use of graphic scores. To achieve this, it uses the Time-Makam Analysis Model to demonstrate how this type of notation can produce “playful” creative processes that are open to evaluation from an ethnomusicological perspective. The study presents a practical, experimental, and multidisciplinary approach to graphic notation, it discusses the individual and collective relationships that performers have with a score of this type, and examines the spontaneous decision-making processes involved. The study is also intended to support performers’ collective creative decision-making, their playful thinking, and their improvisational skills. First, the introduction gives an overview of the concept of notation and provides a historical perspective for contemporary graphic scores. This is followed by an examination of the Time-Makam Analysis Model and its association with graphic notation, and a psychological discussion of creative, playful thinking processes. The final section contains field notes from two performances in which the author of this study took part: an online recording by the SAVT improvisation trio (Elif Canfeza Gündüz classical kemenche, Merve Salgar tanbur, and Zeynep Ayşe Hatipoğlu violoncello) and a real time collaboration with Ülkü Çağlayan (body movement and violoncello).

Time and spatially resolved tracking of the air quality in local public transport

As an indoor environment, public transport is subject to special conditions with many passengers in a comparatively small space. Therefore, both an efficient control of the climatic parameters and a good air exchange are necessary to avoid transmission and spread of respiratory diseases. However, in such a dynamic system it is practically impossible to determine pathogenic substances with the necessary temporal and spatial resolution, but easy-to-measure parameters allow the air quality to be assessed in a passenger compartment. Carbon dioxide has already proven to be a useful indicator, especially in environments with a high occupancy of people. Airborne particulate matter can also be an important aspect for assessing the air quality in an indoor space. Consequently, the time courses of temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide and particulate matter (PM10) were tracked and evaluated in local public transport buses, trams and trains in the Brunswick/Hanover region. In all measurements, the climatic conditions were comfortable for the passengers. Carbon dioxide was strongly correlated with occupancy and has proven to be the most informative parameter. The PM10 concentration, however, often correlated with the dynamics of people when getting on and off, but not with the occupancy. Sensors, equipped with integrated GPS, were installed in the passenger cabins and were found to be useful for recording location-related effects such as stops. The results of this study show that the online recording of simple parameters is a valuable tool for assessing air quality as a function of time, location and number of people. When the occupancy is high, a low carbon dioxide level indicates good ventilation, which automatically reduces the risk of infection. It is therefore recommended to take more advantage of low-cost sensors as a control for air conditioning systems in passenger cabins and for evaluations of the dynamics in public transport.