On-grid System Research Articles

Renewable Energy Options for a Rural Village in North Korea

The national electrification rate of North Korea is extremely low and the situation in rural areas is even worse. Thus, this study designs a virtual electrification project for a rural village in North Pyongan and compares an off-grid energy system and on-grid system in terms of net present cost (NPC) and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) to define the most cost-effective energy system. Using Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER), this study designs two off-grid systems that apply different types of batteries—lead–acid and lithium-ion energy storage systems (ESS)—and determines the NPC and LCOE of the most cost-effective system. Then, it calculates the NPC and LCOE of grid extension by adding necessary costs required for generation, transmission, and distribution. The result shows that the hybrid energy system (HES) of solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbines, lead–acid batteries, and diesel generators is the most cost-effective option for the selected location. The range of breakeven grid-extension distance is from 9.69 km to 20.57 km. The sensitivity analysis based on different discount rates shows that a higher discount rate means a shorter breakeven distance. This analysis suggests that deploying an HES is one way to improve the electrification rate for remote and rural areas in North Korea.

Analysis of electricity energy savings with Grid-Tie system connected to utility grid

The microgrid consists of at least one energy source that is connected to a load in a relatively small area. In practice, microgrid are divided into two types, off-grid systems or often said to be standalone systems and on-grid systems that are connected to utility networks. The use of renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic, has become an alternative energy for the problem of electricity energy deficits. This research examines the possibility of saving power consumption from the network using a grid-tie inverter (GTI) power converter in a microgrid configuration so synchronization can be made between renewable energy systems and utility networks. The integration of photovoltaic energy resources with the grid system will increase the value of electricity capacity while reducing the use of fossil fuels, as well as a positive impact where the use of renewable energy can reduce energy use and bills to be paid. Integration of grid tie testing carried out without a load can convert the power generated by almost 90% distributed in the utility network, while testing with a load using a grid tie system, can save power up to 70% of the energy supplied by the utility network.

Economic Analysis of Solar Powered and on-Grid Trout Fish Growing Systems

There are many dams have been established in Turkey for different aims such as electric production and irrigation. It is also benefitted from several of these dams by growing trout fish. However, the temperature of most of these dam lake water is high, particularly during the summer hot season period (from May to September) for growing trout fish. In order to cool the water of fish growing floating pool or tank by pumping cool water from depth of 25 m, a solar powered trout fish growing system that previously designed for Ataturk Dam Lake and an on-grid power system have been selected. The solar powered water cooling system mainly contains monocrystalline silicon solar panel, MPPT (maximum power point tracker), battery pack, inverter, and a submersible pump. In contrast to many components of solar powered water cooling system, to operate the submersible pump, only the electrical network as well as a control panel are required for on-grid system. The needed PV panel area, water pump power and energy during system lifetime are also determined for one fish growing unit (floating pool or water tank) by considering some technical various data. The reason for choosing as a sample of Ataturk Dam Lake for this study is that Ataturk Dam Lake is established on the Euphrates River and ranked in the first ten amongst other dam lakes in the world. The economic analysis of both these systems have been made and these systems have also been compared with uncooled (naturally cooling) system in this work. The results of the study showed us that in order to economically functioning of a small scale or a private fishery enterprise, the required minimum number of fish growing tanks are 19, 17 and 15 for solar powered cooling system, on-grid cooling system and uncooled system, respectively.

Monitoring Results of a 10kwp On-Grid Photovoltaic System in the Context of the Current Regulation for Solar Rooftops in Indonesia

To fulfil the Paris climate agreement, the Indonesian government aims to increase the share of renewable energy. New regulation for solar rooftops came into effect in January 2019 to give more security for investments in solar projects. However, for a majority of consumers, the implementation of the regulation and economical operation of a PV system brings many hurdles. A 10 kWp PV on-grid system at UKRIM University is monitored to gain information about energy data, return of investment (RoI) and levelized costs of energy (LCOE). Based on the monitoring results, three different consumer types (social institutions, residential buildings and offices) are analyzed with respect to profitability. For the PV installation at UKRIM, an RoI of 17 years is calculated. The LCOE is calculated as 0.08 USD/kWh and thus higher than the levelized feed-in price of only 0.076 USD/kWh. The current ten kWp PV system can offset 80% of the electricity demand of the building it is connected to. Nevertheless, the most economical size would be only seven kWp, showing that the most green (zero net energy) and the most economical system (fastest RoI) can differ greatly. The slow RoI makes a PV on-grid system economically not interesting for social tariffs. Though residential buildings and office buildings can achieve faster RoI, mainly because of higher electricity prices.

Design of Grid-tied Hybrid Diesel-Renewable Energy Systems Using Power Pinch Analysis

Diesel power systems have been widely applied for energy supply generation. This power scheme however requires periodical maintenance and contributes to the emissions of greenhouse gases. These challenges may be mitigated by integrating existing diesel station with renewable energy (RE) technologies into a hybrid system. Integration of diesel plants with RE systems has been mostly implemented using software and mathematical programming approaches, where the focus of the study is mainly on grid-independent hybrid system. Grid-connected hybrid systems have the potential to supply electricity at a lower cost in comparison to the standalone hybrid power systems. This work aims to design a system that integrates diesel plant with RE technologies into grid-tied hybrid system using insight-based Power Pinch Analysis (PoPA) method. The interactions between diesel generator, RE sources and the grid in meeting the load demands were considered in the methodology development. Various load sharing scenarios between the multiple generation sources were assessed to establish the optimal system operation. Economic assessment was performed to ensure the trade-off between the costs of generation sources and grid electricity cost can be maximized. Based on the demonstrated Illustrative Case Study, load sharing based on peak/off peak period contributes to the lowest net present cost of MYR 32,813,708, hence is deduced as the optimal on-grid hybrid diesel RE system.

Economic analysis and Case Study on Solar On-Grid System at Mahanadi Bhawan, Mantralaya, Naya Raipur

Abstract CREDA has installed the On-Grid Solar power plant of 1.1MWp capacity at capital complex Naya Raipur (C.G.) INDIA. Economic analysis has been done at Mantralaya buildings, regarding generation of electricity from solar power plant, electricity exported to grid, electricity utilized in mantralaya buildings, electricity imported from CSEB in KWh, amount of imported power as electricity bill, rebate for exported power in Rs.(As per electricity bill) and the total payable amount. As more attention is being focused on the development of renewable energy resources widely in Chhattisgarh state, technical and economic assessment has been done. These assessment are based on the field and the actual performances of the renewable energy conversion system. This study represents the economic analysis of 1.1MWp Capacity installed at capital complex Naya Raipur. [1] Keywords: Solar Photovoltaic, Economic Analysis, Renewable energy sources, Energy policies, Grid connected system

Technical Analysis on Household-Scale Rooftop Solar Power Plant Design with On-Grid System in Semarang City

Indonesia has 442 GW total of potential renewable energy equivalence which can be used for electricity generation. However, the energy utilization in 2018 is only 8.8 GW or 0.019% of total potential renewable energy, while the biggest renewable energy potential is at 207.8 GWp. By also considering the growing number of household customers, utilizing the rooftop as the base of solar power plant generators can be an effective and efficient solution. The purposes of this research are to technically design and analyze the household-scale rooftop solar power plant potential with an on-grid system. Through the utilization of PVSyst 6.43 software and a variety of main components, this household-scale rooftop solar power plant potential performance planning is expected to generate 4.23 kWh / kWp per day.

Economic Feasibility Analysis of Rooftop Solar Power Plant Design with Household-Scale On-Grid System in Semarang City

The electricity demand share in the household sector will increase from 49% in 2018 to 58% in 2050 as predicted. This issue is particularly caused by the household growth number which may increase from 67 million in 2018 to approximately 80 million in 2050. For the household customer number are increasing, utilizing rooftop as the base of solar power plants can be an effective and efficient solution. In addition, the government regulation supports the acceleration and development of new and renewable energy. This research aims to analyze the technical economic feasibility of rooftop solar power plant system with a household-scale on-grid system in Semarang City. Through PVSyst 6.43 and RetScreen software also equipped with several primary components, this household-scale rooftop solar power plant investment plan is estimated to have an average revenue return estimated in 10 years later.

Modeling and analysis of the solar photovoltaic levelized cost of electricity (LCoE) - case study in Kupang

This paper presents a modeling and analysis of the levelized cost of electricity (LCoE) related to solar Photovoltaic (PV) power plants. As the PV matures, the economic feasibility of PV projects is increasingly being evaluated using the LCoE. Regulation of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia Number 19 the Year 2016 concerning the purchase of electricity from PV Power Plants by PT PLN (Persero) for On-Grid PV in East Nusa Tenggara with a purchase of 0.23 US$ / kWh, but the purchase price of electricity for Off-Grid PV system have not been determined. The aim of this study was to analyze LCoE for PV systems so that could help policymakers and PV investors to calculate the cost of providing PV systems for rural areas, especially in Kupang Regency. The research method uses an LCoE modeling approach. The results showed that LCoE PV On-Grid system at the level of 0.19-0.21 US$/kWh, and LPoE at the level of 0.21-0.23 US$/kWh. LCoE Off-Grid PV system at the level of 0.29-0.31 US$/kWh, and LPoE at the level of 0.31-0.33 US$/kW. The result from modeling PV On-Grid System, estimated by 2030, LPoE at the maximum level of 0.24 US$/kWh.

Optimal Coordination of Wind Power and Pumped Hydro Energy Storage

A study combining wind power with pumped hydro energy storage for the Jordanian utility grid is presented. Three solvers of the Matlab optimization toolbox are used to find the optimal solution for the cost of energy in a combined on-grid system. Genetic algorithm, simulated annealing (SA), and pattern search (PS) solvers are used to find the optimal solution. The GA solution of 0.0955388 $/kWh is economically feasible. This is 28.7% lower than the electricity purchased from the conventional utility grid. The discounted payback period to recover the total cost is 10.271 years. The suggested configuration is shown to be feasible by comparing it to real measurements for this case and a previous wind-only case. It is shown that the indicators of the optimal solution are improved. For instance, carbon dioxide emissions (ECO2) and conventional grid energy purchases are reduced by 24.69% and 24.68%, respectively. Moreover, it is shown that the benefits of adding hydro storage, combined with increasing the number of wind turbine units, reduces the cost of energy of renewables (COERenewables). Therefore, combining hydro storage with wind power is economically, environmentally, and technically a more efficient alternative to the conventional power generation.

Desain Sistem On-Grid Energi Terbarukan Skala Rumah Tangga Menggunakan Perangkat Lunak HOMER

Electricity demand increases along with an increasing population. Renewable energy power plants are experiencing an increase in their use. This increase occurred because the world's electricity needs are rising every year, so the development of renewable energy power plants continues. Indonesia's state-owned power plants supply electricity more from non-renewable energy sources than renewable energy sources. Therefore, there is a need for renewable energy sources that can supply electricity in Indonesia. This research discusses an efficient renewable energy system for residential and the total installation costs for on-grid systems in Bandung, Indonesia. The research method used is collecting solar radiation data, equipment specifications and other data needed and then optimized. The simulation model uses HOMER software. HOMER is used to determine the best technically estimated cost, payback period, and NPC. Based on the optimization results, the system configuration can supply the electricity load 45.5% of daily load consumption with a total NPC cost is 75,300,000 million with a payback period of 7 years. In addition, the on-grid system produces 1400 kg of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per year from diesel generators, lower than the CO2 emissions from systems that only comprise diesel generators reaching 114 tons per year.

Techno-economic analysis of a hybrid power system based on the cost-effective hydrogen production method for rural electrification, a case study in Iran

Abstract Rural electrification challenges in Iran are the most important obstacle to achieve electricity access for the entire population. The current study focuses on finding an optimal renewable energy system to meet the load of a small village by renewable resources. This village faces frequent power outages, common in many far-off villages in Iran. A hybrid photovoltaics/wind turbine/biogas generator/fuel cell renewable energy system is proposed and analyzed for both stand-alone and on-grid application. Fuel cells are used alongside a hydrogen tank, batteries, and a reformer or an electrolyzer, to act as storage devices and backup component. The main goal is to find an optimal configuration that can meet the electricity demand and be satisfactory from both an economic and environmental point of view. The results indicated that using solar, wind and biogas is the most affordable method and that adding fuel cell to this configuration would increase costs by 33–37%, but also improve system flexibility. Using a reformer is more efficient and about 6% less costly, but also creates more pollution. The cost of energy for a stand-alone system with reformer was calculated to be 0.164 to 0.233 $/kWh, while the on-grid system cost of energy was 0.096–0.125 $/kWh.

Optimal design of renewable integrated heat and electricity supply systems with genetic algorithm: household application in Iran

The objective of the present study is the development of an optimization model for identifying the best configuration of renewable-based integrated energy systems. The system includes a combination of renewable energy systems such as wind, solar, hydropower and hydrogen production, storage facilities and conventional fossil-fuel generators. The developed tool consists of various modules where water heating assumes the utilization of waste energy as an option. Furthermore, the application, which is demonstrated for a case study in Tehran, has been considered. The power exchange with the distribution network and injection of hydrogen produced from excess renewable sources into gas network are included in the model. The renewable energy use fractions for stand-alone and on-grid systems are 96.7% and 98.1%, respectively. Also, over a 20-year span and considering a 5% discount rate, the optimum energy cost for the stand-alone system and net present value for the on-grid system rate are 0.28 dollars/kW h and 3944 dollars, respectively.

The Economics of Using Solar Energy: School Buildings in Saudi Arabia as a Case Study

As a result of increasing population and building of new schools in Saudi Arabia, the demand for electricity is growing rapidly. In this context, the utilization of renewable energy resources such as solar energy appears to goal since it is abundant and holds huge ecological and economic promise. This study aims to provide a new entrance in school buildings’ design and construction by studying the current situation of energy consumption, the possibility of using solar cells, and the economics of its exploitation in school buildings. Interviews were conducted in school buildings at different levels in Arar city as a case study to collect data on energy consumption. Furthermore, a base case school building was selected for studying detailed energy consumption, and then, photovoltaic (PV) energy was proposed to use the on-grid system in accordance with governmental regulations. The study concluded that the use of PV energy in school buildings is economically feasible in addition to that more incentive from the government is needed for wide penetration use in Kingdom Saudi Arabia.

Design of Solar-Powered LED Road Lighting System

Turkey is rich in terms of renewable energy sources and, therefore, is now encouraging the use of sustainable clean lighting systems in road applications. High pressure sodium lamp is the most widely used type in main roads, but other types of lamps such as mercury vapour lamps or metal halide lamps can be utilized for street lighting. Since it enables energy and money saving, LED light technology has replaced high pressure sodium lamps nowadays. Once solar power system (PV) is integrated with LED lamp for street lighting, the amount of saving and local impact might be enriched. LEDs used as light sources in road lighting luminaires with rising lumen values, decreasing junction temperature, higher colour rendering efficiency, longer lifetime have become more efficient than many light sources with the latest developments. Since the structure of the luminaires in which the LED light sources are used differs from that of the conventional light sources, the optical, thermal and electrical design of the LED luminaires must be considered differently. Thus, this study concentrates upon design considerations and the operating principle of solarpowered LED road lighting luminaire in details. Also, a simple solar panel system was designed and the economical values obtained at the end of 20 years were compared when using the ongrid system and the off-grid system.

Modeling and Coordinated Control of Multi-energy Coupled System with PV-Hydrogen-Energy Storage

Given that the important influence upon the power network of strong randomness and the intermittent features in PV power, this paper is to construct a multi-complementary system, which combines the PV module, electrolysis of water produce hydrogen module, hydrogen fuel cell module and lithium battery energy storage module, all coupling with DC-bus of 800V. It is to build a mathematical model of PV, electrolyzer, hydrogen fuel cell and lithium battery. In this case, it does research on photovoltaic, electrolysis of water producing hydrogen, hydrogen fuel cell power, lithium battery energy storage and other on-grid system and coordinated control strategy. This control strategy not only can make the hybrid system power output controllable, but also can dramatically improve the utilization rate of solar energy and hydrogen energy, which make the usage of clean energy efficient. What’s more, this system can smooth the fluctuation of DC-bus’s voltage and let it stabilize at 800V and smooth the power of on-grid network. Finally, the simulating result by means of PSCAD/EMTDC tests verifies the efficiency of this hybrid system’s coordinated control strategy.

Comparative analysis of hybrid systems for on-grid and off-grid applications in central China: Case study of university dormitory in Ma’anshan

In order to compare the design of hybrid energy systems for on-grid and off-grid applications, a university dormitory in central China is selected and investigated to achieve the target of a zero energy dormitory. The building is modeled in DeST and hybrid system design optimization is performed in HOMER. Results show that the on-grid hybrid system under time-of-use rate policy is much more economic than that under single rate policy for on-grid case. The total net present cost is 230,534 $ and the levelized cost of energy is 0.124 $/kWh. The off-grid system with generators is more economical than system without them, and the cost is found to be about 6 times than on-grid system. Sensitivity analysis is performed by considering sell-back price and diesel price, it is found that NPC and COE can be increased by 9.7% and 12.7% for the decreased sell-back price and doubled diesel price respectively.

Modeling and Simulation of 115.2 kWp Grid-Connected Solar PV System using PVSYST

The renewable sources such as solar, wind, biomass, etc. are often used for electricity generation for their availability, no green-house gas emission and solar photovoltaic is major among them. Many On-Grid PV systems are being installed around the globe nowadays to reduce electricity dependency on a single source and thus enhance availability of energy sources. Kathmandu, Nepal receives sufficient sunshine with insolation around 4.5 to 5 kWh/m2/day, which justifies essence of grid-connected solar PV installations. A 115.2 kWp solar plant has been installed at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH), Maharajgunj, Kathmandu to fulfill its own load demands and reduce the electricity bill of the building. The generated energy is not fed to the grid currently. The detailed On-Grid solar PV system is modeled, and performance parameters such as Performance Ratio, Specific Yield and Capacity Utilization Factor as defined by International Electro technical Commission are estimated using simulation techniques from PVSYST. The actual generation of the existing system within one year of installation is measured to be 35 MWh but simulation tool suggests that total 199 MWh can be generated using similar capacity panel, with system being totally on-grid type. Using PVSYST, the performance parameters are found to be performance ratio 83.5 % and Specific Yield 1728 kWh/kWp respectively. Thus, this paper intends to calculate performance parameters of existing system as well as performance of identical sized, totally on-grid system, simulated using PVSYST.

Generation of Photovoltaic Solar Energy. Evaluation of the Demand Curve with the Insert of Grid-connected Photovoltaic Power System at CINDACTA II, Curitiba-PR, Brazil.

ABSTRACT Unlike some countries, Brazil has a predominantly hydraulic energy matrix, a clean and renewable source. But, in recent years, both the non-renewal of the normal volumes of water in the reservoirs and the lack of consciousness in the consumption of water and energy have placed the country in a critical state of energy supply leading to many intensive policies to reduce its consumption. In contrast, energy from Photovoltaic (PV) on-Grid Systems has grown dramatically in recent years. In this sense, this study presents an analysis of the contribution of the energy generated by a PV on-Grid Systems to be installed in CINDACTA II, in order to make re-contracting a lower demand possible and also reduce electric energy consumption and its cost.

The Role of Renewable Energy in Bridging the Electricity Gap in Africa

This paper explores the role renewable energy can play in supporting sustainable electricity access in Africa, with a particular focus on the challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa. The studies in this review highlight various power system analyses across multiple regions in Africa. These studies provide high-resolution multi-criteria data for geographic siting of renewable energy, assess the scale of generation expansion needed to achieve universal access, and demonstrate innovative modeling techniques that plan for on-grid and off-grid systems concurrently. This review also highlights the challenges of power sector finance in Africa and discusses the emerging literature on broadening energy planning beyond techno-economic approaches. Altogether, these studies enable a deeper understanding of the benefits of renewable energy adoption and integration in the region. Africa is experiencing a persistent, complex, and multi-faceted electricity gap. Renewable energy presents opportunities for Africa to achieve full electricity access in an economically, environmentally, and socially sustainable manner.