On-grid System Research Articles

Assessing GHG Emission Reductions for Organization through the Installation of Solar PV Rooftop On-grid System

The Earth's surface temperature is steadily increasing due to the accumulation of greenhouse gases, a phenomenon known as global warming. Human activities are the root cause of this significant global issue. Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is one of the most critical actions in climate change mitigation. Organizations can engage in activities that promote change and reduce greenhouse gases by acknowledging the significance of addressing climate change. By reducing GHG emissions and promoting the use of renewable energy, organizations can begin to address environmental issues. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation is to assess the reduction of GHG emissions in an educational institution by substituting electricity consumption from the electrical grid with renewable energy in the form of a solar PV rooftop on-grid system. The School of Renewable Energy's GHG emissions were assessed, covering three scopes of GHG emissions activities: direct emissions, indirect emissions, and other indirect emissions. The organization's activity data were collected over a 12-month period. Without installing a solar panel system, the organization reported total GHG emissions of 310.40 tCO2e, relying solely on imported electricity for internal use. The highest GHG emissions were from Scope 2, amounting to 239.38 tCO2e, primarily due to electricity importation. Scope 3 had the second highest GHG emissions, totaling 65.76 tCO2e, resulting from employee commuting and the use of purchased goods such as paper and tap water. Scope 1 had the lowest GHG emissions at 5.26 tCO2e, produced by the combustion of diesel and gasoline in both stationary and mobile sources, as well as CH4 emissions from the septic tank. The percentage of GHG emissions from Scope 2 activities was 77.12%, which was considered to have a significant environmental impact and contribute to global warming. This was because 478,851 kWh of electricity were imported. The installation of on-grid solar cells for power generation reduced imported electricity to 113,120 kWh. Consequently, GHG emissions from Scope 2 decreased to 56.55 tCO2e, leading to an overall reduction in the organization's GHG emissions to 127.57 tCO2e. The organization's GHG emissions decreased by 182.83 tCO2e as a result of using alternative energy to generate electricity. This assessment can serve as a database for educational institutions and prepare the government to report greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, it can serve as carbon credits for trading and exchanging carbon with other organizations to offset GHG emissions from various activities. In addition, it endorses the government's goal of achieving carbon neutrality and net zero emissions in the future.

Investment Feasibility Analysis of Rooftop Solar Power Plant for Spare Parts Supply Company

- A sustainable economic approach involves economic growth while preserving the environment. One solution that includes a green economy program that has received attention is the Solar Power Plant (PLTS), which utilizes sunlight as the main energy source to generate electricity. Increasing energy demand and concern for the environment, a spare parts supply company in Karawang, West Java, decided to do hybrid energy in the form of investment in renewable energy sources in the form of Solar Power Plant (PLTS) with an on-grid system installed on the roof of the factory. This study aims to evaluate the financial feasibility of the development of green economic efforts. The analysis includes various aspects, such as initial investment costs, operational costs, maintenance costs of the main plant materials (solar modules and inverters), potential savings in electricity costs, and projected return on investment within a certain period. The financial analysis methods used in this study include Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period (DPP), and Profitability Index (PI) to assess the economic feasibility of the project. The results show that the DPP value is 2.43 years (less than 25 years), NPV is Rp 1,433,144,387.92 (greater than 1), IRR is 46.31% (greater than 5.75%), and PI is 1.95 (greater than 1). Based on these results, it can be concluded that the construction of a rooftop solar power plant with an on-grid system is a financially viable investment for a spare parts supply company in Karawang, West Java.

Techno-economic analysis of green hydrogen production from wind and solar along CPEC special economic zones in Pakistan

Techno-economic analysis of green hydrogen production from wind and solar along CPEC special economic zones in Pakistan

Analisis Potensi Daya Listrik PLTS Atap di Gedung K4 Universitas Negeri Surabaya

In order to utilize the potential of solar energy and support the government in its energy transition efforts and achieve Net Zero Emissions, it is necessary to utilize solar power plants more massively. One thing that can be done is the installation of solar panels on the roof of a building called Rooftop PLTS. This rooftop PLTS is designed on the roof of the K4 Unesa building with an ongrid system because lecture activities only exist from morning to evening. Research conducted to analyze the potential of electrical energy on the roof of the K4 building using OpenSolar software. From the simulation results, the roof of the K4 building can be designed to install 70 solar panels with the LR4-72HPH-450M type and 5 Goodwe GW5K-DT type inverters which can produce 35,478 kWh per year with a PLTS capacity of 31,500 Wp. From the shadow simulation results, it is found that the selected location is optimal because there are no shadows of other buildings, trees or shadows from the solar panels themselves. Then from the POA analysis, it is found that between April to September has a relatively large amount of generation while in February the lowest energy is generated.

Multi-objective optimal sizing and techno-economic analysis of on- and off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems for EV charging stations

Multi-objective optimal sizing and techno-economic analysis of on- and off-grid hybrid renewable energy systems for EV charging stations

FROM THE PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT TO A LOW VOLTAGE PHOTOVOLTAIC GRID CHALLENGE – A REVIEW

The paper investigates the progress of on-grid photovoltaic systems in Romania, particularly in the residential and commercial sectors. Emphasizing the financial stability offered by on-grid systems, the study underscores the predictability of solar production and the support from governmental incentives. The graphs and tables presented contain processed data from studies carried out by the governmental authorities. This research acknowledges the pivotal role of photovoltaic cell advancements in enhancing the efficiency and accessibility of on-grid systems. However, the swift expansion of solar capacity raises concerns regarding its impact on low-voltage power transmission grids, leading to fluctuations that may compromise electricity quality. Grid flexibility and battery integration are proposed to address these challenges, recognizing their potential benefits alongside associated costs and technical complexities. The central theme revolves around managing the transition towards sustainable and efficient energy infrastructure in Romania.

Comparison of the Energy Efficiency of Fixed and Tracking Home Photovoltaic Systems in Northern Poland

The relevance of the article’s results lies in presenting the actual energy yields of PV panels of various generations and types of installations. The aim of the article is to provide answers about the effective operation of three different photovoltaic systems: a stationary off-grid system operated for several years, a stationary on-grid system, and a system mounted on trackers. A stationary on-grid system was used as the reference system, taking its area and energy yield as the reference point. The assessment was made on the basis of energy and cost efficiency analysis using the comparative method. The obtained results were compared to the results of other PV systems whose parameters were obtained from literature analysis. The analysis showed significant differences in adapting them to different sunlight conditions. The results confirmed the validity of using fixed PV panels (Installation II) in the short term and the advantage of the PV panel tracking system (Installation III) in the long term. The results also confirm that Installation I, despite its eight years of operation time, shows a relatively small decrease in efficiency, which confirms the validity of the long-term operation of the PV installation.

Feasibility and sensitivity assessment of various heads for micro-hydropower plant design in the Deluwang watershed, Indonesia

ABSTRACT The escalating global demand for electrical energy, including in Indonesia, underscores the need for renewable energy sources like micro-hydropower plants (MHPs). This study examines the financial feasibility and sensitivity of MHP projects in the Deluwang watershed, Situbondo Regency, Indonesia. Three cases with varying head elevations and discharge rates were analyzed, utilizing crossflow turbines. Case 1, with the highest head and discharge, emerged as the most profitable, demonstrating the highest values for Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit–Cost Ratio (BCR), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The study found that on-grid systems, despite higher initial costs, offer more stable revenue and faster payback periods compared to off-grid systems. Sensitivity analysis revealed the on-grid method's resilience to fluctuations in interest rates, project lifespan, and river discharge, maintaining feasibility with up to an 80% reduction in discharge over 15 years. This highlights the importance of strategic planning in MHP design, considering head and discharge rates to optimize power generation. The findings provide valuable insights for renewable energy development, contributing to Indonesia's energy needs and local socio-economic benefits. Future research should further explore the socio-economic impacts of MHP installations to enhance their development and sustainability.

Techno-economic and environmental analysis of hybrid energy systems for remote areas: A sustainable case study in Bangladesh

Techno-economic and environmental analysis of hybrid energy systems for remote areas: A sustainable case study in Bangladesh

Assessing the feasibility and quality performance of a renewable Energy-Based hybrid microgrid for electrification of remote communities

Assessing the feasibility and quality performance of a renewable Energy-Based hybrid microgrid for electrification of remote communities

Related Work and Motivation for Electric Vehicle Solar/Wind Charging Stations: A Review

The shift towards sustainable transportation is an urgent worldwide issue, leading to the investigation of creative methods to decrease the environmental effects of traditional vehicles. Electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising alternative, but the issue lies in establishing efficient and environmentally friendly charging infrastructure. This review explores the existing research on the subject of photovoltaic-powered electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs). Our analysis highlights the potential for economic growth and the creation of robust and decentralized energy systems by increasing the number of EVCSs. This review summarizes the current knowledge in this field and highlights the key factors driving efforts to expand the use of PV-powered EVCSs. The findings indicate that MATLAB was predominantly used for theoretical studies, with projects focusing on shading parking lots. The energy usage varied from 0.139 to 0.295 kWh/km, while the cost of energy ranged from USD 0.0032 to 0.5645 per kWh for an on-grid system. The payback period (PBP) values are suitable for this application. The average PBP was demonstrated to range from 1 to 15 years. The findings from this assessment can guide policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders in shaping future advancements toward a cleaner and more sustainable transportation system.

Enhancing Power Quality in ON-Grid Systems with PV-STATCOM for Reactive Power Compensation

This research investigates the integration of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) controlled boost inverter into a solar photovoltaic (PV) system connected to the utility grid. The boost inverter, equipped with a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), ensures stable grid voltage and enhances power quality. The ANN controller fine-tunes the DC-AC conversion process of the boost inverter in real-time, ensuring efficient operation under varying PV output and grid conditions. The system's performance was evaluated through simulations, demonstrating its ability to efficiently manage PV power generation and correct reactive power in local loads, thereby enhancing system reliability and grid stability.

Techno-Economic Feasibility of Reverse Osmosis Desalination Scale Coupled with Solar Energy: Case of Algeria

B Brackish water and seawater desalination have become important freshwater sources in arid and semi-arid regions suffering from water scarcity. Fortunately, the availability of solar energy provides an excellent opportunity to replace conventional energy with renewable energy for desalination system power. However, technical and economic feasibility studies must be carried out according to the characteristics of each region to assess its economic feasibility. This study assessed the techno-economic feasibility of a solar-powered desalination small-scale BWRO with a capacity of 2.016 m3/day. Two scenarios were proposed: a desalination station powered by a public network without a solar energy system (On-Grid) and a second powered by photovoltaic panels (Off-Grid). The result shows that the water production cost of the Off-Grid system (0.33 $/m3) was about 1.14 times lower than the water production cost of the On-Grid system (0.38 $/m3). The economic analysis result shows that the reverse osmosis desalination system coupled with a photovoltaic system (Off-Grid) is an economically suitable option for satisfying the increasing freshwater product demand compared to the grid-powered system (On-Grid), especially in arid areas.

Experimental Evaluation of a Solar-Powered Air Conditioner

Experimental Evaluation of a Solar-Powered Air Conditioner

Analisis Perencanaan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) dengan Sistem On Grid di Gedung Kantor Pelabuhan PT. Pupuk Kalimantan Timur

To support the energy transition and maintain the Green Port title, it is necessary to design a Solar Power Plant (PLTS) in the PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur Port Office Building. In designing a PLTS system, a design analysis is needed that is appropriate to the roof capacity or roof area available on the building and the potential for solar radiation at that location. The stages carried out include selecting a PLTS system, selecting PLTS components, creating a PLTS design using the HelioScope simulator, and calculating investment feasibility. The results of this research show that there is potential for electricity production of 109.8 MWh per year with the construction of PLTS in the PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur Port Office Building. The appropriate PLTS installation design is PLTS with an On-Grid system, consisting of 158 solar panels with a capacity of 540 Wp (Seraphim 540 BMA HV) and 1 inverter with a capacity of 100 kW (SUN 200–100KTL–M1). The installed capacity of PLTS is 85.3 kWp with a Performance Ratio of 79.6% and specific energy of 1,286.8 kWh/kWp. Investment in the construction of PLTS in the PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur port office building is feasible with an investment value of IDR 872,515,500,-, IRR of 11.18% (IRR > WACC) and NPV of IDR 8,789,894.50 (NPV>0). The estimated return on capital can be carried out in the 7th year. It is hoped that this research can be a reference for the design and calculation of installing PLTS in the PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur Port Office Building.

Exploration of Alternatives to Reduce the Gap in Access to Electricity in Rural Communities—Las Nubes Village Case (Barranquilla, Colombia)

The global crisis associated with COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine conflict has affected progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Projections for SDG7 (Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all) indicate a slowdown in the pace of electrification. Thus, the problem of poverty will persist in many regions as long as access to electricity remains difficult. This work analyzes some solutions to the lack of electricity supply in a rural community using organic waste from its economic activity and the integration of other available renewable sources to make electricity affordable and reliable. A model that minimizes the levelized cost of energy and restricts the proportion of annual energy not supplied to less than 5% of the community’s annual demand optimizes the performance of off-grid and on-grid systems. These systems have in common the production of electricity from biogas produced from swine manure, supplemented with wind and solar generation. Batteries and diesel generators support the operation of off-grid systems. As expected, the grid-connected system presented the best performance; however, the result reaffirms the need for governments to ensure the policy and infrastructure conditions that facilitate the grid connection of vulnerable communities to achieve SDG7.

POTENSI PENGHEMATAN BIAYA TAGIHAN LISTRIK PASCA PEMASANGAN PLTS ATAP GEDUNG RUSUNAWA UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA

The limited availability of natural resources and the impact on the environment that regularly using fossil-based electricity become the basis for the government to develop renewable energy. One of the potential uses of renewable energy in Indonesia is a rooftop solar power plant which in its design does not require a large area of land and space for the placement of solar modules. This research designing rooftop solar power plants with an on-grid system on the Udayana University Rusunawa building with the capacity scenario of 20 kWp, 15 kWp, and 10 kWp using HelioScope. Based on the results of rooftop solar power plants production can be seen the potential cost savings of electricity bills each year. Based on the results of the design for rooftop solar power plants scenario, the number of solar modules obtained is 40 pieces, 30 pieces and 20 pieces with potential savings in electricity bill costs of Rp. 33.391.515, Rp. 28.933.478 and Rp. 23.269.285 per year.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON GRID ENERGY AND RENEWABLE SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM

Solar energy is one of the most abundant energy resources on Earth. It is a renewable energy resource that can provide suitable power for our needs. It’s also continuously growing in popularity nowadays since it can provide significant benefits to human and environment. The use of solar energy is a great way to contribute to a cleaner future. This renewable resource is a clean and safe alternative energy solution that can help reduce the production of harmful pollution. Hence, utilizing solar power can be an excellent way to fight climate change and help reduce your home’s carbon footprint. It is also necessary to look into as day by day the demand for electrical energy is increasing. We can't rely on conventional energy sources for meeting this increasing demand as they are depleting. So it is necessary to find an alternative method to harness the energy that we are lacking. Solar energy generation seems to be a promising technology for this dilemma. It is environmental friendly and infinite source of energy. Photovoltaic systems can be broadly classified into two-an on-grid system or an off-grid system. The energy generated from a solar PV system is based on several factors like irradiance, types of solar PV used and temperature. Analysing the existing system efficiency is of prime importance for the characterization of the problems and for the improvements. This study deals with the performance analysis of an on-grid and off-grid system. The analysis is carried out by modelling an existing system in MATLAB/SIMULINK which is already in operation. It can be extended to analyse the grid stability. This study aims the quantification of various performance parameters like power output, losses in the system, system efficiency and the total energy transfer.

DESIGNING AN ON-GRID SOLAR POWER PLANT AT THE WOMEN'S DORMITORY BUILDING OF AVIATION POLYTECHNIC JAYAPURA

Despite the abundance of solar energy potential in Indonesia, the utilization has not been optimal. PLN, as the state power grid provider, can not meet the increasing electricity demand in all regions of Indonesia. This research will discuss utilizing the potential of the On-Grid system PLTS planning on the Rooftop of the Jayapura Aviation Polytechnic Women's Dormitory Building in Tanjung Ria District, North Jayapura City. This PLTS design uses PvSyst programming to measure and analyze data from a complete solar PV system, aided by SketchUp Pro, to demonstrate 3D plan views. The result is data on the potential annual production of electrical energy, including the total energy produced, the energy distributed, and the value of the PLTS work ratio with data output. The configuration installed at the Poltekbang Jayapura women's dormitory is an AC Coupling On-Grid PLTS with 400 Wp Photovoltaic modules. From the PvSyst simulation that has been carried out, it can be obtained that the potential for electrical energy in the Jayapura Aviation Polytechnic Dormitory Building is 323,905 kWh / year with a PLTS capacity of 230 kWp with a Performance Ratio of 0,829.

A multi-approach framework for developing feasible, viable, and sustainable hybrid energy systems in remote areas: The case of Con Dao island in Vietnam

A multi-approach framework for developing feasible, viable, and sustainable hybrid energy systems in remote areas: The case of Con Dao island in Vietnam