Oil Omega-3 Research Articles

Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Role of Omega-3 Against Oxidative Stress and Neurotransmitter Disturbances in Rotenone-Induced Mice Model of Parkinson's Disease

The present study aimed at evaluating the protective and therapeutic efficacy of omega-3 against motor impairment and brain biochemical disturbances in rotenone-induced mice model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Sixty animals were divided into six groups (10 each): mice of the 1 st group were used as controls, they were injected subcutaneously ( s c ) with the vehicle (50 µl dimethylsulfoxide (DEMSO) + 950 µl sunflower oil /kg body weight) every other day for 30 days; the 2 nd group, mice model of Parkinson’s disease (PD), were injected (s c ) with rotenone (3 mg/kg dissolved in vehicle every other day for 30 days ). the 3 rd group, mice were given rotenone for 30 days followed by a stopping (recovery) period of other 30 days to validate the persistency of the PD model; the 4 th group (protection group), mice received orally Omega-3 oil (300 mg/kg) daily an hour before every rotenone injection for 30 days; the 5 th and 6 th groups (therapeutic groups ), mice were treated orally with Omega-3 oil daily for 7 and 15 days respectively after the induction of PD mice model. Data obtained revealed an impairment of the motor activity in mice of PD model as indicated from the decreased time of the forelimb hanging test. This was associated with a state of oxidative stress in the brain of PD model as indicated from the increase in lipid peroxidation (increased malondialdehyed, MDA, level) and nitric oxide (NO), and the decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH). A significant decrease in the levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, AChE activity and a significant increase in TNF-α level was recorded in the PD model. The present findings show that both the protection by or oral treatment with omega-3 for 15 days could ameliorate the rotenone- induced oxidative stress and inflammation in brain of PD mice model. In addition, omega-3 either as protection or treatment daily for 15 days was effective in restoring the decrease in dopamine and norepinephrine induced in the brain of PD mice model. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that omega-3 supplementation potentially reverses the motor, and neurochemical alternations induced by rotenone in mice model of PD.

Industrial Applications of Selected JFS Articles

Industrial Applications of Selected <i>JFS</i> Articles

Antigastric Cancer Bioactive Aurantiochytrium Oil Rich in Docosahexaenoic Acid: From Media Optimization to Cancer Cells Cytotoxicity Assessment.

Thraustochytrid microbial oil rich in DHA, showed antigastric cancer activity comparable to that of pure DHA; indicating that this microbial bioactive omega-3 oil rich in the very important PUFA (DHA), can be applied as an additive for the fortification of food and dairy products. Also, Aurantiochytrium sp. KR091914, as a GRAS microorganism, is a good producer of this bioactive oil.

Oil sources administered to tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum): growth, body composition and effect of masking organoleptic properties and fasting on diet preference

Tropical fish feeding behaviour and food intake are regulated by a number of environmental factors (e.g.: stress in intensive aquaculture; type or seasonality of food), and also by complex homeostatic mechanisms that involve nutritional requirements. When access to food is not restricted, e.g. controlled laboratory conditions, fish growth and behaviour remain relatively unaffected. Moreover, fish need dietary fatty acids and, while some are remarkably beneficial, such as long-chain omega-3 oils, other fats can be associated with poor health, mainly under adverse conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the performance and body composition of tambaqui juveniles fed different oil sources (fish, linseed, and corn) (Experiment 1) and the influence of post-absorptive signals or orosensorial properties of the dietary oil source on diet preference (Experiment 2). For Experiment 1, juvenile tambaqui (42.79±0.92g) were placed into eighteen 100L tanks (10 fish per tank). Three diets (treatments) were formulated with three oil sources (corn, linseed and fish oil). Three groups of fish were fed each separate diets twice a day for 7 weeks. Experiment 2 assessed tambaqui’s ability to select oil sources without coming into contact with the sensorial properties of diet. The same diets of Experiment 1 were used, but diets were encapsulated to isolate sensorial properties. Forty-eight fish (41.26±1.00g, mean±SD) were distributed into six 250L tanks (eight fish per tank). In experiment 1, we found no effects of diet on growth parameters, such as final body weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency ratio, specific growth ratio and protein efficiency (p≥0.05). However, body crude protein was higher in the fish fed the corn oil diet (p≤0.05), but this value did not affect the protein efficiency ratio (p≥0.05). No differences among treatments were observed for moisture, lipid and ash (p≥0.05). The fatty acid composition of muscle reflected the dietary oil source. However, the tambaqui fed vegetable oil displayed high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, while the linseed oil diet resulted in a greater incorporation of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids. In Experiment 2, at first fish did not show the ability to select an oil source without orosensorial properties, but a nutritional challenge of food deprivation (10days) enabled fish to select among the diets that contained fish oil sources (p=0.002) by using post-ingestive signals. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms that relate to lipid metabolism and feeding behaviour in freshwater Amazon species, which goes beyond growth parameters.

Potential Application of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Monoacylglyceride in the Management of Colorectal Cancer.

Background: There is increasing evidence that marine omega-3 oils are involved in the reduction of cancer risk and progression. However, the anticancer effect of omega-3 monoglyceride on colorectal cancer has yet to be assessed. The goal of this study was to evaluate the anti-cancer effects of eicosapentaenoic acid monoglyceride (MAG-EPA) in HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells. Methods: The effect of MAG-EPA was evaluated in vitro on HCT116 cells and in vivo on mouse model of HCT116 xenograft. Results: Our data reveal that MAG-EPA decreased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in HCT116 cells. In a xenograft mouse model, daily per os administration of MAG-EPA reduced tumor growth. Furthermore, MAG-EPA treatments decreased EGFR, VEGFR, and AKT activation pathways and reduced VEGF and HIF1α expression levels in tumors. Conclusion: MAG-EPA may promote apoptosis and inhibit growth of tumors by suppressing EGFR and VEGFR activation pathways. Altogether, these data provide new evidence regarding the mode of action of MAG-EPA in colorectal cancer cells.

Growth performance and carcass characteristics of Australian prime lambs supplemented with pellets containing canola oil or flaxseed oil

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of enriched omega-3 oil supplemental pellets, breed and gender on lamb liveweight (LWT), body conformation and carcass characteristics, and to assess the relationships between body conformation and growth under an intensive finishing condition. Sixty ewe and wether prime lambs 7 months old were randomly allocated to one of five dietary treatments: no oil inclusion (Control); 2.5% canola oil; 5% canola oil; 2.5% flaxseed oil and 5% flaxseed oil, balanced by breed (purebred Merinos (M × M) and Corriedale × Merino (C × M) and White Suffolk × Corriedale (W × C) first crosses). Lambs were individually supplemented with 1 kg pellets per day and had free access to lucerne hay and water throughout the 7-week feeding trial, after a 3-week adaptation. Dietary oil inclusion did not cause significant differences in daily feed intake, growth performance and carcass characteristics (P &gt; 0.05). However, first-cross W × C lambs had significantly higher feed intake, chest girth and body conformation score (P &lt; 0.05) than M × M and C × M lambs. Carcass weight, dressing percentage and fat depth of crossbred lambs were significantly higher than those of M × M (P &lt; 0.05). Significant interactions between oil inclusion and breed on average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio were observed. There were positive and highly significant correlations among LWT, ADG and body conformation measurements (P &lt; 0.01). These findings suggest that prime lamb producers can better manage and match their breeding goals with feed resources by supplementing first-cross C × M lambs with pellets containing 5% canola oil or feeding first-cross W × C lambs with 5% flaxseed oil pellets during the 10-week intensive finishing period.

Triacylglycerol mimetics regulate membrane interactions of glycogen branching enzyme: implications for therapy

Adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD) is a neurological disorder characterized by adult-onset neurogenic bladder, spasticity, weakness, and sensory loss. The disease is caused by aberrant glycogen branching enzyme (GBE) (GBE1Y329S) yielding less branched, globular, and soluble glycogen, which tends to aggregate. We explore here whether, despite being a soluble enzyme, GBE1 activity is regulated by protein-membrane interactions. Because soluble proteins can contact a wide variety of cell membranes, we investigated the interactions of purified WT and GBE1Y329S proteins with different types of model membranes (liposomes). Interestingly, both triheptanoin and some triacylglycerol mimetics (TGMs) we have designed (TGM0 and TGM5) markedly enhance GBE1Y329S activity, possibly enough for reversing APBD symptoms. We show that the GBE1Y329S mutation exposes a hydrophobic amino acid stretch, which can either stabilize and enhance or alternatively, reduce the enzyme activity via alteration of protein-membrane interactions. Additionally, we found that WT, but not Y329S, GBE1 activity is modulated by Ca2+ and phosphatidylserine, probably associated with GBE1-mediated regulation of energy consumption and storage. The thermal stabilization and increase in GBE1Y329S activity induced by TGM5 and its omega-3 oil structure suggest that this molecule has a considerable therapeutic potential for treating APBD.

Erratum to: Replacement of Marine Fish Oil with de novo Omega-3 Oils from Transgenic Camelina sativa in Feeds for Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata L.).

Omega-3 (n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are essential components of the diet of all vertebrates. The major dietary source of n-3 LC-PUFA for humans has been fish and seafood but, paradoxically, farmed fish are also reliant on marine fisheries for fish meal and fish oil (FO), traditionally major ingredients of aquafeeds. Currently, the only sustainable alternatives to FO are vegetable oils, which are rich in C18 PUFA, but devoid of the eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) abundant in FO. Two new n-3 LC-PUFA sources obtained from genetically modified (GM) Camelina sativa containing either EPA alone (ECO) or EPA and DHA (DCO) were compared to FO and wild-type camelina oil (WCO) in juvenile sea bream. Neither ECO nor DCO had any detrimental effects on fish performance, although final weight of ECO-fed fish (117 g) was slightly lower than that of FO- and DCO-fed fish (130 and 127 g, respectively). Inclusion of the GM-derived oils enhanced the n-3 LC-PUFA content in fish tissues compared to WCO, although limited biosynthesis was observed indicating accumulation of dietary fatty acids. The expression of genes involved in several lipid metabolic processes, as well as fish health and immune response, in both liver and anterior intestine were altered in fish fed the GM-derived oils. This showed a similar pattern to that observed in WCO-fed fish reflecting the hybrid fatty acid profile of the new oils. Overall the data indicated that the GM-derived oils could be suitable alternatives to dietary FO in sea bream.

Gastrointestinal fate of emulsion-based ω-3 oil delivery systems stabilized by plant proteins: Lentil, pea, and faba bean proteins

Functional foods are being fortified with bioactive lipids to improve human health. The formulation of these products from plant-based ingredients, rather than synthetic or animal-based ones, is often preferred by consumers. However, there is concern that encapsulation of bioactive lipids using plant-based ingredients may decrease their oral bioavailability. The aim of this study was to provide an understanding of the impact of plant-protein coatings on the gastrointestinal fate of omega-3 (ω-3) oil droplets. A simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including mouth, stomach and small intestine stages, was used to compare the gastrointestinal fate of lipid droplets coated by plant proteins (lentil, pea, faba bean proteins) with those coated by an animal protein (whey protein). All the emulsions behaved fairly similarly in the GIT model: the droplets were highly negative in the mouth and small intestine, but slightly positive in the stomach; extensive droplet aggregation occurred in the mouth and stomach; the droplets were digested in the small intestine. No significant differences in free fatty acids released in the small intestine were observed among the different systems, suggesting plant proteins did not inhibit lipid digestion and release.

In-vitro digestion of probiotic bacteria and omega-3 oil co-microencapsulated in whey protein isolate-gum Arabic complex coacervates.

Solid co-microcapsules of omega-3 rich tuna oil and probiotic bacteria L. casei were produced using whey protein isolate-gum Arabic complex coacervate as wall material. The in-vitro digestibility of the co-microcapsules and microcapsules was studied in terms of survival of L. casei and release of oil in sequential exposure to simulated salivary, gastric and intestinal fluids. Co-microencapsulation significantly increased the survival and surface hydrophobicity and the ability of L. casei to adhere to the intestinal wall. No significant difference in the assimilative reduction of cholesterol was observed between the microencapsulated and co-microencapsulated L. casei. The pattern of release of oil from the microcapsules and co-microcapsules was similar. However, the content of total chemically intact omega-3 fatty acids was higher in the oil released from co-microcapsules than the oil released from microcapsules. The co-microencapsulation can deliver bacterial cells and omega-3 oil to human intestinal system with less impact on functional properties.

Fish oil and prostate cancer: Effects and clinical relevance

Men who intake high ratios of fish oil or omega-3 fatty acids (FAs), especially docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, relative to omega-6 arachidonic acid have been found to have a decreased risk of prostate cancer compared to those with low ratios in some but not all case-control and cohort studies. Primary prevention trials with either risk biomarkers or cancer incidence as endpoints regarding the association between omega-3 FA consumption and risk of prostate cancer are studded with controversial results. However, many clinical trials have shown that fish oil could decrease the risk of developing prostate cancer. The anticancer properties of anticancer drugs could be greatly improved when combined with fish oil. We briefly reviewed fish oil and relevant omega-3 FAs as well as early investigations in prostate cancer prevention and treatment.

The Protective Effect of Omega-3 Oil against Cadmium Chloride Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rat

The Protective Effect of Omega-3 Oil against Cadmium Chloride Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rat

Spine Surgery and Blood Loss: Systematic Review of Clinical Evidence.

Spine surgery has been growing rapidly as a neurosurgical operation, with an increase of 220% over a 15-year period. Intraoperative blood transfusion is a major outcome determinant of spine procedures. Various approaches, including pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies, have been tested to decrease both intraoperative and postoperative blood loss. The aim of this systematic review is to report clinical evidence on the relationship between intraoperative blood loss (primary outcome) and on transfusion requirements and postoperative complications (secondary outcomes) in patients undergoing spine surgery. A literature search of PubMed database was performed using 5 key words: spine surgery and transfusion; spine surgery and blood loss; spine surgery and blood complications; spine surgery and deep vein thrombosis; and spine surgery and pulmonary embolism. Clinical reports (randomized controlled trials, prospective and retrospective studies, and case reports) were selected. A total of 473 articles were examined; 450 were excluded, and 24 were selected for this systematic review. Selected articles were categorized into 3 subchapters: (1) drugs active on coagulation (12 studies): tranexamic acid, aminocaproic acid, aprotinin, and recombinant activated factor VII; (2) drugs not active on coagulation (5 studies): ketorolac, epoetin alfa, magnesium sulfate, propofol/sevoflurane, and omega-3 and fish oil; (3) nonpharmacologic approaches (7 studies): surgical tips, patient positioning, and general or spinal anesthesia. Several studies have shown a significant reduction in intraoperative bleeding during spine surgery and in the requirement for blood transfusion.

0899 Omega-3 and omega-7 oil supplementation on tissue fatty acid accumulation

0899 Omega-3 and omega-7 oil supplementation on tissue fatty acid accumulation

Nutritional Cues Tie Living Organisms to Their Environment and Its Sustainability.

We connect modern, intensive agriculture’s role in environmental degradation to its role in producing nutritionally unbalanced foods, and delineate specific approaches to reduce agriculture’s environmental impact, while producing healthful foods. We call attention to recently discovered genetic programs used by all living organisms to respond to their environment, and present a model of how these programs change body composition and function (of humans and their crop plants and livestock alike) in response to environmental cues. We propose that production of nutritionally balanced crops and livestock requires careful consideration of how these plants and animals are grown; the composition of plant food is modulated by growing conditions, body composition of livestock reflects their feed; composition and function of human body and brain are strongly affected by how food plants and animals are produced. We selected four nutritional features not only involved in (i) governing human health by modulating these genetic programs, but (ii) also affected by agricultural practices. These nutritional features are fat composition (especially saturated fat and the ratio of polyunsaturated omega-6 oils to omega-3 oils), carbohydrate composition (especially the proportion of carbohydrates with a high glycemic index, such as sugars and quick-burning starches) and the level of antioxidant micronutrients. We not only outline threats to human health presented by the current environment, but also potential gains in quality-of-life in a future environment designed to optimize human wellness using insights into the gene-programing effect of diet- and other lifestyle-related factors. These gains could extend beyond optimal human physical and mental health to gains in workforce productivity. The same changes in agricultural practices required to achieve these gains in human health are also needed to support environmental health and sustainable food production. The resulting vision of optimal human health and environmental health, supported by sustainable practices, is intended as an inspiring image of what sustainability has to offer to individuals and society. Our goal is to provide a transparent overview and illustrations intelligible not only to non-experts in each of the other respective areas involved but also to policy makers and the public.

Theoretical and Kinetic Tools for Selecting Effective Antioxidants: Application to the Protection of Omega-3 Oils with Natural and Synthetic Phenols.

Radical-scavenging antioxidants play crucial roles in the protection of unsaturated oils against autoxidation and, especially, edible oils rich in omega-3 because of their high sensitivity to oxygen. Two complementary tools are employed to select, among a large set of natural and synthetic phenols, the most promising antioxidants. On the one hand, density functional theory (DFT) calculations provide bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of 70 natural (i.e., tocopherols, hydroxybenzoic and cinnamic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, lignans, and coumarins) and synthetic (i.e., 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisol (BHA), and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)) phenols. These BDEs are discussed on the basis of structure–activity relationships with regard to their potential antioxidant activities. On the other hand, the kinetic rate constants and number of hydrogen atoms released per phenol molecule are measured by monitoring the reaction of phenols with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical. The comparison of the results obtained with these two complementary methods allows highlighting the most promising antioxidants. Finally, the antioxidant effectiveness of the best candidates is assessed by following the absorption of oxygen by methyl esters of linseed oil containing 0.5 mmol L−1 of antioxidant and warmed at 90 °C under oxygen atmosphere. Under these conditions, some natural phenols namely epigallocatechin gallate, myricetin, rosmarinic and carnosic acids were found to be more effective antioxidants than α-tocopherol.

Screening fatty acid composition of British heterotrophic microalgae thraustochytrids for production of omega-3 oils and biodiesel

Sepiadarium austrinum, the southern bottletail squid, is a small squid that inhabits soft sediments along Australia's south-east coast. When provoked, it rapidly secretes large volumes of slime, presumably as a form of chemical defense. We analyzed the proteomic composition of this slime using tandem mass spectrometry and transcriptomics and found that it was remarkably complex with 1735 identified protein groups (FDR:0.01). To investigate the chemical defense hypothesis we performed an Artemia toxicity assay and used sequence analysis to search for toxin-like molecules. Although the slime did not appear to be toxic to Artemia we found 13 proteins in slime with the hallmarks of toxins, namely cysteine richness, short length, a signal peptide and/or homology to known toxins. These included three short (80-130AA) cysteine rich secreted proteins with no homology to proteins on the NCBI or UniProt databases. Other protein families found included, CAP, phospholipase-B, ShKT-like peptides, peptidase S10, Kunitz BPTI and DNase II. Quantitative analysis using intensity based absolute quantification (iBAQ via MaxQuant) revealed 20 highly abundant proteins, accounting for 67% of iBAQ signal, and three of these were toxin-like. No mucin homologues were found suggesting that the structure of the slime gel may be formed by an unknown mechanism.This study is the first known instance of a slime secretion from a cephalopod to be analyzed by proteomics methods and is the first investigation of a member of the family Sepiadariidae using proteomic methods. 1735 proteins were identified with 13 of these fitting criteria established for the identification of putative toxins. The slime is dominated by 20 highly abundant proteins with secreted, cysteine rich proteins. The study highlights the importance of ‘omics approaches in understanding novel organisms.

Myricetin, rosmarinic and carnosic acids as superior natural antioxidant alternatives to α-tocopherol for the preservation of omega-3 oils

22 natural polyphenols are compared to 7 synthetic antioxidants including BHT, BHA, TBHQ and PG with regard to their ability to protect omega-3 oils from autoxidation. The antioxidant efficiency of phenols is assessed using the DPPH test and the measurement of oxygen consumption during the autoxidation of oils rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Also, the bond dissociation enthalpies (BDE) of the Ar-OH bonds are calculated and excellent correlations between thermodynamic, kinetic and oxidation data are obtained. It is shown that kinetic rates of hydrogen transfer, number of radicals scavenged per antioxidant molecule, BDE and formation of antioxidant dimers from the primary radicals play an important role regarding the antioxidant activity of phenols. Based on this, it is finally shown that myricetin, rosmarinic and carnosic acids are more efficient than α-tocopherol and synthetic antioxidants for the preservation of omega-3 oils.

PWE-021 Targets for Health Interventions for Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Fatigue

Introduction Fatigue is a complex, multifactorial and multidimensional phenomenon. Recognition of modifiable correlates of fatigue can provide a further understanding of this phenomenon in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and aid in the development of interventions tailored towards fatigue. The aim of the present review was to systematically search and synthesise available evidence on potentially modifiable factors contributing to IBD-fatigue and what advances in the management of fatigue in individuals with IBD have been made. Methods The review was comprised of a systematic search and a selective review. The process of selection of the retrieved citations was undertaken in two phases: i) systematic search for new studies published since the search of the previous review by Czuber-Dochan and colleagues in August 2012 (n = 21); ii) reselection of papers (n = 28) included in Czuber-Dochan and colleagues according to the aims of the current review. Seven databases were searched: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library and the British Nursing Index. The search included quantitative observational designs and experimental studies. Results Forty-three studies met the inclusion criteria, 27 cross-sectional studies, 7 longitudinal studies, 1 quantitative secondary data analysis, 7 RCTs and 1 open label pilot study. Studies were conducted in out-patient settings and with population-based cohorts. The quality of included papers was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. The studies were classified as high (n = 15), medium (n = 19) and low quality (n = 9), no studies were excluded on the basis of quality. IBD-fatigue was consistently associated with disease activity, depression, anxiety and sleep difficulties. However, most studies were cross-sectional thus the direction of causation remains unknown. The relationship between biochemical factors, such as anaemia and inflammation, and fatigue was inconsistent. Adding to the existing 5 interventions since the last review in 2013 only 3 interventions were tested to address IBD-fatigue. One assessed the effects of thiamine, one compared exercise advice, omega-3 oil fish oil, a dietary consultation and placebo and the last comparing solution focused therapy and care as usual. Findings from psychosocial and exercise interventions were promising. Nonetheless, interventions continue to be sparse, with methodological limitations and only short-term effects. Conclusion The review identified a number of psychosocial and physical factors, which could potentially be modified through targeted health interventions to improve fatigue in IBD. Research utilising prospective observational studies and RCT design is required to develop and test interventions to reduce fatigue, most likely within a biopsychosocial model of care. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

Lack of Benefit of Early Intervention with Dietary Flax and Fish Oil and Soy Protein in Orthologous Rodent Models of Human Hereditary Polycystic Kidney Disease.

Rationale for dietary advice in polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is based in part on animal studies that have examined non-orthologous models with progressive development of cystic disease. Since no model completely mimics human PKD, the purpose of the current studies was to examine the effects of dietary soy protein (compared to casein) or oils enriched in omega-3 fatty acids (fish or flax oil compared to soy oil) on early disease progression in two orthologous models of PKD. The models studied were Pkd2WS25/- mice as a model of autosomal dominant PKD, and PCK rats as a model of autosomal recessive PKD. After 13 weeks of feeding, dietary fish (but not flax) oil resulted in larger kidneys and greater kidney water content in female Pkd2WS25/- compared to control mice. After 12 weeks of feeding male PCK compared to control rats, both fish and flax compared to soy oil resulted in enlarged kidneys and livers, greater kidney water content and higher kidney cyst area in diseased rats. Dietary soy protein compared to casein had no effects in Pkd2WS25/- compared to control mice. In PCK rats, kidney and liver histology were not improved, but lower proteinuria and higher urine pH suggest that soy protein could be beneficial in the long term. Therefore, in contrast to studies in non-orthologous models during the progressive development phase, these studies in orthologous PKD models do not support dietary advice to increase soy protein or oils enriched in omega-3 oils in early PKD.