Intake Of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Research Articles

Effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on gene expression of inflammation, oxidative stress and cardiometabolic parameters: Systematic review and meta-analysis

There is growing evidence of the beneficial health effects of omega-3 fatty acid (FAs) supplementation on gene expression of metabolic factors, but a summation of outcomes from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is lacking. Our aim was to investigate the state of the evidence on the potential impacts of omega-3 FA oral intake on gene expression of factors related to inflammation and oxidative stress (IL-1, IL-8, Sirt-1 and TNF-α) and cardiometabolic parameters (LDLR, PPAR-gamma, adiponectin, Lp(a), and GLUT-1). Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched from inception until December 2020. RCTs which evaluated the effect of oral intake of omega-3 FA on gene expression of cardiometabolic risk factors were included. Data were extracted using STATA software and analyzed using a random effect model. The effect size is given in a standardized mean difference (SMD) and a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The quality of the included RCTs was assessed by Cochrane tool and almost all studies had a fair quality. Thirteen trials were included in this systematic review. Current analysis indicated that omega-3 FA intake significantly up-regulated the PPAR-gamma (SMD: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.62, 1.48; I2 = 73.9%) and down-regulation of LDLR (SMD: −0.75; 95% CI: −0.38, −0.13; I2 = 77.8%) and IL-1(SMD: −0.89; 95% CI: −1.24, −0.54; I2 = 00.0%). However, these outcomes also indicate that omega-3 FA intake has no significant effect on the gene expression of adiponectin, GLUT-1, Lp(a), IL-8, Sirt-1 and TNF-α. This analysis suggests that omega-3 FA intake may improve gene expression of PPAR-gamma, LDLR and IL-1. However, large well-designed, and long-duration RCTs are still required to clarify the effect of omega-3 FA intake on the expression of critical factors related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiometabolic parameters codifying genes.

Unresolved Issues Regarding Proper Intake of Omega-3 Fatty Acids.

Unresolved Issues Regarding Proper Intake of Omega-3 Fatty Acids.

Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) are useful markers for assessing effects of anti-inflammatory diet in patients before coronary artery bypass grafting.

One of the risk factors responsible for coronary artery disease (CAD) is an inadequate diet that is frequently deficient in anti-inflammatory components, such as polyphenols and omega-3 fatty acids. The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) are inflammatory markers that may reflect a diet's antiinflammatory potential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects that CAD patients' nutrition patterns have on NLR and SII. A retrospective study assessed the dietary habits and inflammatory marker levels in patients with advanced CAD before they underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (n=101). Patients were divided into subgroups based on their NLR and SII levels. Subgroups with lower NLR and SII levels had consumed significantly more eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (p=0.02). The group with a lower ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids (<4:1) also had lower NLR and SII levels (p=0.007 and p=0.01, respectively). Statistically significant negative correlations were found between EPA and DHA, as well as omega-3 intake, and both NLR and SII values. No statistically significant differences were found between the subgroups with lower and higher NLR and SII values for polyphenol intakes. Inflammatory markers such as NLR and SII may reflect an anti-inflammatory diet consumed by cardiac patients. A simultaneous assessment of dietary habits and inflammatory parameters is beneficial in the possible prevention of adverse cardiovascular incidents after CABG. There is also a need to establish reference values for SII and NLR.

Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

PurposeOmega-3 fatty acid is an emerging hotspot on anti-inflammation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is known as a chronic inflammatory disease. The effect of Omega-3 fatty acid supplement on patients with COPD remains mixed for insufficient evidence. This systematic review and meta-analysis is based on neat randomized controlled trials trying to give a clearer impression on the effect of Omega-3 on patients with COPD.MethodsThis systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statements. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published in electronic databases including Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) by May 10, 2021 were searched. Data extracted from 6 predetermined domains (nutritional condition, lipid composition, inflammatory biomarker, lung function, physical endurance and quality of life [QoL]) were reviewed and analyzed.ResultsA total of 8 RCTs evaluating 418 patients (age, mean [SD] = 67.3 [10.2] years) were included. Statistical differences were found in 3 parameters of 3 domains – weight (Wt) (0.25 [95% CI, 0.02 to 0.48], P = 0.03) in nutritional condition, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (0.70 [95% CI, 0.30 to 1.10], P = 0.00) in lipid composition and interleukin-6 (IL-6) level (−0.32 [95% CI, −0.60 to −0.05], P = 0.02) in inflammatory biomarker – while no significant difference was found in lung function, physical endurance or QoL.ConclusionComparing with placebo, Omega-3 intake was associated with more weight-gaining, LDL increase and IL-6 reduction. These results should be interpreted cautiously for the quality and quantity of available evidence are limited.

오메가-3섭취와 유산소운동이 이상지질혈증군의 지질관련 혈액성분과 혈관나이에 미치는 영향

This study was conducted for the purpose of examining the effect on lipid-related blood components and vascular age improvement according to the intake of health functional food omega-3 during aerobic exercise in this direct dyslipidemia group. The study subjects were 20 men and women aged 30-49 years who had at least one abnormal finding among the diagnostic criteria for dyslipidemia and 10 people in the intake group T.G (take group) who combined omega-3 intake and aerobic exercise and 10 people in the non-take group N.G (not take group) who only perform aerobic exercise were selected. As a result of the study, both groups were pre and post lipid-related blood components TG (p<.01<SUP>**</SUP>, p<.001<SUP>***</SUP>), LDL-C (p<.01<SUP>**</SUP>, p<.05<SUP>*</SUP><SUP></SUP>), HDL -C (p<.05<SUP>*</SUP>) showed a significant difference, and the vascular age APG also showed a significant difference (p<.001<SUP>***</SUP>, p<.01<SUP>**</SUP>). There was no significant difference in the effect of lipid-related blood components and vascular age in the improvement effect difference between the two groups (p>.05). Overall, T.G showed positive results on average than N.G, but there was no statistically significant difference in effect. Therefore, when the dyslipidemia group performed aerobic exercise, it was concluded that the concurrent intake of omega-3 could help improve lipid-related blood components and vascular age, but there was no statistically significant difference in effect compared with non-consumption.

Omega-3 fatty acids for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.

Marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are a type of polyunsaturated fatty acids with many purported beneficial health effects including the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events. Omega-3 fatty acid intake may be supplemented via dietary sources, as well as prescription or non-prescription products. Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to reduce serum triglycerides, but there remains ongoing debate regarding the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with established, or at risk of, ASCVD. Recent evidence from randomized, placebo-controlled trials has demonstrated that low-dose (1g daily or less) omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) do not reduce cardiovascular events or death in patients with or without established ASCVD. Contrarily, the REDUCE-IT trial demonstrated that a purified form of EPA ethyl esters (icosapent ethyl) at 4g daily reduced cardiovascular events and death in patients with ASCVD (or diabetes and multiple cardiovascular risk factors) and elevated triglycerides on background statin therapy. However, 4g daily of omega-3 carboxylic acids (DHA and EPA) did not show a cardiovascular benefit in the STRENGTH trial, which enrolled a similar population. The explanation for this observed discrepancy remains a source of contention and discourse. For now, icosapent ethyl has the most compelling evidence to support a cardiovascular benefit and should be considered in select patients who meet the REDUCE-IT criteria. Furthermore, alternative versions of omega-3 fatty acids should not be considered equivalent to icosapent ethyl. Patients taking an omega-3 fatty acid supplement should be monitored for potential adverse effects, including gastrointestinal disorders or bleeding, in addition to a possible increased risk of atrial fibrillation.

Effect modification of omega-3 fatty acids on short-term associations between ambient air temperature and heart rate variability

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Although the biological mechanisms remain uncertain, non-optimal air temperatures have been associated with cardiovascular mortality. Dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) has been correlated with cardiovascular health. This panel study aimed to examine whether n-3 FA would modify associations between ambient air temperature and autonomic function measured by changes in heart rate variability (HRV). METHODS: Six-two healthy adults (age: 25–55 years) residing in North Carolina, U.S. were recruited into low (n=28) and high (n=34) omega-3 groups based on dietary n-3 FA intake and blood levels of omega-3 index. Each participant underwent 3-5 examinations separated by at least one week between October 2016 and September 2019. HRV was measured using 5-minute resting electrocardiography recorded at each examination. Daily meteorological data were obtained from a central air monitoring station. We applied mixed-effects models with a distributed lag non-linear approach to assess associations between air temperature (lag 0-6 days) and HRV stratified by omega-3 levels. RESULTS:We observed inverse U-shape relationships between HRV indices and temperature in the low omega-3 group, which were significant for high temperatures. No associations were observed in the high omega-3 group. An increase from 10 °C (approximate optimum temperature) to the 95th percentile (28 °C) of temperature was associated with decreases in standard deviation of NN intervals [SDNN, -40.6% (95% CI: -63.7, -2.7)], root mean square of successive RR interval differences [RMSSD, -63.9% (95% CI: -82.7, -24.8)], and high-frequency power [HF, -82.7% (95% CI: -97.2, 5.2)]. The between-group differences were significant for RMSSD and HF. CONCLUSIONS:Non-optimal air temperatures, especially high temperatures were associated with decreased parasympathetic autonomic function that might explain the temperature effects on cardiovascular events. In addition, n-3 FA intake was associated with beneficial effects on autonomic function against non-optimal temperatures. This abstract does not necessarily reflect EPA policy. KEYWORDS: Cardiovascular diseases, Climate, Environmental epidemiology, Short-term exposure, Temperature

Hair mercury levels, dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids and ovarian reserve among women attending a fertility center

BACKGROUND AND AIM: We investigated the association of hair mercury (Hg) levels with antral follicle count (AFC), as a marker of ovarian reserve, and evaluate whether this relationship differed among women with high vs. low intake of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3PUFA). METHODS: We included 295 women attending an academic fertility center (2007-2016) who had data on hair Hg levels (assessed using a Direct Mercury Analyser), n3PUFA intake (estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire) and AFC (assessed by transvaginal ultrasonography and abstracted from electronic medical records). Poisson regression models adjusted for potential confounders were used to evaluate the association of hair Hg levels (divided into tertiles, and as above vs below EPA reference (1ppm)) with AFC. Associations were also evaluated after stratification by n3PUFA intake (≤0.124 vs. 0.125 %calories/week). RESULTS:Women’s median hair Hg level was 0.55 ppm (range=0.01-8.51 ppm), with more than 30% 1 ppm. Hair Hg was positively related to AFC after adjusting for age, BMI, smoking status, infertility diagnosis, and alcohol intake. However, associations became attenuated after further adjustment for intake of calories and n3PUFA. The positive associations of hair Hg and AFC were observed only among women with high n3PUFA intake. Specifically, women who consumed 0.125 %calories/week of n3PUFA had a mean AFC of 11.9, 13.2 and 14.5, respectively, across increasing tertiles of hair Hg (p=0.002). Similar results were found when hair Hg was divided as above vs below EPA reference (mean AFC=12.7 vs. 14.6, p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS:In women from a fertility clinic, positive associations of hair Hg with AFC may be reflective of beneficial effects of n3PUFA on ovarian reserve rather than a beneficial effect of Hg per se. Our findings highlight the importance of considering diet when exploring Hg effects on women’s reproductive health. KEYWORDS: Heavy metals, food/nutrition, female reproductive outcomes.

Dietary omega-3 fatty acid intake impacts peripheral blood DNA methylation -anti-inflammatory effects and individual variability in a pilot study

Omega-3 or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are widely studied for health benefits that may relate to anti-inflammatory activity. However, mechanisms mediating an anti-inflammatory response to n-3 PUFA intake are not fully understood. Of interest is the emerging role of fatty acids to impact DNA methylation (DNAm) and thereby modulate mediating inflammatory processes. In this pilot study, we investigated the impact of n-3 PUFA intake on DNAm in inflammation-related signaling pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of women at high risk of breast cancer.PBMCs of women at high risk of breast cancer (n=10) were obtained at baseline and after 6 months of n-3 PUFA (5 g/d EPA+DHA dose arm) intake in a previously reported dose finding trial. DNA methylation of PBMCs was assayed by reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) to obtain genome-wide methylation profiles at the single nucleotide level. We examined the impact of n-3 PUFA on genome-wide DNAm and focused upon a set of candidate genes associated with inflammation signaling pathways and breast cancer.We identified 24,842 differentially methylated CpGs (DMCs) in gene promoters of 5507 genes showing significant enrichment for hypermethylation in both the candidate gene and genome-wide analyses. Pathway analysis identified significantly hypermethylated signaling networks after n-3 PUFA treatment, such as the Toll-like Receptor inflammatory pathway. The DNAm pattern in individuals and the response to n-3 PUFA intake are heterogeneous. PBMC DNAm profiling suggests a mechanism whereby n-3 PUFAs may impact inflammatory cascades associated with disease processes including carcinogenesis.

Study the Relationship between Omega-3 Dietary Intake and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Problem and background: with low prevalence of RA as its affect only 1% of adult population worldwide most physicians and patients do not have adequate knowledge and experience about nutritious role in managing the disease activity, the aim is to study the relationship between omega-3 fatty acid intake and rheumatoid arthritis. Method: In this cross sectional study conducted in 2020 included a sample of 100 RA patients we trying to prove the role of omega-3 anti-inflammatory properties in RA disease activity also to study patient’s knowledge of omega3 and their dietary attitude. Result: Chi square test was used to indicate the relationship of omega-3 intake and symptoms of RA. There was significant statistic difference in these symptoms: {morning stiffness P = 0.000, standing and sitting pain P = 0.000, getting heavy things P = 0.000, up stair pain P = 0.02, bending down hardness P = 0.000, household hardness P = 0.000}. Also indicate significant statistical difference between educated level and omega-3 knowledge P = 0.000. however, there was no statistical difference between family income and omega-3 intake P = 0.1, “Chi-square test” also indicate significant statistic difference between the kind of treatment used and these symptoms (morning stiffness, standing and sitting pain, getting heavy things, house hold hardness, praying on a chair). Conclusion: Our study found that omega3 rich diet is associated with decrease RA disease activity.

Effects of dietary omega-3 intake on vigilant attention and resting-state functional connectivity in neurotypical children and adolescents

ABSTRACT Background: Vigilant Attention (VA) is a critical cognitive function allowing to maintain our attention, particularly in redundant or intellectually unchallenging situations. Evidence has shown that, as the brain develops, VA abilities rapidly improve throughout childhood and adolescence. Dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fats (PUFA), playing a critical role for proper brain development and maturation of cortical regions, may contribute to variations in VA abilities. Objective: The present study investigated the effect of dietary omega-3 PUFA intake (docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)) on resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of a meta-analytically defined VA network in 24 neurotypical children and adolescents (7.3–17.2 years) from the Healthy Brain Network databank. Methods: Functional MRI and phenotypical information were collected from the Healthy Brain Network databank. Intake of omega-3 DHA and EPA was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and was adjusted for total calorie intake. Out of scanner VA-related performance was assessed using the VA condition of the Adaptive Cognitive Evaluation tool. Results: Overall, reported intake of omega-3 PUFA was not significantly associated with VA-related performance. Furthermore, energy-adjusted omega-3 intake was not significantly correlated with rsFC within the VA network. A complementary whole-brain analysis revealed that energy-adjusted omega-3 intake was correlated with decreased rsFC between parieto-occipital brain regions. Conclusion: The present study was not able to detect a relationship between dietary omega-3 and rsFC or VA performance.

P–585 The influence of omega–3 fatty acids on female fertility in assisted reproductive technology

Abstract Study question Is there evidence that the intake of omega–3 fatty acids has a positive effect on probability of clinical pregnancy in women undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment? Summary answer No significant correlation was found between omega- 3 fatty acid intake (neither supplemental or as fish intake) and clinical pregnancy. What is known already: Omega–3 fatty acids are important substrates in metabolism and the supplement of omega–3 fatty acids have been thought to have a positive effect on semen quality in infertile men. Studies have shown that the intake of omega–3 fatty acids might also have a direct effect on oocytes, the quality of the embryos, and implantation of the embryo in the uterus at conception. However, the role of omega–3 fatty acids in female fertility still remains unclear as the relationship between omega–3 fatty acids and successful IVF treatment in women has shown conflicting results. Study design, size, duration Systematic review. Systematic literature research (PRISMA) on PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane identifying clinical studies focusing on omega–3 fatty acid intake amongst women receiving IVF treatment, using good scientific practice for literature search and management. 5 articles meeting inclusion criteria were found, with a total of 1.100 women undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment. Participants/materials, setting, methods: Population: women in fertility treatment Intervention: omega–3 fatty acid and/or fish intake Comparison: No/low intake of omega–3 fatty acid and/or fish intake Outcome: Primary: clinical pregnancy rate, Secondary: number of follicles, embryo quality, live birth rate Main results and the role of chance Number of follicles was found to be inversely associated to omega–3 intake in a single study. Higher levels of total omega–3 intake were found to be positively associated to embryo morphology scores, and thus quality, independent on energy intake. None of the four studies considering clinical pregnancy found any statistical significance in the association between fish intake and clinical pregnancy. Regarding live birth as an endpoint, fish intake, but not fish oil supplements, was seen to significantly increase the probability in one study with a dose-response relationship. A similar association was not found by the only other study also examining live birth. Limitations, reasons for caution: Only five studies were found to meet inclusion criteria. None of the included studies were randomized controlled trials. No meta-analysis was carried out due to the heterogeneity of the studies. Wider implications of the findings: The need for further studies, including randomized controlled trials of high quality with larger population sizes, is critical in order to thoroughly investigate and conclude any possible association of the beneficial effect of omega–3 fatty acids on female fertility in regard to IVF treatment. Trial registration number Not applicable

Hair mercury levels, intake of omega-3 fatty acids and ovarian reserve among women attending a fertility center

To investigate the association of hair mercury (Hg) levels with antral follicle count (AFC), as a marker of ovarian reserve, and evaluate whether this relationship differed among women with high vs. low total intake of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3PUFA) from foods and supplements. We included 353 women attending an academic fertility center (2007-2019) who had data on hair Hg levels, total n3PUFA intake, and AFC. Hair Hg levels were assessed using a Direct Mercury Analyser, total n3PUFA intake was estimated using an extensively validated food frequency questionnaire, and AFC was assessed by transvaginal ultrasonography. Poisson regression models adjusted for potential confounders were used to evaluate the association of hair Hg levels (divided into tertiles, and as above vs below EPA reference (1ppm)) with AFC. Associations were also evaluated after stratification by median n3PUFA intake (≤0.124% vs. >0.125% calories/week). Women's median hair Hg level was 0.60ppm (range=0.001-8.60ppm), with more than 30%>1ppm (EPA reference level). Hair Hg was positively related to AFC after adjusting for age, BMI, smoking status, infertility diagnosis, and alcohol intake. However, associations became attenuated after adjustment for intake of total n3PUFA. The positive associations of hair Hg and AFC were observed only among women above the median total n3PUFA intake. Specifically, women who consumed >0.125% calories/week of total n3PUFA had mean AFCs of 11.9, 13.2 and 14.1, respectively, across increasing tertiles of hair Hg (p,trend=0.004). Similar results were found when hair Hg was divided above vs below EPA reference (mean AFC=12.7 vs. 14.1, p=0.008). In these women, positive associations of hair Hg with AFC may be reflective of beneficial effects of n3PUFA on ovarian reserve rather than a beneficial effect of Hg per se. Our findings highlight the importance of considering diet when exploring Hg effects on women's reproductive health in urban settings.

An Overview of Analeptic Applications of Omega-3 Fatty Acids

This article is an examination of the Analeptic Applications of Omega-3. The scientific development and subsequent clinical applications of Omega-3 in Healthcare continue to influence researchers all over the globe today. This article examines the research done and published by researchers and scientists. Consideration of current trends and data in scientific queries and demonstrates further aspects of the applications of Omega-3 on various health backgrounds, including.&#x0D; Cardiovascular Health: The study addresses the comparison of Omega-3 and Omega-6 in cardiovascular diseases. Higher intake of dietary Omega-3 helps activation, inhibition, and alteration of metabolic and signaling pathways which is associated with better cardiovascular health, while Omega-6 decreases the risk of coronary heart diseases and cardiovascular disease mortality.&#x0D; Immunology: Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) have been found to show an anti-inflammatory effect in the body by downregulating the activation of various immune cells. They regulate immunological functions via eicosanoids and resolvins which are anti-inflammatory. External supplementation can reduce chronic and acute inflammation as well as reduce the chances of graft rejection. The regulatory effect is shown by modifying gene expression and/or signal transduction in human cells. They are also involved in altering the membrane composition of Fatty Acids(FA) and as a result, they affect the lipid raft structure and also membrane trafficking.&#x0D; Joint Health: The study shows the effects of omega-3 and other fatty acid consumption in Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA), bone marrow lesions, and knee cartilage lesions. It notes the interrelations between synovitis, plasma levels of Omega-3 and Omega-6 PUFAs in OsteoArthritis (OA) patients along with risk factors for OA, which could help consider liable treatments for improvement of OA. The study highlights the importance of the Omega-6:Omega-3 PUFA ratio and clinical and functional outcome measures which can help us in better understanding the role of PUFAs and possible treatments for people with knee osteoarthritis while showing the effect of Omega-3 fatty acids on muscle health in RA.&#x0D; Skin Disorders: Fish oils rich in PUFAs are reported to improve several inflammatory disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. They have also been broadly reported as a potential supplement to ameliorate the severity of some skin disorders such as photoaging, skin cancer, allergy, dermatitis, cutaneous wounds, and melanogenesis. The significance of omega-3 in skin structure was proved by describing a syndrome caused by stringent fat reduction in the diet that leads to erythema with scaling, hair loss, itching, and increased water loss.

Effects of 12-Week Multivitamin and Omega-3 Supplementation on Micronutrient Levels and Red Blood Cell Fatty Acids in Pre-menopausal Women.

The purpose of this study was to validate the efficacy of a customized vitamin-mineral supplement on blood biomarkers in pre-menopausal females. Women (21–40 years old) who were apparently healthy were recruited from the local community (ClinicalTrials.gov trial registration NCT03828097). Pretesting (PRE) occurred in the morning 5 ± 2 days following each participant's menses and involved a fasted blood draw, body mass assessment, and blood pressure assessment. Participants were then randomly assigned in a double-blinded fashion to either the multivitamins (MV) (n = 43) or placebo group (n = 51). Participants consumed two capsules per day with breakfast for 12 weeks. Following the trial, participants reported to the laboratory for POST assessments, which replicated PRE procedures. Red blood cell fatty acid and serum micronutrient analyses were performed in a blinded fashion at hematology laboratories. A group × time interaction was observed for serum vitamin D levels (p < 0.001). MV increased levels from PRE to POST (+43.7%, p < 0.001), whereas no change occurred in the placebo group. Additionally, 78% of MV participants at PRE exhibited inadequate vitamin D levels (<40 ng/dl), whereas only 30% exhibited levels below this threshold at POST. An interaction was also observed for serum folate levels (p < 0.001). MV increased serum folate from PRE to POST (p < 0.001), whereas no change occurred in the placebo group. Red blood cell omega-3 fatty acid content increased from PRE to POST in the MV group (p < 0.001) and placebo group (p < 0.05), although POST values were greater in the MV group (p < 0.001). An interaction was observed for serum HDL cholesterol levels (p = 0.047), and a non-significant increase in this variable from PRE to POST occurred in the MV group (p = 0.060). Four-day food recalls indicated MV increased intake of omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, folate, and other micronutrients. In summary, MV supplementation increased serum vitamin D, serum folate, and red blood cell omega-3 fatty acid levels. However, these data are limited to healthy females, and more research is needed to examine if MV can affect metabolic disturbances in individuals with micronutrient deficiencies.

Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake in Patients Undergoing Dialysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Objective: Fish oil supplementation has been shown to be beneficial for hemodialysis (HD) patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation or dietary adjustment in dialysis patients.Methods: A systematic literature search was performed to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to study the effects of omega-3 supplementation on dialysis patients. The variables of interest included the levels of blood lipids, inflammatory indicators, proteins, parathyroid hormone (PTH), gastrointestinal adverse reactions, and all-cause mortality. The mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, and heterogeneity was assessed with the I2 test. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to identify potential sources.Results: The systematic review included 49 RCTs and evaluated the efficacy and safety of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in dialysis patients. Data synthesis showed that compared with the control group, the group receivingomega-3 supplementation exhibited significantly decreased serum triglyceride (TG) levels, decreased C-reactive protein (CRP) and TNF-alpha levels, increased hemoglobin levels, reduced serum phosphorus levels, increased PTH levels, and increased gastrointestinal adverse reactions to a certain extent. Furthermore, there was no effect on the blood total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), albumin or calcium levels and all-cause mortality.Conclusion: Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation is related to a reduction in serum TG, LDL and inflammation index levels and has few adverse reactions. Therefore, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation may be a useful nutrition therapy for dialysis patients.

Cognitive change in frail individuals with intermediate amyloid load: Insight from the MAPT interventional study (+ Running poster)

In the past decade, in vivo cerebral amyloid load in the spectrum of cognitive impairment has been extensively explored using positron emission tomography (PET), and is now a key part of screening visits for most therapeutic studies. However, to date, little if no distinction is made between patients with low to medium amyloid load versus patients with high amyloid load, in terms of both the risk of developing AD and the progression of cognitive change. Here, we investigated the cognitive changes in frail participants to a multidomain interventional study (Andrieu et al., Lancet 2017), according to the degree of cerebral amyloid load: absent/low, medium, high. Two hundred and forty five participants to the MAPT study were selected. All of them underwent a full cognitive assessment, and were follow-up for up to five years. They all underwent a cerebral amyloid PET scan using [18F]florbetapir. All of them had been randomized at the beginning of the trial into one of four intervention groups: multidomain intervention and daily omega-3 intake; multidomain intervention and placebo; omega-3 uptake alone; the placebo alone. Cortical amyloid load was quantified from PET imaging as the mean standard uptake value ratio in all regions of the brain (parcelated according to the AAL atlas; cerebellar grey matter as reference). Patients were categorized into “low”, “medium”, or “high” cerebral amyloid using k-clustering. Cognitive functions were measured as a composite score combining four tests. Using a linear regression model, we investigated how cognition progressed over time according to amyloid status and the intervention group. Our findings were two-fold: patients in the “high amyloid” group showed cognitive decline over time, while patients in the “medium amyloid” group exhibited a cognitive profile stable and similar to the patients with “low amyloid” load ( P < 0.001). In addition, in the “medium amyloid” group only, we observed an improvement of cognitive performance over time for patients of all intervention group, except for patients in the placebo group (i.e., without intervention at all), who showed stable cognitive performance ( P < 0.05). Our findings suggest that having a moderate or high amyloid load is not equivalent in terms of impact on cognitive progression in the short-term (5 years), and that patients with moderate rather than high amyloid load may be a better suited target for drug studies.

Association between Chronotype and Nutritional, Clinical and Sociobehavioral Characteristics of Adults Assisted by a Public Health Care System in Brazil.

Chronotype (CT) has been associated with predisposition to chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCDs), such as diabetes mellitus and obesity. However, the effects of CT on individuals assisted by public health systems (PHSs) in middle-up economies are still poorly explored. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between CT and clinical, sociobehavioral and nutritional aspects in adults assisted by a PHS in Brazil. This is a population-based cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 380 individuals, selected through probabilistic sampling by clusters, in all health units in a city of approximately 100 thousand inhabitants. Data collection was performed during home visits, by means of general and nutritional interviews, anthropometric measurements and the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Statistical analysis comprised chi-square test and principal component analysis (CPA) followed by Fisher’s discriminant analysis to determine aspects associated with each CT (morning, evening or intermediate). With the aim of explaining the variation in the CT scores, the consumption of micronutrients (corrected to the total energy intake) and other individual and sociodemographic variables were used as explanatory factors in the adjustment of a linear regression model. The morning group was characterized by older men, with less than eight years of schooling, with low body mass index (BMI) and with low intake of omega-6, omega-3, sodium, zinc, thiamine, pyridoxine and niacin. The evening group, on the other hand, was composed of younger individuals, with a high consumption of these same nutrients, with high BMI and a higher frequency of heart diseases (p < 0.05). It was concluded that most morning CT individuals were elderly thin males with lower consumption of omega-6 and -3, sodium, zinc, thiamine, pyridoxine and niacin, whereas evening individuals were younger, had higher BMI and had higher consumption of the studied micronutrients. The identification of circadian and behavioral risk groups can help to provide preventive and multidisciplinary health promotion measures.

Are omega-3 fatty acids efficacious in the treatment of depression? A review

The hypothesis that omega-3 fatty acids may play a role in preventing and treating depression is based on correlative associations between fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acid intake and the prevalence of major depressive disorder. Reduced omega-3 fatty acid erythrocyte levels have been found in individuals with depressive disorders. These observational findings are unable to establish a causal relationship between omega-3 fatty acids and depression. The results of randomized controlled trials of omega-3 fatty acids for depressive disorders are inconclusive and also fail to prove causation. The therapeutic efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids appears to be moderate at best but is more likely to be minimal or non-existent. Potential long-term adverse effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation should be considered. Large-scale, well-controlled clinical trials are required to establish potential anti-depressive effects of omega-3 fatty acids. Such studies need to consider baseline values of omega-3 fatty acids and symptom severity, the dosage and types of the fatty acids used, the duration of supplementation and the concomitant use of medication. Conclusive evidence of the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in depression is currently lacking. The recommendation of potentially ineffective therapies may have considerable opportunity costs, with other possibly more useful treatments remaining unutilized.

Omega-3 fatty acid intake during pregnancy and risk of infant maltreatment: a nationwide birth cohort - the Japan Environment and Children's Study.

Intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has favorable effects, including reducing violent and aggressive behaviors, but its association with infant maltreatment is unknown. We therefore tested the hypothesis that maternal intake of omega-3 PUFAs is associated with a lower risk of infant maltreatment. Participants were 92 191 mothers involved in the ongoing Japan Environment and Children's Study. Omega-3 PUFA intake during pregnancy was measured using a food frequency questionnaire. Infant maltreatment was assessed using a self-reported questionnaire administered at 1 and 6 months postpartum. Analysis using the lowest quintile of intake as a reference revealed that the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for cases of 'hitting' decreased as quintiles increased, with values for the second to fifth quintiles of 0.93 (95% CI 0.77-1.13), 0.79 (95% CI 0.64-0.97), 0.78 (95% CI 0.64-0.96), and 0.72 (95% CI 0.59-0.89), respectively. Adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for 'shaking very hard' at 6 months were 0.87 (0.73-1.04), 0.81 (0.67-0.97), 0.73 (0.61-0.89), and 0.78 (0.65-0.94), respectively. Adjusted ORs for 'leaving alone at home' for the second to fifth quintiles were 0.92 (0.87-0.98), 0.91 (0.86-0.97), 0.94 (0.88-0.99), and 0.85 (0.80-0.90), respectively. Higher maternal intake of omega-3 PUFAs during pregnancy was associated with fewer cases of hitting and violent shaking and leaving the child alone at home, implying a lower risk of infant maltreatment. Our results indicate the potential applicability of omega-3 PUFAs in reducing infant maltreatment.