Oleracea Seeds Research Articles

A comparison of the effects of Portulaca oleracea seeds hydro-alcoholic extract and Vitamin C on biochemical, hemodynamic and functional parameters in cardiac tissue of rats with subclinical hyperthyroidism.

The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Portulaca oleracea (P. oleracea) seeds and Vitamin C on biochemical and hemodynamic parameters in cardiac tissue of rats with subclinical hyperthyroidism. Forty eight male rats were divided into six groups of 8 and treated for 4 weeks. T4 group received daily injection of levothyroxine sodium (20 μg/kg) and control group was given daily injection of saline. T4-Po groups were given T4 plus 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of P. oleracea seeds extract in drinking water daily. T4-Vit C group received T4 plus daily injection of Vitamin C (100 mg/kg). At the end of the experiment, body weight, serum free T4 level, left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total thiol levels were measured. Free T4 levels were increased in all groups that were treated with T4. Weight gain was decreased in T4 and T4-Po100 groups compared to control group (p<0.001 and p<0.05). However, body weight was increased in T4-Po (200 and 400) and T4-Vit C groups compared to T4 group. LVDP was increased in T4 group compared to control group but, LVDP was decreased in T4-Po and T4-Vit C groups. Malondialdehyde was decreased in T4-Po groups and T4-Vit C group compared to T4 group. Total thiol groups were increased in T4-Po (200 and 400) and T4-Vit C groups compared to T4 group. The results showed that P. oleracea extract has a protective effect on cardiac dysfunction due to subclinical hyperthyroidism induced by levothyroxine sodium in rats.

A comparison between the effects of Portulaca oleracea seeds extract and valsartan on echocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters in rats with levothyroxine-induced thyrotoxicosis.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of Portulaca oleracea (Po) seeds extract and those of valsartan on cardiac function in levothyroxine (T4)-treated rats. Forty Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=10): control, levothyroxine (T4), T4 plus valsartan (T4-Val) and T4 plus hydro-alcoholic extract of the P. oleracea seeds (T4-Po). Control group received normal saline. Levothyroxine (100µg/kg/day, i.p.) was administered to three other groups for 4 weeks. Valsartan (8 mg/kg/day, orally) and Po seeds extract (400 mg/kg/day, orally) were administered during the last two weeks of treatment period. At the end of the experiment, echocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters were measured and serum free T4, T3, and T4 were measured. Administration of T4 for 4 weeks significantly increased serum free T4 levels in T4 group but elevations of free T4 levels in T4-Val group were not significant. Free T4 level decreased in T4-Po (p<0.01) compared to T4 group. Heart rate (HR), heart weight (HW), and left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) were significantly increased in T4 group compared to control group while these parameters in the other groups were not significantly different from those of control group. The reduction in HR, HW, and LVSP were more prominent in T4-Po group. Ejection fraction (EF) and fraction shortening (FS) were insignificantly decreased in T4 group compared to control group. These results showed that treatment of hyperthyroid rats with P. oleracea seeds extract was more effective than valsartan in reducing cardiac changes induced by levothyroxine.

Isolation, Characterization and Analgesic Activity of Natural Allantoin from Portulaca oleracea Seed

The title compound, allantoin was first isolated from the acetyl acetate fraction of Portulaca oleracea seed and characterized by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The analgesic activity of allantoin was assessed in acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice with i.p. injection. The results of the research indicated that the analgesic activity of allantoin was similiar to that of aspirine. After administrated of allantoin regularly and repeatedly, the mice did not reveal addiction phenomenon. Allantoin could be further studied as a promising analgesic drug.

Portulaca oleracea seeds extract does not prevent dexamethasone-induced hypertension in rats

Introduction: Portulaca oleracea is used as a nutritional and medicinal plant. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of P. oleracea seeds in dexamethasone -induced hypertension in rats.Methods: For induction of hypertension, dexamethasone (30 μg/kg/d, subcutaneously) was administered for 14 days. Animals received P. oleracea extract as a pretreatment at various doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/d orally from 4 days before dexamethasone administration and during the test period. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate were measured using tail-cuff method. The weight of thymus gland was estimated as a marker of glucocorticoid activity.Results: Dexamethasone injection significantly increased SBP (P < 0.001) while decreased the body and thymus weights (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). Oral administration of P. oleracea could not prevent rising in SBP and decreasing in thymus weight. It also increased heart rate in hypertensive rats at the dose of 400 mg/kg/d (P < 0.05).Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that hydroalcoholic extract of P. oleracea seeds aggregates hypertension in dexamethasone-induced hypertensive rats. Hence, it should be used with caution in hypertensive patients receiving glucocorticoids.

Properties of Portulaca oleracea seed oil via supercritical fluid extraction: Experimental and optimization

Extraction of oil from Portulaca oleracea seeds via supercritical fluid was carried out for the first time. Response surface methodology was applied to evaluate the effect of operating variables, namely pressure, temperature, particle size and extraction time. Optimum conditions were found to be pressure of 23.50 MPa, temperature of 333 K, particle size of 0.8 mm, and dynamic extraction time of 210 min. The highest recovery achieved was 91.88 ± 1.60%, under the optimum conditions, and 92.94%, from RSM. The fatty acid content of the oil was found to be composed of unsaturated (79%) and saturated (20.7%) compounds. Major fatty acids included linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids. Experiments were performed on physicochemical properties of the oil samples; these included saponification, iodine, peroxide and acid contents, specific extinctions, total phenol content, antioxidant activity, TGA and stability tests. The results indicated high levels of omega-3, making it a good candidate for pharmaceutical and food industries.

Emergence and growth of cabbage seedlings in plastic, peat, paper, and newspaper containers

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) seeds were germinated and grown for 35 days in an organic standard substrate contained in either plastic, peat, paper, or newspaper containers to determine whether the container material might affect growth. Days to emergence, days to first leaf, and developmental morphological traits and physiological characteristics were monitored. Differences in evaporation and pH of water in contact with the containers were measured in separate experiments. Evaporation was lowest from plastic and highest from peat containers, while pH was lowest with water in contact with peat containers. Plant growth was fastest and most robust in plastic containers as demonstrated by their shoot height, stem diameter, and root and shoot dry weights. Seedlings grown in newspaper containers presented exceedingly poor growth and showed signs of stress.

The effect of Portulaca oleracea (purslane) seeds on hemoglobin levels in adolescent girls with iron deficiency anemia: a randomized comparative trial

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most severe and the latest stage of iron deficiency. Consumption of purslane seeds is a traditional medicine approach for the treatment of anemia. We aimed to compare the effect of purslane seeds and ferrous sulfate (FS) on the hemoglobin (Hb) level of adolescent girls suffering from IDA. In this single-blind randomized comparative clinical trial, the effect of purslane seeds was compared with a FS tablet in 53 adolescent girls. Included subjects were within the age range of 15–18 years; with Hb levels of 10–12 g/dL and serum ferritin levels lower than 12 ng/L. The experimental group received 0.3 g/kg of purslane seeds and control group received 3 mg/kg of elemental iron as a standard control per day for a period of 4 weeks. There were significant increases in hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), and mean corpuscular volume in both purslane and FS groups; however, the mean elevation was significantly greater with the latter. FS also caused a significantly greater increase in red cell distribution width compared with purslane. Purslane seed consumption increases Hb and Hct levels but is less effective than FS. Purslane seeds may be used for the prevention of IDA and treatment of its mild form.

&lt;i&gt;Portulaca oleracea&lt;/i&gt; Linn seed extract ameliorates hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death in human liver cells by inhibiting reactive oxygen species generation and oxidative stress

Purpose: To investigate the protective effects of Portulaca oleracea seed extract (POA) against cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation induced by hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in human liver cells (HepG2). Methods: The extract (POA) was obtained by ethanol extraction of P. oleracea seeds. Cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, neutral red uptake (NRU) assay and morphological changes. The cells were pre-exposed to noncytotoxic concentrations (5 - 25 μg/mL) of POA for 24 h, and then cytotoxic (0.25 mM) concentration of H 2 O 2 . After 24 h of exposure, MTT and NRU assays were used to evaluate cell viability, while morphological changes were assessed using phase contrast inverted microscopy. The effect of POA on reduced glutathione (GSH) level, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and ROS generation induced by H 2 O 2 was also studied. Results: The results showed that pre-exposure to POA (25 μg/mL) significantly (p <0.01) attenuated the loss of cell viability by up to 38 % against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress and ROS generation. In addition, POA (25 μg/mL) significantly (p <0.01) increased GSH level (31 %), but decreased the levels of LPO (37 %) and ROS generation (49 %). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that POA has the capacity to protect HepG2 cells against H 2 O 2 - induced cell death by inhibiting oxidative stress and ROS generation. Keywords: P ortulaca oleracea , HepG2 cells, Cytotoxicity, Oxidative stress, Reactive oxygen species

Antibacterial Activities of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Portulaca oleracea Leaves and Seeds in Sistan Region, Southeastern Iran

Background: Many efforts have been made by researchers to find new antibiotics which are clinically useful against bacteria and drug resistant microorganisms. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of leaves and seeds of the Portulaca oleracea plant in traditional medicine of Sistan region, southeast of Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional and descriptive study, from January 2010 to January 2012, we studied the antibacterial activity of P. oleracea extract using nine bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains) which were resistant to standard antibiotics such as erythromycin, cefixime, ceftazidime, tetracycline, ampicillin and amikacin. Bacterial strains were obtained from a standard laboratory. Broth microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results: The hydroalcoholic extract of P. oleracea L. leave and seed had antibacterial effects on selected drug resistant bacterial strains. Conclusions: The leaves and seeds extract of P. oleracea has a remarkable antibacterial effect and it can be a good alternative when we are faced with drug resistance bacteria. However, more studies are required.

The hotter the weather, the greater the infestation of Portulaca oleracea: opportunistic life‐history traits in a serious weed

SummaryPortulaca oleracea, an r‐strategist, is one of the world's most troublesome weeds. During hot seasons, P. oleracea frequently becomes monodominant in choy sum (Brassica parachinensis) fields in Guangzhou city, southern China. Here, we studied the seasonal dynamics of P. oleracea's germinable soil seedbank, population density and above‐ground biomass in choy sum fields that had been cultivated continuously for several years. Using P. oleracea seeds collected from these fields, we tested seed dormancy, survival and germination, seedling growth and generation time. Portulaca oleracea occurred at high levels during the hot season, but its occurrence was low, and the germinable soil seedbank was much greater during the cold season. The weed's opportunistic characteristics allowed it to avoid freezing and to proliferate during optimal conditions. Portulaca oleracea's generation time was very flexible, as short as 31 days during the hot season, but longer than 100 days during the colder season. Seed dormancy tended to be shorter when the seeds were stored at a higher temperature. At a temperature of 35°C, both seed germination and seedling growth showed advantages over those of choy sum. Storage for one year at a temperature of −20°C or burial in a paddy field did not significantly reduce P. oleracea seed germination. Nevertheless, seed storage at a temperature of 15°C and soil coverage of 0.5 cm on top of the seeds significantly constrained seed germination. ‘Stale seedbed’ and/or coverage of the surface with soil are recommended during the hot season. However, rotation of rice and upland crops is not an efficient method for managing Portulaca oleracea infestation.

The Effect of Portulaca Oleracea Seeds on Anthropometric Measurements in Asthmatic Patients with Overweight and Obesity

Background and Objective: Many studies show that there is a relationship between asthma and obesity. Weight management is important in patients with asthma. In some countries, people used Portulaca oleracea seeds for lose weight. The experiment is designed to study the effect of Portulaca oleracea seeds on anthropometric measurements in asthmatic patients with overweight and obesity. Material and method: In a randomized clinical trial, 37 patients with asthma disease that refer to clinics of Tabriz University of medical sciences divided to intervention and control groups. First group (n=18) received protocol treatment and 10g/day Portulaca oleracea seeds in two doses with two glasses of water, while participants in second group (n=19) had only their protocol treatment and drank two glasses of water in every day for 8weeks. At the baseline and end of study, anthropometric measurements were obtained for each person and dietary intake and physical activity questionnaires were completed. Results: Mean age and history of asthma for participants at baseline was 45.13 ± 9.2 and 9.9 ± 8.1 years, respectively. Comparing of anthropometric measurements including weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) between two groups indicated any significant differences between two groups after consumption of seeds (p>0.05). Conclusion: Administration of Portulaca oleracea seeds could not decrease anthropometric measurements in asthmatic patients with overweight and obesity.

Oral treatment with Euterpe oleracea Mart. (açaí) extract improves cardiac dysfunction and exercise intolerance in rats subjected to myocardial infarction.

BackgroundThis study was designed to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of Euterpe oleracea Mart., popularly known as “açaí”, on rats subjected to myocardial infarction (MI).MethodsHydroalcoholic extracts of açaí were obtained from a decoction of the seeds. Two male Wistar rat groups were delineated: 1) the sham-operated group (control, n = 6), with no surgical amendment, and 2) the MI group (n = 12), in which the anterior descendent coronary artery was occluded during surgery. MI group was divided into two subgroups, in which rats were either treated with hydroalcoholic extract of Euterpe oleracea seeds (100 mg/kg/day p.o.) or received no treatment. Treatment began on the day of surgery, and lasted 4 weeks. Subsequently, rats were subject to an exercise test protocol, hemodynamic evaluation, and histological analysis of the left ventricle. Groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Dunnett’s test.ResultsThe total running distance of sham rats was 1339.0 ± 276.6 m, MI rats was 177.6 ± 15.8 m (P < 0.05), and MI-açaí rats was 969.9 ± 362.2 m. Systolic arterial pressure was significantly decreased in MI rats (86.88 ± 4.62 mmHg) compared to sham rats (115.30 ± 7.24 mmHg; P < 0.05). Açaí treatment prevented a reduction in systolic arterial pressure (130.00 ± 8.16 mmHg) compared to MI rats (P < 0.05). Left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure was significantly augmented in MI rats (17.62 ± 1.21 mmHg) compared to sham rats (4.15 ± 1.60 mmHg; P < 0.05), but was 3.69 ± 2.69 mmHg in açaí-treated rats (P < 0.05 vs. MI). The LV relaxation rate (-dp/dt) was reduced in MI rats compared to the sham group, whereas açaí treatment prevented this reduction. Açaí treatment prevented cardiac hypertrophy and LV fibrosis in MI rats.ConclusionsEuterpe oleracea treatment of MI rats prevented the development of exercise intolerance, cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction.

Clinical Effects of Portulaca Oleracea Seeds on Dyslipidemia in Obese Adolescents: a Triple-blinded Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective:Childhood obesity is a major public health concern worldwide while the current epidemic may be secondary to over consumption of high-fat, energy-rich foods. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) has been traditionally used in medicine for several antioxidant and anti-atherogenic activities. In this study the anti-dyslipidemic effects of P.oleracea was evaluated in obese adolescents.Methods:In this triple-blinded randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial which was done from July 2011 to June 2012, obese adolescent patients whom were referred to the Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute (Iran) were randomly allocated to the two arms of cases and controls. The cases group was asked to take one capsule containing powdered P. oleracea seeds (500 milligrams) two times a day for one month, and the controls group were asked to take identical but placebo (lactose) capsules in the same way. Biochemical parameters including 12-hours fasting serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were measured before the initiation and after the completion of the study protocol.Findings:Total cholesterol, LDL-C, and TG showed statistically significant changes over time (one month) in the P. oleracea group (p < 0.05). However, between-group analysis using general linear model (multivariate) test revealed that the differences in the mentioned parameters between two study groups were statistically significant just for LDL-C and TG, while others did not differ significantly.Conclusion:P. oleracea L. may have positive effects on serum lipids profile which may be attributed to its polyphenolic and antioxidant compounds. This herbal drug seems to be well-tolerated in adolescent population as well. Further studies are recommended.

Purslane Effect on GLP-1 and GLP-1 receptor in type 2 diabetes.

Background:The aim of this study was to examine the effect of purslane seeds in glucagon-like peptide-1 concentration and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor in women with diabetes.Methods:This was a quasi-experimental study. The population was consisted of the city of Sari where diabetic women with diabetes II who had no history of using purslane seeds. All individuals used the same dose of metformin under the specialist supervision. Among these individuals, 16 were assigned at random to Purslane group and control group. The purslane group consumed 2.5 grams Purslane with lunch and along with 5 grams of purslane (Portulaca oleracea seeds 7.5 g daily) with dinner meals twice daily for 8 weeks. Blood sample was taken before and after 8 weeks, after 12 hours of fasting to 5 ml of the left brachial vein.Results:After 8 weeks using purslane seeds in the experimental group, a significant increase was seen in glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations (p<0.007), but there was no significant difference in the concentration of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (p <0.455). No significant relationship was found between changes in glucagon-like peptide-1 and its receptor.Conclusion:The use of purslane seeds improved Type II diabetes; therefore it can be effective in improving the health of women with diabetes.

The physiological implications of urease inhibitors on N metabolism during germination of Pisum sativum and Spinacea oleracea seeds

The development of new nitrogen fertilizers is necessary to optimize crop production whilst improving the environmental aspects arising from the use of nitrogenous fertilization as a cultural practice. The use of urease inhibitors aims to improve the efficiency of urea as a nitrogen fertilizer by preventing its loss from the soil as ammonia. However, although the action of urease inhibitors is aimed at the urease activity in soil, their availability for the plant may affect its urease activity. The aim of this work was therefore to evaluate the effect of two urease inhibitors, namely acetohydroxamic acid (AHA) and N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), on the germination of pea and spinach seeds. The results obtained show that urease inhibitors do not affect the germination process to any significant degree, with the only process affected being imbibition in spinach, thus also suggesting different urease activities for both plants. Our findings therefore suggest an activity other than the previously reported urolytic activity for urease in spinach. Furthermore, of the two inhibitors tested, NBPT was found to be the most effective at inhibiting urease activity, especially in pea seedlings.

ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF POLYSACCHARIDE FRACTION FROM PORTULACA OLERACEA SEEDS AGAINST STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETES IN RATS

ABSTRACT The present study envisaged the antidiabetic and antioxidant potential role of polysaccharide fraction of Portulaca oleracea (P. oleracea polysaccharide fraction [PPFt]) against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) diabetes in experimental animals. After 3 weeks of oral treatment with PPFt (25 and 50 mg/kg), significant dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances and subsequent increase in total reduced glutathione levels and glutathione peroxidase activity was observed in the diabetic animals. Enzymatic antioxidant defense, catalase and superoxide dismutase were significantly reduced after STZ administration and concomitant administration of PPFt significantly reversed the levels of these enzymes near to normal values. These findings strongly indicate that PPFt could protect against the STZ-induced hyperglycemia and disturbance in lysosomal enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Portulaca oleracea seeds exhibit good nutritional value with potent antidiabetic and antioxidant potential, which supports it to be used as excellent food supplement for diabetics. The present investigation was therefore undertaken to evaluate the possible role of polysaccharides fraction of P. oleracea against streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress in experimental diabetic rats. Our result indicates that polysaccharide fraction of P. oleracea possesses moderate antidiabetic activity and exhibited potent antioxidant potential in diabetic conditions. These findings strongly indicate that polysaccharides could protect against oxidative stress in diabetic rats.

Effects of substrate and mechanical scarification on the germination of Syagrus oleracea (Arecaceae) seeds

Univ Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho FC, Dept Prod Vegetal, BR-14884900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil

Protein from Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) Seeds with Antifungal, Antibacterial, and Anticancer Activities

A 30 kDa antifungal protein was purified from red cabbage ( Brassica oleracea ) seeds. It exhibited a molecular mass and N-terminal amino acid sequence disinct from those of previously isolated Brassica antifungal proteins. The protocol used entailed ion exchange chromatography on Q-Sepharose and SP-Sepharose followed by fast protein liquid chromatography on Mono S. The protein hindered mycelial growth in Mycosphaerella arachidicola (with an IC50=5 μM), Setospaeria turcica, and Bipolaris maydis. It also inhibited the yeast Candida albicans with an IC50=96 μM. It exerted its antifungal action by permeabilizing the fungal membrane as evidenced by staining with Sytox green. The antifungal activity was stable from pH 3 to 11 and from 0 to 65 °C. It manifested antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (IC50=53 μM). Furthermore, after 48 h of culture, it suppressed proliferation of nasopharyngeal cancer and hepatoma cells with IC50=50 and 90 μM, respectively.

Fungos associados a sementes de açaí: efeito da temperatura e do teor de água das sementes durante o armazenamento

O trabalho teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos do teor de água e da temperatura do ambiente de armazenamento na incidência de fungos e na germinação de sementes de açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). Foram utilizadas sementes da cultivar BRS Pará, com teores de água de 43%, 37%, 30%, 26%, 21% e 12%, que foram acondicionadas em sacos de polietileno, armazenadas sob temperaturas de 20 ºC, 15 ºC e 10 ºC, durante 360 dias e submetidas a avaliações bimensais do teor de água, da germinação e da incidência de Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Fusarium solani e Fusarium verticillioides. Foi adotado o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições para o teste de germinação e cinco repetições para os testes de sanidade. Foi observada maior ocorrência de Penicillium sp., e Aspergillus sp em sementes com teores de água abaixo de 30% e mantidas nas temperaturas de 15 ºC e 20 ºC. Enquanto, as maiores incidências de fungos do gênero Fusarium foram encontradas em sementes armazenadas com graus de umidade de 43% e 37% e mantidas em temperatura de 10 ºC.

Photoacoustic Study of Fungal Disease of Acai (Euterpe oleracea) Seeds

Photoacoustic spectroscopy is introduced as a promising experimental technique to investigate fungus infected Acai (Euterpe oleracea) seeds. Photoacoustic spectra of healthy and infected Acai seeds with the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides were recorded firstly in the modulation frequency range of 5Hz to 700 Hz, while keeping the wavelength of excitation radiation of a Xe arc-lamp constant, to ascertain the depth of penetration of infection within the seed and secondly, at variable wavelength (wavelength scanning) in the interval 250nm to 1,000 nm, while keeping the modulation frequency constant. In the former, the photoacoustic signal strength from the infected seed was found higher than that of the healthy one, and has been associated with the appearance of new biomolecules associated with the pathogen infection. In the latter, characteristics peaks and bands were observed in the range from 650 nm to 900 nm ascribed to organic compounds with carboxylates and amines (functional groups) forming the typical metabolic structures of the fungus.