Cream Formulation Research Articles

Unveiling Garlic's Arsenal: A Comprehensive Review of Antifungal and Antibacterial Cream

Garlic (Allium sativum) has long been recognized for its medicinal properties, particularly its antimicrobial effects. In this comprehensive review, we explore the therapeutic potential of garlic in the formulation of creams targeting fungal and bacterial infections. We discuss the rising prevalence of fungal infections, particularly those caused by Candida species, and the challenges they pose in healthcare settings. Furthermore, we delve into the diverse biochemical composition of garlic, including sulfur compounds, enzymes, carbohydrates, minerals, amino acids, flavonoids, and vitamins, which contribute to its antimicrobial activity. The synthesis of allicin, a key bioactive compound in garlic, and its mechanism of action against various pathogens are elucidated. Additionally, we examine the dermatological applications of topical garlic in treating fungal skin infections, wound healing, antioxidant protection, UVB shielding, and anti-aging benefits. Clinical evidence supporting the efficacy of garlic extracts in managing viral skin conditions is also discussed. Finally, we highlight the need for further research and clinical trials to fully explore garlic's therapeutic potential, safety profile, and optimal formulations, thereby enhancing patient outcomes in the management of infectious diseases.

Herbal Skin Magic: Crafting Vanishing Cream with Nature's Best

In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift in the skincare industry towards the use of natural ingredients, driven by consumer demand for safer, eco-friendly alternatives. This research paper explores the formulation and evaluation of a novel vanishing cream enriched with botanical extracts renowned for their skincare benefits. Moringa oleifera, known for its antioxidant properties and rich nutrient profile, serves as a foundational ingredient, complemented by turmeric, celebrated for its anti-inflammatory and brightening effects. Aloe vera, prized for its soothing and hydrating properties, joins the blend alongside ginger, valued for its toning and revitalizing qualities. Lemon oil, renowned for its astringent and clarifying properties, completes the botanical ensemble. The vanishing cream formulation process involves meticulous optimization to achieve the desired texture, stability, and efficacy. Each ingredient is carefully selected and balanced to synergistically enhance the overall performance of the cream. Physicochemical analysis, encompassing parameters such as pH, viscosity, and spreadability, provides insights into the cream's quality attributes and consumer acceptability. Furthermore, the formulated vanishing cream undergoes comprehensive evaluation through in vitro and in vivo studies to assess its skincare efficacy. In vitro assays investigate the cream's ability to hydrate the skin, control sebum production, and neutralize free radicals. In vivo studies involve human volunteers to assess the cream's performance in real-world conditions, including its moisturizing effect, sebum absorption, and overall skin appearance. The results of the research demonstrate the potential of the formulated vanishing cream to address key skincare concerns, including hydration, oiliness, and overall skin health. By harnessing the power of natural ingredients, the cream offers consumers a safe, effective, and sustainable solution for their skincare needs. The findings of this research contribute to the growing body of scientific literature on natural skincare formulations and highlight the importance of botanicals in cosmetic innovation

Formulation and Evaluation of Ethosomal Cream containing Resveratrol for the Treatment of Contact Dermatitis

Objective: The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate ethosomal cream containing resveratrol for the treatment of contact dermatitis. Method: Resveratrol-loaded ethosome was prepared using cold method. The prepared ethosomes were assessed for entrapment efficiency (%), TEM analysis and sedimentation rate to determine the optimal formulation for loading into cream base. The selected formulation was further investigated for particle size distribution and zeta potential. A cream base was formulated using fusion and trituration method and selected for loading with the ethosomal suspension, meeting specification suitable for topical delivery. Ethosomal cream formulations were evaluated for drug content, ex -vitro diffusion by using goat skin, skin retention, microbiological study and stability study. Result and Discussion: The formulation E3 was selected for loading in the optimized cream base (F4) to obtain a topical cream containing ethosomes of resveratrol. The release study reveals that release was controlled for the 24 hours. The drug release in buffer was less than 17% from all the formulations after 24 hours. The drug content of resveratrol in goat skin and cream remained in donor compartment indicates that the drug retention in skin was high in all the formulations, which is desirable for the topical formulations. The best possible release kinetics of the formulation loaded with resveratrol containing ethosomes was found to be zero order. The ‘n’ value from Peppas’s model indicated that the drug release was by Fickian diffusion. Stability study indicates that all the cream formulations were stable after a time period of one month. Conclusion: The present study conclusively supported that ethosomal cream containing resveratrol to be an advantageous topical drug delivery system in treatment of ACD. However detail in- vivo study should be conducted in future to be justify the in- vitro study. Keywords: Resveratrol, Ethosome, Cream, Contact dermatitis.

Development and Validation of a RP-HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Silver Sulfadiazine and Sodium Hyaluronate in the Presence of Methyl and Propyl Paraben in a Pharmaceutical Cream for Burns.

A direct and precise isocratic RP-HPLC method for simultaneous determination of silver sulfadiazine (SSD) and sodium hyaluronate (SH) in the presence of methyl (MP) and propyl parabens (PP) was developed and validated. Agilent chromatograph with X-Select C18 column (250 × 4.6mm2, 5μm) was used. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.05M phosphate buffer (pH5.0 to which added triethyl amine 0.5ml/L), at a ratio 35: 65v/v. Elution was used at flow rate of 1.0mL/min at ambient temperature with UV detection at 205nm. The retention times for SH, SSD, MP and PP were 1.49, 3.3, 6.7 and 19.5min, respectively. The presented chromatographic method was fully validated in accordance with ICH requirements, it was valid over linearity ranges of (0.80-100.00μg/mL) and (3.20-100.00μg/mL) for SSD and SH, respectively. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve ranges and the sensitivity of the method, as the limits of detection and quantification for each active ingredient was also determined. The validated method was successfully applied for the quantification of SSD and SH in pharmaceutical cream formulation and the mean recovery %±SD were 100.93 ± 0.985 and 100.05 ± 0.668 for SSD and SH; respectively, indicating satisfactory accuracy of the method.

Photodegradation of indomethacin and naproxen contained within commercial products for skin – RAP

Patient can be exposed to the photodegradation products of a drug after skin application of topical formulations. NSAIDs, with analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, are known for the potential photoinstability, and are applied often in the form of creams, gels or liquids, commonly used among athletes, elderly people, geriatric patients and patients treated with multidrug therapies. Susceptibility to photodegradation hazard of those group arises the need for development of a new approach, with the ability to evaluate the patient safety.We planned to use a rapid assessment procedure (RAP) of safety by testing the photostability of popular skin medicinal products. This method, proposed many years ago by WHO, is now reintroduced to analytical applications in industry, when emergency drugs (e.g. for Covid) are implemented to the market in accelerated procedures. In the health care system, qualitative evaluation of drugs is extremely valuable, therefore we have planned to identify photodegradation using the FTIR method - infrared spectroscopy and DSC - differential scanning calorimetry, whilst the risk of formation of genotoxic products using the Ames test. We have successfully demonstrated that changes in the chemical structure and physical form of both pure APIs and drug products containing the API be assessed in a short time. Another advantage of our work is the combination of the developed results from FTIR/NIR spectra with statistical analysis. As a result, full and quick qualitative assessment of the effects of photoexposure of selected NSAIDs is performed, fortunately showing no mutagenicity. Due to the popularity of NSAIDs applied to the skin, a gel containing naproxen and spray with indomethacin were selected for testing. The analysis carried out for various formulations of both preparations allows us to demonstrate the universality of the applied RAP methods in assessing the risk of hazard to the patient, thus we present research results that expand or widen the knowledge and assessment of risks related to the use of drugs on the skin.

Efficacy and Safety of Amorolfine Lotion 0.25% w/v Compared to Amorolfine Cream 0.25% w/w in Patients With Superficial Fungal Infections of the Skin: A Multi-center, Randomized, Open-Label, Active-Controlled, Non-inferiority Phase III Clinical Trial.

Dermatophytosis, a major cause of superficial fungal infections, requires topical and systemic antifungals. Amorolfine, a morpholine derivative, is a new topical antifungal available in cream and lotion formulations. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of amorolfine lotion 0.25% compared to amorolfine cream 0.25% in patients with dermatophytosis. A multi-center randomized, two-arm, active-controlled, parallel, non-inferiority phase III clinical trial involving 284 dermatophytosis patients was conducted, with the test arm using amorolfine lotion and the reference arm using amorolfine cream. The study drugs were applied once daily in the evening for four weeks and patients were followed up for another two weeks. The primary endpoint was clinical cure, while secondary endpoints included mycological cure, composite cure, global efficacy assessment, and post-treatment relapse. Safety and tolerability were assessed. Amongst the enrolled patients, 69.9% and 68.1% of patients had tinea corporis, while 30.1% and 31.9% had tinea cruris. The majority of patients in both groups (99.3% test and 97% reference) achieved a clinical cure at the end of treatment. Mycological cure was achieved by 98.6% and 96.3% respectively. A composite cure was achieved by 98.6% in the test arm versus 96.3% in the reference arm. A total of two AEs were reported in two (1.4%) patients in the test group and three AEs were reported in three (2.1%) patients in the reference group, all of the AEs were mild and resolved within three days without supportive medication. No severe adverse effects were reported in any of the study subjects. Amorolfine lotion 0.25% w/v showed a non-inferior clinical, mycological, and composite cure in dermatophytosis patients, was well-tolerated, and had a similar safety profile to amorolfine cream 0.25% w/w.

Microwave-assisted extraction of Tiliacora triandra leaves for functional ice cream production

Ice cream is widely enjoyed by consumers of all ages, but its high sugar and fat content may have adverse effects on health. This research aims to develop a functional form of ice cream by incorporating Tiliacora triandra leaves, which are rich in antioxidants. The substances from the leaves were extracted using high-power microwaves at 600 W for 30 sec, repeated three times. These extracts were then incorporated into the ice cream recipe, which utilized skim milk powder instead of fresh milk and stevia syrup instead of sugar. The antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and ABTS assays, while the total phenolic compounds were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The findings indicated that ice cream supplemented with the extract at a 20% leaf ratio (T20) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS, with values of 54.30 ± 1.42% and 73.83 ± 1.90%, respectively. Additionally, the highest total phenolic compounds content was observed at 3.48 ± 0.10 mg GAE/g sample. The addition of T. triandra leaf extract resulted in a significantly darker green color and a firmer texture. However, the ice cream’s ability to resist melting showed slight change. Sensory assessment revealed that ice cream enhanced with 5% (T5) and 10% leaf ratios (T10) of the extract received higher scores for taste, color, odor, and overall acceptance compared to T20, and showed no difference from the control (T0). These finding suggest that T10 could serve as a viable alternative for health-conscious consumers seeking functional ice cream options.

Effects of Phyllanthus niruri antiseptic skin cream on surgical wounds in Felis catus after ovariosalpingohysterectomy

Studies highlight the cost-effectiveness and lower adverse effects of herbal remedies than allopathic medicines, making them attractive amidst growing microbial resistance concerns. This investigation explored the in vitro antiseptic properties of Phyllanthus niruri alcoholic extract (EA) against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus spp., and Candida albicans. Various in vitro methods were employed, including disk diffusion, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentration (MBC/MFC). A skin cream formulation using P. niruri was developed, undergoing in vivo trials on ten feline subjects post-ovariosalpingohysterectomy (OSH). Felines were treated with P. niruri skin cream (100mg/ml), with 0.1% aqueous chlorhexidine as the positive control. Skin assessments included hyperemia, crust, edema, and exudation. Inhibition was observed in vitro at various EA concentrations, and cytotoxicity analysis showed no harm. The P. niruri skin cream at 100mg/ml exhibited consistent outcomes, with a minor deviation from the fifth day onwards, without compromising therapeutic efficacy (Tukey test, p < 0.05). The formulation demonstrated stable physical-chemical properties with no adverse feline reactions. These findings suggest the skin cream's in vivo antimicrobial potential as a future antiseptic alternative.

Ethanol Extract of Chromolaena odorata Leaves in Ointment Form: Evaluating Its Efficacy in Healing Excisional Wounds in Male White Rats

The leaves of Chromolaena odorata (C. odorata), which have been traditionally employed by the coastal communities of Aceh for the treatment of small wounds, have significant concentrations of flavonoids and phenolics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an ointment made from ethanol extract of C. odorata leaves in boosting wound healing and increasing the growth and expression of fibroblasts and Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF-BB) in excision wounds of male white rats. On the 15th day, there was a decrease in the size of the wound as follows: The closure rates for Betadine® were measured at 96.07%, whereas the control group had a cure rate of 38.12%. The ointments containing C. odorata extract at concentrations of 4%, 6%, and 8% showed closure rates of 80.93%, 95.38%, and 95.75% respectively. The statistical analysis showed that there was no significant distinction between the 6% and 8% concentrations of the extract and Betadine®. On the seventh day, the number of fibroblast cells per field was 70.60 for Betadine®, 69.20 for the 6% extract, and 48.00 for the control. There were no significant differences between Betadine® and the 6% extract. On day 14, the expression of PDGF-BB was observed. The number of cells per field was 125.20 for Betadine®, 106.40 for the control, and 123.80 for the 6% extract. The results of the extract were similar to those of Betadine®. The results of this study demonstrate that the ointment made from the ethanol extract of C. odorata leaves effectively improves the healing of wounds, stimulates the activity of fibroblasts, and increases the production of PDGF-BB. These effects are comparable to the effectiveness of Betadine® in treating excisional wounds. Keywords: Chromolaena odorata, excision wounds, fibroblasts, PDGF BB expression

Refining the rheological characteristics of high drug loading ointment via SDS and machine learning.

This paper presents an optimized preparation process for external ointment using the Definitive Screening Design (DSD) method. The ointment is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula developed by Professor WYH, a renowned TCM practitioner in Jiangsu Province, China, known for its proven clinical efficacy. In this study, a stepwise regression model was employed to analyze the relationship between key process factors (such as mixing speed and time) and rheological parameters. Machine learning techniques, including Monte Carlo simulation, decision tree analysis, and Gaussian process, were used for parameter optimization. Through rigorous experimentation and verification, we have successfully identified the optimal preparation process for WYH ointment. The optimized parameters included drug ratio of 24.5%, mixing time of 8 min, mixing speed of 1175 rpm, petroleum dosage of 79 g, liquid paraffin dosage of 6.7 g. The final ointment formulation was prepared using method B. This research not only contributes to the optimization of the WYH ointment preparation process but also provides valuable insights and practical guidance for designing the preparation processes of other TCM ointments. This advanced DSD method enhances the screening approach for identifying the best preparation process, thereby improving the scientific rigor and quality of TCM ointment preparation processes.

The Formulation, Development And Evaluation Of Ointment For Anti-Inflammatory Activity

The search for safer anti-inflammatory agents has led to exploration of natural sources such as curcumin and fenugreek. Curcumin, derived from Curcuma longa, and α-linolenic acid from Trigonella foenum-graecum, exhibit significant anti-inflammatory properties. This study focuses on formulating an ointment utilizing these extracts for topical application. Molecular docking techniques were employed to assess the binding affinities of curcumin and α-linolenic acid. The ointment was prepared using various bases and preservatives, and its physicochemical properties were evaluated. Stability studies revealed consistent properties under different temperature conditions. Characterization of the drug extracts and ointment formulations was conducted to ensure efficacy and safety. The ointment showed promising results in terms of stability and efficacy, particularly formulation F2, suggesting its potential as a topical anti-inflammatory therapy with improved patient compliance

Effect of Ducrosia anethifolia methanol extract against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms on excision wound in diabetic mice.

Ducrosia anethifolia is an aromatic desert plant used in Saudi folk medicine to treat skin infections. It is widely found in Middle Eastern countries. A methanolic extract of the plant was prepared, and its phytoconstituents were determined using LC-MS. In-vitro and in-vivo antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the methanolic extract were evaluated against multidrug-resistant bacteria. The cytotoxic effect was assessed using HaCaT cell lines in-vitro. Diabetic mice were used to study the in-vivo antibiofilm and wound healing activity using the excision wound method. More than 50 phytoconstituents were found in the extract after LC-MS analysis. The extract exhibited antibacterial activity against both the tested pathogens. The extract was free of irritant effects on mice skin, and no cytotoxicity was observed on HaCaT cells with an IC50 value of 1381 µg/ml. The ointment formulation of the extract increased the healing of diabetic wounds. The microbial load of both pathogens in the wounded tissue was also reduced after the treatment. The extract was more effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) than MDR-P. aeruginosa in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Further, skin regeneration was also observed in histological studies. The results showed that D. anethifolia methanol extract supports wound healing in infected wounds in diabetic mice through antibacterial, antibiofilm, and wound healing activities.

Types of ultraviolet filters and their combination used in sunscreen determine the appropriate sun protection factor values in vivo

Background The application of sunscreen has been shown to prevent the detrimental effects of ultraviolet. The effectiveness of a sunscreen formulation protection against ultraviolet B is measured by sun protection factor (SPF) and its value determined by in vivo testing is still the gold standard. The consistency between the in vivo and in vitro SPF values is still interesting to investigate, including the influencing factors. Objective To analyze the correlation between the products’ manufacturer estimation in vitro SPF value with the in vivo SPF value and assessing determinant factors that may influence the in vivo SPF value. Patients and methods Ten sunscreen products from various manufacturers were tested in vivo using The European Cosmetic Toiletry and Perfumery Association (COLIPA) method. All the tested products in this study have the manufacturer’s estimated SPF value determined based on in vitro test conducted by the manufacturer. The Spearman correlation test was used for data analysis. Results All sunscreen products had the estimated SPF values of 30 and 50, for five products each. Nine products were in cream formulations and one in lotion formulation, as ‘day cream’ and ‘BB cream,’ respectively. Six sunscreen products had lower in vivo SPF values compared with the manufacturer’s SPF value estimation, whereas four products had shown higher values. Although statistical analysis showed P value of 0.63 that indicates no significant correlation between both of the SPF values. Several products with the appropriate and higher in vivo SPF values contain octocrylene as a photostabilizer and additional coating materials such as stearic acid, aluminum hydroxide, and alumina. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the appropriateness of the in vivo SPF value to in vitro-estimated SPF value may be influenced by the photostabilizer substance and combination with additional coating materials also can increase stability and efficacy of the products.

Coamorphous meropenem:arginine in topical ointment formulation

Coamorphous meropenem:arginine in topical ointment formulation

Development and Microbiological Evaluation of Natural Diaper Rash (Diaper Dermatitis) Cream Formulations

Backround: Rosa damascena Mill, released into the environment as waste in rose products production facilities, contains antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiseptic phenolic components. It is the development of an effective natural cream formulation for baby diaper rash by taking advantage of the antimicrobial properties of rose pulp and adding natural ingredients (zinc oxide ZnO, natural oils, and beeswax). Material and Methods: The emulsification method was used to prepare diaper rash cream formulations. Rotational type viscosity determination was performed to examine the rheological behavior of the formulations. In selecting the optimum formulation, pH, viscosity, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, and physical appearance of the product were considered. To examine its stability properties, its stability was examined in three different environments in line with ICH directives for 6months. The optimum DR-C-7 formulation was subjected to physicochemical and stability tests. Results: It was observed that the DR-C-7 formulation had a viscosity between 9,820 and 26,130 (Pa.s) in terms of rheological properties. As a result of the challenge test, no microbiological units were found. At the end of a 6-month stability study under different conditions, it was observed that it retained all its features. Conclusion: It was concluded that R. damascena pulp, which has important phenolic contents such as phenylethyl alcohol, flavonoids, and terpenoids, can be used for thick products such as diaper rash cream with its antioxidant antimicrobial properties.

Development and Evaluation of Polyherbal Hair Dye Formulation

Background and objectives: Hair care products including hair dye play an important role in the maintenance and enhancement of appearance and overall wellbeing of the hair. Most of the hair dye available in the market contains harmful chemicals that may cause allergic reactions or irritation of the scalp. The objective of this study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of hair dye as creams and gels with different shades by using herbs. Methodology: The collected plants were authenticated, and shade dried. Then, extractions were done using water, ethanol, and methanol. Preliminary testing was conducted to obtain burgundy, brown and black by manipulating the ratios. Later, almond oil, coconut oil, beeswax and Carbopol-934 gel were added to ease the penetration. Finally, accelerated stability studies were done to check the physical and microbial stability of the product. Results: Eight different shades of hair dye were formulated in gel and cream form. Among them gel formulation F5 and F6 as well as the cream formulations F1, F2, F3, F4, F7 and F8 demonstrated good staining and better colour intensity. The accelerated stability studies of F1 to F8 revealed that there is no change in the physical evaluation and no evidence of microbial contamination. Conclusion: The output of this research is suitable for all races and age group because it is not a permanent hair dye that might have a restriction for some groups of races. As such, this hair dye is fully formulated with natural sources by considering in the reduction of severe side effects to the consumers.

Formulation and Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Ointment Containing Moringa oleifera Leaves Extract

Formulation and Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Ointment Containing Moringa oleifera Leaves Extract

Pelatihan Pembuatan Deterjen Cair Untuk Pakaian Bagi Warga Wonosalam, Ngaglik, Yogyakarta

Detergent is a cleaning material widely used in households. It comes in liquid, cream, and powder forms. Despite having the same function, they differ in their forms. Previously, liquid soap was only used for cleaning kitchen utensils, but now it is also used for laundry purposes because it is practical and removes oil stains effectively. The examination turns out that making liquid detergent is easy and people can make this themselves at a low cost. In order to expand the knowledge of PKK Mother’s Association in RT05 RW09, Wonosalam, Sukoharjo, Ngaglik, Sleman, Yogyakarta, the head of the RT05 proposed the Head of LPPM to grant permission for instructors from the Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering at IST AKPRIND to provide training on making liquid detergent for laundry on Sunday, October 9, 2022. The community service activity conducted to provide knowledge on how to economically produce liquid detergent compared to products sold in the market, and ensure that this knowledge can serve as a foundation for entrepreneurship. The activity is carried out through the stages of licensing, training, and mentoring that provide information on economical side of liquid detergent, the materials that can be used, and the steps of production. Participants in this community service activity practicing making liquid detergent under the guidance of expert from IST AKPRIND. The training process runs smoothly, with many mom enthusiastically participating.

Formulation, characterization, and antibacterial testing of cream supplemented with Aloe vera (Aloe vera L.) gel and Nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus L.) rhizome ethanol extract

Various brands and forms offer a wide array of cream-based cosmetic products. However, only some of these products meet safety specifications. <em>Aloe vera</em> and nutgrass, two plants rich in bioactive compounds, possess anti-inflammatory, soothing, and antibacterial properties, making them ideal for health-safe cosmetic formulations. This research was conducted to develop antibacterial cream formulations incorporating these natural additives. The study focused on quality, organoleptic testing, and the formulated cream's antibacterial assessment. The research methodology encompassed several key processes: preparation of <em>Aloe vera</em> gel and nutgrass rhizome ethanol extract, formulation of the cream, quality testing by SNI 16-6069-1999 standards, organoleptic testing as per SNI 01-2346-2006, and antibacterial activity testing using <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> ATCC 25923 and <em>Escherichia coli</em> ATCC 25922 bacterial strains. Results indicated that the cream formula enriched with <em>Aloe vera</em> gel and nutgrass rhizome ethanol extract meets the standards for skin-lightening creams and exhibits significant antibacterial capabilities. Furthermore, it was observed that the antibacterial effectiveness of the cream increases with the concentration of the nutgrass rhizome ethanol extract. These findings highlight the potential for integrating natural ingredients into modern cosmetic formulations, providing therapeutic and aesthetic benefits. This approach not only ensures compliance with safety standards but also leverages the natural properties of <em>Aloe vera</em> and nutgrass to enhance the product's functionality in skin care applications

Formulation and Evaluation of Belt Leaf Extract Cream Preparation with Varied Concentrations Of 96% Ethanol as Anti-Septic

The betel leaf plant (Piperis betle Linn) is a plant that is very easy to find in the surrounding environment. One of the benefits of the betel leaf plant is for treatment as an antiseptic because it contains flavonoid compounds. In order to make it easier for users to use betel leaves (Piperis betle Linn) as an antiseptic, the leaves are extracted with 96% ethanol and then formulated in cream form. This research aims to determine the results of concentration variations on the antiseptic activity of 96% ethanol extract cream from betel leaves on wound healing. Betel leaves (Piperis betle Linn) were extracted using the maceration method using 96% ethanol. Then the extract is made into a cream mass with varying concentrations of the active substance of 4%, 8% and 12%. The results of research on the formulation and evaluation of betel leaf extract cream can be concluded that betel leaves can be formulated as an antiseptic. The results of the physical evaluation show that the betel leaf extract cream has the best preparation in formula II with a concentration of 4% because the cream is included in the test range).