Oily Spotting Research Articles

Preferential inhibition of α-amylase by cinnamaldehyde-based hydrazones: A comparative study

The escalating issue of obesity and related health conditions, including diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease, necessitates the development of digestive enzyme inhibitors. Targeting pancreatic lipase to inhibit fatty acid generation to attain reduced lipid absorption is a promising approach for identifying effective agents. Orlistat, the only clinically approved pancreatic lipase inhibitor, is associated with gastrointestinal side effects like oily stools, spotting, and flatulence. Concurrently, α-amylase inhibitors can mitigate rapid spikes in blood sugar levels. With the growing significance of natural products in pharmaceutical research, cinnamaldehyde has been recognized as a potential enzyme inhibitor. This study explores the effects of cinnamaldehyde-derived hydrazone Schiff bases on lipase and α-amylase through in vitro experiments. The synthesized compounds exhibited IC50 value for lipase in the same range ((0.41–12.58) × 10−8 M) as exhibited by the commercial drug orlistat (5.76 × 10−8 M). However, for α-amylase inhibition, the compounds (IC50 value = 0.37–9.54 × 10−9 M) were found effective inhibitors of acarbose (IC50 value = 6.76 × 10−6 M) and curcumin (IC50 value = 467 × 10−9 M). In silico DFT studies, molecular docking, drug likeliness, bioactivity score, ADME, and toxicity are also investigated for these compounds.

Lactic Acid Bacteria in the Management of Oily Spot Disease of Pomegranate.

The bacterial pathogen of oily spot disease, a major threat to pomegranate growers, was isolated from infected plant parts of pomegranate collected from orchards in Maharashtra, India. The pathogen was identified as Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (Xap) following phenotypic and molecular characterization by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. It produced pectinase, cellulase, xylanase in medium and in experimentally inoculated tissues with pathogen where pectinase activity was maximum (32.2U/g). Pearson correlation analysis showed a perfect positive correlation (P < 0.05) between enzyme activity and disease rating scale. This indicates the co-synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes that aid in tissue degradation and suggests their role as virulence factors. Out of 150 indigenously isolated lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris PB6, Lactobacillus brevis PFR77 and L. lactis subsp. cremoris PFL9, the potent antagonists of Xap, were used in the management of bacterial blight. Under laboratory conditions, cell formulation of PB6, PFR77 and PFL9 were equally effective (P > 0.05) and significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the infection in fruits. Under field conditions, the disease severity index for the treatments where plants received a spray of PB6 with streptocycline, was lowest (4.61%) as compared to cells (15.74%), culture supernatant (20.66%) and their integrated treatments (21.38%), and streptocycline (15.37%) treatments. However, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was noticed between cells and streptocycline treatments, thus, indicating the effectiveness of LAB in treating bacterial blight. This is the first report on the use of antagonistic LAB for the control of oily spot disease of pomegranate.

Wear Analysis of Four Different Single-File Reciprocating Instruments before and after Four Uses in Simulated Root Canals

The aim of this study is to assess the surface alterations of four reciprocating instruments before and after the shaping of four resin-simulated root canals. The following four different reciprocating instruments are selected: 10 Reciproc Blue (RB25), 10 WaveOne Gold (WOG), 10 EdgeOne Fire (EOF) and 10 recently introduced instruments OneRECI (OR), for a total of 40 new instruments. Before root canal shaping, each instrument is mounted on a stub in a standardized position and observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to detect any surface alteration, such as microfractures, metal defects, deformations, blunt and disruption of cutting edges, debris, pitting and tip flattening. Micrographs are acquired at the level of the tip, 4 mm, 8 mm and 12 mm from it. After that, each instrument is used in four simulated resin root canals. SEM observation was repeated after the simulated clinical use to assess the wear resistance of the instruments. Surface alterations are registered before and after instrumentation and statistical analysis is performed using a Chi-Square test to verify homogeneity of defects distribution and GLM to evaluate the differences of RMS at baseline and after use for both groups (α level 0.05). Before simulated clinical uses, no alterations are found except for three cases of EOF with metal strips in correspondence to the tip, disruption of the cutting edge of WOG and oily spotting on two different OR. After simulated clinical use, EOF shows a statistically significant difference in terms of spiral distortion and flattening of the cutting edges. The OR shows the highest presence of debris despite the ultrasonic cleaning procedures. No instrument fractures are observed. EOF should be discarded after four clinical uses and carefully inspected after each insertion into root canals. Moreover, tough attention should be paid during disinfection and cleaning procedures after instrumentation considering the copious debris detected in each instrument, particularly in OR.

Evaluation of anti-diabetic activity of different extracts of Corchorus trilocularis in STZ induced diabetes in rats

Aim- The main aim of the present study is to evaluate the anti-diabetic study of different extracts of Corchorus trilocularis in STZ induced diabetes in rats. Material and Methods- Powdered drug 500 gm was weighed and packed in soxhlet. The drug was continuously extracted with petroleum ether for about 72 hours. Complete defatting was ensured by placing a drop form the thimble on a filter paper give any oily spot. The mark was dried in air to remove traces of petroleum ether. Defatted mark was subjected to extraction with ethyl acetate in soxhlet apparatus and then again extracted by using ethanol, butanol and finally by using water. Acute oral toxicity test was carried out according to the OECD guideline No. 423. After fasting 18 hours, the rats were injected intraperitoneal injection through tail vein with a single dose of 40 mg/kg Streptozocin, freshly dissolved in citrate buffer (pH 4.5). Then serum samples were also used to analyze for serum Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) and Very Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (VLDL-C) and atherogenic index (AI). Results- Petroleum ether, ethanolic and butanolic extracts had moderately significant effects (p&lt;0.01) on 14th and 21st days. However, aqueous extracts showed significant effect (p&lt;0.05) in glucose levels. The effect of aqueous extract is very less as compared to other extracts. Conclusion- The present investigation comprises of the phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of leaves of Corchorus trilocularis for the antidiabetic activity. Keywords- Anti-diabetic, Different extracts, Corchorus trilocularis, STZ induced diabetes, (HDL-C), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), Very Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (VLDL-C)

Karakterisasi Mikoriza di Kawasan Hutan Desa Fatusene Kecamatan Miomaffo Timur Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara

The existence of allegations about the presence of various mycorrhizae in the forest area of Fatusene Village, East Miomaffo District, North Central Timor Regency, is a benchmark for assessing the characterization of mycorrhizae in the area. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify mycorrhizae in the forest area of Fatusene Village, East Miomaffo District, North Central Timor Regency. Mycorrhizal identification begins with sampling the soil under the tree stands using the quadratic method. Soil samples were taken randomly at three points per observation plot with a depth of 0-30 cm from the base of the tree trunk. Separation of spores from soil samples was carried out using a wet sieve technique. Data analysis was carried out descriptively by identifying morphological characters including the shape and color of the spores. The results of mycorrhizal research found in the research location of the forest area of Fatusene Village are endomycorrhizal types, especially arbuscular vesicles. Characterization of mycorrhizal spores showed that there were three different spore genera in soil samples, namely the genus Glomus, Gigaspora and Acaulospora. The three genus found in the soil samples at the study location were present in each dominant tree with different numbers of individuals. The spores of the three mycorrhizal genus found at the study site were 65 spores, with the distribution of 35 spores genus Glomus, 20 spores genus Acaulospora and 10 spores the genus Gigaspora. The characters the genus glomus are round, slightly round, oval and brown and dark brown in, have hyphae and are equipped with oily fluid spots on cook spores. The characters the genus Acaulospora are round and oval in shape, blackish brown in color, brownish red and brownish yellow, have several layers of cell walls, one of which is dark in color. The characters the genus Gigaspora are irregular in shape, somewhat round and round, yellow, brownish yellow, to yellowish brown, large in size and black spore walls. Conclusion The mycorrhizae found in the study site were endomycorrhizal, especially arbuscular vesicles which consisted of 3 genera, namely Glomus, Acaulospora and Gigaspora. The characters of the genus glomus are round to oval in shape, dark brown in color, have hyphae and spotting of oil. The characters the genus Acaulospora are round and oblong, brownish yellow in color, have several layers of cell walls. The genus Gigaspora is slightly round and round, yellowish brown in color, large and black spore walls.

Начальное изучение Байкальской нефти

At the initial stage of the hydrocarbon study in the Baikal and the Baikal region, information about the signs of oil and gas was recorded. The occurence of hydrocarbons has been found after the oily spots on the lake water and ozokerite finds on the lake shores. By the end of the XIX century, no serious attempts to explor this natural resource have been taken.

POCU1b, the n-Butanol Soluble Fraction of Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix, Attenuates Obesity, Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver, and Insulin Resistance via Inhibitions of Pancreatic Lipase, cAMP-Dependent PDE Activity, AMPK Activation, and SOCS-3 Suppression.

This study investigated the effects of the n-BuOH soluble fraction of Polygoni Cuspidati 80% ethanol extract (POCU1b) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), and insulin resistance (IR) to find a safe and more effective agent. HPLC profiling of POCU1b identified seven marker compounds. POCU1b increased glycerol release, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level, and inhibited phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. Seven weeks of POCU1b treatment decreased body weight gain, weight and adipocyte size in fat tissues, serum lipids, and triglyceride and lipid droplets in the livers of HFD-fed rats. POCU1b improved blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, and impaired insulin secretion in the pancreas. Further, POCU1b ameliorated adiponectin, leptin, IL-6 and TNF-α levels, increased AMPK and p-ACC expression, activated CPT-1 activity, and suppressed FAS mRNA, SOCS-3 protein expression, and NF-κB DNA-binding activity. When compared with the Xenical®-treated group, a positive group, the action of POCU1b on body weight was more effective than that of Xenical. POCU1b did not show side effects, such as oily spotting and loss of appetite. These results suggest that POCU1b possesses therapeutic or preventive potential for obesity, NAFL and IR via inhibitions of pancreatic lipase and cAMP-dependent PDE activity, AMPK activation, and SOCS-3 suppression, without oily spotting and loss of appetite.

Comparision of Efficacy and Safety of Orlistat vs Placebo in Obese Patients in Pakistan.

IntroductionObesity has become a rising health concern in Pakistan. Several primary measures, such as dietary restrictions and regular exercise, are taken to limit the severe consequences of obesity. Still, such measures alone have been proven to be often short term and therefore, inadequate. In this study, we will evaluate the role of pharmacological management via orlistat in obesity.Methods and MaterialsA total of 120 patients were enrolled in this study and were divided randomly into two groups (drug arm and placebo arm) of 60 patients each. A standard dose of 120 mg capsules of orlistat given three times a day was administered to the participants of the drug arm group. A placebo was given to the participants in the second group. Baseline investigations were conducted on day 0 of the study, and follow-up visits were planned to take place in week 24 for all participants. Any side effects or adverse events were inquired about and documented in these visits.ResultsIn the orlistat arm, we noted a significant reduction in both body mass index (BMI) (0.04) and waist circumference (0.04). Reduction in weight was more in the orlistat arm than in the placebo arm. However, it is non-significant when compared between day 0 and week 24. Adverse events, such as oily spotting (31.91%), flatus with discharge (27.65%), faecal urgency (25.53%) and fatty stool (35.553%), were significantly higher in the orlistat arm.ConclusionOrlistat has shown positive results in reducing weight, BMI and waist circumference; however, patients should be counselled about potential side effects caused by the mechanism of action of Orlistat.

Weight Lowering Medications to Alter Morphological Indices: A Cross-Sectional Study among Saudi Females

Introduction: Obesity has become a large health problem globally and a major risk factor contributing to a number of diseases. It is suggested in Saudi Arabia for obese adults to use Orlistat and Metformin; in addition to dieting and doing physical activity. However, there are limited studies on the regular practices of weight-loss among Saudi people especially with the aid of weight lowering medication. Objectives: The aims of this study are to evaluate the practice of using weight lowering medications and to describe self-reported side effects of using these medications among Saudi females. Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out on Saudi females whom were approached to answer a set of self-administered questionnaires. The survey covers several aspects that will aid the study’s topic such as the demographic data, previous or current use of weight loss medication and any side effects from using the medication. The collected data were then analyzed using SPSS program. Results: There were 820 participants (647 electronic submissions and 173 by paper). The results showed that among them 21.3% were using weight lowering medication, while dieting and exercising were the main methods used to lose weight (64.1% and 61.5% respectively). In addition, the most common drug used for losing weight was Orlistat (26.4%). Furthermore, the most frequent self-reported side effect for using these kinds of drugs was oily spotting (25.9%). Interpretation and conclusion: Saudi females were found to use weight lowering medications and it was related to several factors such as the BMI and the ages of participants, however dieting and exercising were the main methods reported for weight loss.

Pharmaceutical Characterization and In Vivo Evaluation of Orlistat Formulations Prepared by the Supercritical Melt-Adsorption Method Using Carbon Dioxide: Effects of Mesoporous Silica Type.

Orlistat, an anti-obesity drug, has two critical issues—the first is its low efficacy due to low water solubility and the second is side effects such as oily spotting due to its lipase inhibition. The present study was designed to propose a solution using a formulation with mesoporous silica to simultaneously overcome two issues. Orlistat was loaded onto mesoporous silica by the supercritical melt-adsorption (SCMA) method, using carbon dioxide (CO2). Various types of mesoporous silica were used as adsorbents, and the effects of the pore volume, diameter and particle size of mesoporous silica on the pharmaceutical characteristics were evaluated by various solid-state characterization methods and in vitro and in vivo studies in relation to pharmacological efficacy and the improvement of side effects. The results showed that the pore volume and diameter determine loadable drug amount inside pores and crystallinity. The dissolution was significantly influenced by crystallinity, pore diameter and particle size, and the inhibition of lipase activity was in proportion to the dissolution rate. In vivo studies revealed that the serum triglyceride (TG) concentration was significantly decreased in the group administered amorphous orlistat-loaded Neuisilin®UFL2 with the highest in vitro dissolution rate and lipase activity inhibition in comparison to the commercial product. Furthermore, oily spotting tests in rats revealed that undigested oil was adsorbed onto mesoporous silica after orlistat was released in the gastro-intestinal tract, and it correlated with in vitro result that oil adsorption capacity was dependent on the surface area of empty mesoporous silica. Therefore, it was concluded that mesoporous silica type plays a major role in determining the pharmaceutical characteristics of orlistat formulation prepared using SCMA with CO2 for improving the low solubility and overcoming the side effects.

Efficacy and Safety of Lipase Inhibitor Orlistat in Japanese with Excessive Visceral Fat Accumulation: 24-Week, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study.

IntroductionOrlistat is an inhibitor of pancreatic lipase and is used as an anti-obesity drug in many countries. However, there are no data available regarding the effects of orlistat on visceral fat accumulation in Japanese subjects. Therefore, this comparative, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of orlistat in Japanese participants with excessive visceral fat accumulation and without dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension (“metabolic diseases”).MethodsThe study population included Japanese participants with excessive visceral fat accumulation (waist circumference ≥ 85 cm in males and ≥ 90 cm in females, which corresponds to a visceral fat area of 100 cm2) and without metabolic diseases. Following a 12-week observation term, participants were randomized to the orlistat 60 mg group (n = 100) or placebo group (n = 100). Both drugs were administered orally three times daily for 24 weeks. Participants were also counseled to improve their diet and to maintain exercise throughout the study. Visceral fat area, subcutaneous fat area, waist circumference, body weight, body mass index, adverse reactions, laboratory tests, and blood pressure were regularly assessed.ResultsVisceral fat area, waist circumference, and body weight were significantly reduced in the orlistat group (mean ± standard error, − 13.50 ± 1.52%, − 2.51 ± 0.25%, and − 2.79 ± 0.30%, respectively) compared to the placebo group (− 5.45 ± 1.50%, − 1.55 ± 0.26%, and − 1.22 ± 0.28%, respectively) at the last assessment. The main adverse reactions were defecation-related symptoms including oily spotting and flatus with discharge, resulting from the pharmacological effects of orlistat. Most adverse reactions were mild, and none were serious or severe.ConclusionOrlistat administration reduced visceral fat area, waist circumference, and body weight in Japanese participants with excessive visceral fat and without metabolic diseases. In addition, safety was confirmed with a tolerable profile. Orlistat may be useful to reduce excessive visceral fat accumulation when used in combination with diet and exercise.Trial RegistrationJapan Pharmaceutical Information Center identifier, JapicCTI-184005.FundingTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.Electronic Supplementary MaterialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s12325-018-0835-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Recent advances in the production of pomegranate fruit crop

India is the world’s largest producer of pomegranates produced over 1.31 lakh ha area with an annual production of 13.46 lakh tonnes and productivity of 10.27 t/ha. In spite of this, India exports only 2.55% of its total production. There is a tremendous potential for exports of pomegranate from India. In India, Maharashtra is the main pomegranate producing state. It observed decreasing trend in area, production and productivity since 2009-10 owing to mainly the oily spot infestation and various other reasons. Since 2012-13, an increasing trend is witnessed. In the present study, efforts have been made to present and discuss recent technologies followed in the production of pomegranate fruit crop, various concepts and techniques of growing the pomegranate fruit crop i.e . propagation methods, planting systems, flowering and fruiting aspects of crop regulation, training and pruning, stress factors and their management, water and nutrient management, total quality management, etc.

889 Lemon myrtle: A new anti-seborrheic extract for multi-ethnic skins

Seborrhea is a common cosmetic issue that occurs when oversized sebaceous glands produce excessive amounts of sebum, giving the appearance of shiny and greasy skin. Sebum is made and secreted by sebaceous glands, via the differentiation and disintegration of fully mature sebocytes, a unique process termed holocrine secretion. Moreover, skin oiliness may vary according to diet, age, hot humid climates and ethnicity. Depending on new researches, ethnicity had no significant impact on level of residual skin surface components derived from sebum but, could affect sebum quality (composition and components oxidation). Convinced by the interest to act on the genesis of the sebum secretion mechanism, we have developed a new sebosuppressive agent able to modulate sebocytes differentiation, and also sebum quality. The natural Australian extract selected has been isolated from Backhousia citriodora (Lemon Myrtle leaf). Conforming its promise, Lemon myrtle extract tested on human sebocytes decrease by 32% Epithelial Membrane Antigen expression (marker of sebocyte differentiation) and so by 30% the lipid accumulation in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, two clinical studies validate Lemon Myrtle efficacy. On one hand, at 15 and 30 days, Lemon Myrtle treatment decreases significantly skin sebum content (-17% and -31% respectively) and thus surface covered by oily spots (-17% and -22% respectively). On the other hand, a sebum lipodimic analysis on ethnic volunteers (Caucasian, Asian and African-American) demonstrates that Lemon Myrtle regulates sebum composition and protects its components from oxidation. This natural extract has proven its efficiency to modulate human sebaceous terminal differentiation, characterized by cell changes, lipid droplets accumulation, nuclear degeneration and excess sebum production. Therefore, Lemon Myrtle extract is a promising sebo-regulator to act at the genesis of sebum production and to regulate sebum quality whatever the ethnicity.

Effect of the Hydric Factor and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) on the Severity of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Phytophthora colocasiae&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott is an important food for millions of people in countries of Africa, Asia and Central America. The cultivation of taro suffers from an epidemic disease, the taro mildew, caused by P. colocasiae, which is a disease that manifests itself as oily and circular spots on tubers, stems, petioles and on taro leaves causing losses of more than 50% in less than ten days. This study was carried out to evaluate the impact of this pathogen on the leaf area parameter in two varieties of taro (Ibo coco and Atangana) at different water levels, then evaluate the incidence of the disease severity on the leaves at different water levels and study the behavior of this pathogen on plants previously inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) of the genus Gigaspora magarrita and Acaullospora tuberculata. The plants were separated into three batches (control batch not infected, batch infected with pathogen and batch not only infected but also inoculated with AMF at different water contents (500 ml, 370 ml, 250 ml and 125 ml), the batch infected with the pathogen alone showed a reduction in the growth parameters compared to the control, and the inoculated and infected batch also showed a reduction in growth parameters but closer to the control. In addition, the speed of propagation of the lesion in the inoculated batch is reduced compared to that of the uninoculated batch, and this speed also decreases with the water content, as a result of which the mildew of taro develops easily. Moreover, the addition of AMF makes it possible to minimize its propagation.

Assessment of Water Quality Indices for Shatt Al-Basrah River in Basrah City, Iraq

Oil projects in the province of Basrah are widely spread and remarkably increasing as they are considered to be of a significant impact on the environment of this region in elements of air, water and soil. This is due to the presence of toxic elements in the air as a result of fuel, or waste thrown into the water. So, this research addresses to study the amount of the pollutants concentration that are discharged by Shuaiba refinery which is located in Basrah province and works for about 24 hours daily.To assess the impact of the refinery on the river, 36 water samples were collected for six months period (from December, 2014 - May, 2015) as well as field measurements and laboratory analyses in order to get appropriate solutions and proposals as much as possible. 180 field measurements have been achieved include electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, water temperature, and hydrogen ion concentration (pH). In addition, 342 water samples have been prepared to measure several physical and chemical characteristics (NH3, NH4, NO2, NO3, SO4, Cl and Ca, oil and grease, and total hardness TH) inside and outside Shuaiba refinery in the study area. Measurements of these pollutant concentrations were carried out on six sampling sites; one inside the wastewater collection tanks of the refinery and the remained five sites along the Shatt Al-Basrah River. The locations of these sites were selected according to the land use map of Landsat 8 data 2015 and the coordinates of each sample location was measured precisely by GPS. The analysis, pollutants concentration maps and their locations on the satellite image were carried out using Arc GIS 10.3 and ERDAS 2013 software. The field and laboratory test results of water samples indicated high pollutants concentrations during December, April andMay months, while there were a decreased pollutants concentration particularly during the month of March. It is noticed the high reflectivity values in areas that contain contaminants (turbidity) or oily spots with a purity of more sites. The calculations of water quality index (WQI) for all the study sites are within the range of 11.79 to 21.31. Accordingly, the overall WQI class of the study sites in Shatt Al- Basrah River can be emphasized within "poor category" in the polluted range according to studied types of water pollution. The deterioration of the Shatt Al-Basrah water quality is observed toward south of Basrah city due to the pollutants flow into the river.

Biocontrol potential of actinomycetes against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae, a causative agent for oily spot disease of pomegranate

ABSTRACTIndia is a largest producer of pomegranate with high export value. The cultivation is affected with the oily spot disease caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae infection. The present study aims to control the disease with newer biocontrol methods. Thirty-six isolates of X. axonopodis were isolated from different varieties of infected pomegranates fruits from Maharashtra. Forty strains of actinomycete were also isolated from natural sources and screened for their antagonistic activity against X. axonopodis isolates. Eight strains of actinomycete were screened out for their high antagonistic activity and were optimized for maximizing antibiotic production. The extracted compound from A5 strain exhibited maximum inhibitory activity against all the pathogenic isolates with a MIC in the range of 0.625 to 1.25 mg mL−1. It was identified as Streptomyces violaceusnige by 16SrRNA gene sequencing (Accession number KP208943). The extracted compound belonged to aminoglycosides with a molecular formula C22H28N3O6 determined by thin layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and carbon hydrogen nitrogen ratio analysis. In vivo biocontrol studies with strain A5 and its extracted compound effectively prevented the growth 36 Xanthomonas isolates inoculated on pomegranate fruits, illustrating its biocontrol potential against the oily spot disease of pomegranate.

Assessment of the genetic diversity among oily spot (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae) pathogen of pomegranate by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important fruit crop of India and other subtropical countries. Bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Punicae is becoming a major threat in Maharashtra as well as other states of India. It causes yield losses up to the extent of 80 – 90 %. This study aims to the collection of 7 strains (X. axonopodis) and utilized for assessment of genetic diversity by using RAPD markers. Whereas 7 strains of X. axonopodis were differentiated and distinguished into seven major region representing Malegaon, Nampur, Satana, Khakurdi, Ramnagar, Rahuri and Nashik region. However the genetic similarity within 7strains of X. axonopodis was ranged between 72.72-100 %. Similarly the genetic relationship of strains X. axonopodis was also established and showed 72.72 %, 72.72 %, 72.72 % 92.30%, 94.11% and 100 % similarity with region of Malegaon, Nampur, Satana, Khakurdi, Ramnagar, Rahuri and Nashik region. Average polymorphism in strains of X. axanopodis based on RAPD analysis was 84.095 %. The combine data analysis by using UPGMA method also revealed the two distinct groups representing seven strains of X. axonopodis and in first group M1 and second group R4 and subgroup RH6, N2, NS7, S3, K5, these genotypes were present respectively. Considering predominance and economic loss caused by X. axonopodis pv. punicae in pomegranate, it is an essential to undertake preliminary work on characterization of this pathogen at the molecular level.

Cucumber mosaic virus causal pathogen of oily spots on cucumber cv. Locale fruits in Mauritius - short communication

Lobin K.K., Svoboda J., Lebeda A., Dhooky D.Y., Benimadhu S.P. (2015): Cucumber mosaic virus causal pathogen of oily spots on cucumber cv. Locale fruits in Mauritius – short communication. Plant Protect. Sci., 51: 123–126. A field survey was carried out in cucumber plantations from different localities in Mauritius to identify the causal pathogen and assess incidence of oily spots on cucumber fruits cv. Locale. ELISA tests on symptomatic fruits showed the presence of CMV and ZYMV. The viruses from the genus Potyvirus PRSV and WMV-2 were not detected in the samples screened. Three types of symptoms were observed on infected cucumber fruits: distortion; distortion with oily spots, and oily spots. CMV was detected on fruits showing distortion with oily spots and those with oily spots only. ZYMV was detected in all fruits with distortion and not in those with oily spots only. The above findings showed that oily spots on fruits are caused by infection with CMV. Mechanical transmission of CMV from the oily spotted cucumber fruits to young cucumber cv. Locale plants clearly indicate the association of CMV infection with the oily spot symptoms.

Polyphenolic Compounds as Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitors.

Obesity and its associated diseases such as diabetes mellitus and coronary heart diseases are a major challenge for our society. An important target for the treatment of obesity includes the development of inhibitors of nutrient digestion and absorption. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase and the associated reduction of lipid absorption is an attractive approach for the discovery of potent agents. Currently, the only clinically approved pharmacologic agent as pancreatic lipase inhibitor is Orlistat. However, its usage is compromised by unpleasant gastrointestinal adverse reactions (oily stools, oily spotting, flatulence). The use of botanical materials as a potential source of new drugs is of increasing importance and application. Natural products that are interesting for obesity treatment are generally considered to have less toxic and side effects than totally synthetic drugs. One of the most important sources of potential pancreatic lipase inhibitors represents the class of polyphenols. This article summarizes most studied subclasses of polyphenols including flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids and lignans with pancreatic lipase inhibitory effects. A structural comparison of potent inhibitors shows an increased inhibitory effect depending on number and position of phenolic hydroxyl groups, degree of polymerization and elimination of glycosylation during digestion.

Occurrence and distribution of bacterial blight of pomegranate caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae in Latur and Osmanabad districts of Marathwada region

An extensive survey was carried out during Kharif , 2010 in the month of September -October in Latur and Osmanabad districts. The different orchards of Latur, Chakur, Renapur, Ausa, Nilanga, Shirur Anantpal, Udgir, Deoni, Jalkot and Ahmedpur tahsil of Latur district and Osmanabad, Tuljapur, Lohara, Kalamb, Paranda, Bhum, Washi and Umarga tahsil of Osmanabad district of Maharashtra state were surveyed to find out the disease severity of oily spot disease of pomegranate in these orchards. The observation of per cent orchards affected, per cent incidence on tree and per cent disease severity in orchards were recorded during the survey of oily spot of pomegranate. The data collected during the survey of oily spot of pomegranate clearly indicate that the disease was present in moderate to severe form in most of the orchards of Latur and Osmanabad district, however some orchards were found free from the disease. The severity of the disease was maximum in Udgir tahsil followed by Renapur and Nilanga, whereas it was maximum in Tuljapur followed by Osmanabad and Lohara tahsils of Osmanabad district. The maximum per cent disease incidence was 80.00 per cent in Latur followed by Udgir (72.72%), Renapur (66.66%), Shirur Anantpal (60%) and Ausa (57.14%). The minimum per cent disease incidence of bacterial blight of pomegranate was found in Jalkot and Deoni i.e., 33.33 per cent. In Osmanabad district, the maximum per cent disease incidence was found in Lohara (83.33%) followed by Tuljapur (72.72%), Osmanabad (57.14%) and Washi (44.44%). The minimum per cent disease incidence of bacterial blight of pomegranate was found in Bhum (16.60%), Kalamb (33.33), Umarga (33.33%) and Paranda (37.50%).