Cinnamon Bark Oil Research Articles

Characterization of key flavor compounds in cinnamon bark oil extracts using principal component analysis

Cinnamon is a widely used spice, known for its distinctive flavor and aromatic properties. Due to its lignified structure, the release of flavor components typically requires prolonged stewing (1-2h). To simulate the release of flavor components during stewing, this study employed corn oil for extraction, avoiding the use of organic solvents. The extracted flavor compounds were characterized using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS) and principal component analysis (PCA). Seven key compounds were identified in the cinnamon extracts: nonanal, acetic acid, α-copaene, benzaldehyde, ethyl cinnamate, trans-cinnamaldehyde, and coumarin. These compounds were identified using odor activity value analysis (OAV) and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O). Additionally, a quality evaluation model was established using PCA, providing a theoretical framework for future research on the aroma quality control of cinnamon oil extracts.

Development of Cinnamon bark oil (Cinnamomum burmannii) as an anti-acne nanoemulgel and its effectiveness against Propionibacterium acnes

Background: Acne is caused by blockage of hair follicles and skin pores due to excess sebum production on the skin. Commonly used anti-acne include typical antibiotic creams or gels of clindamycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. The use of these drugs often causes dry skin, redness, itching, and resistance to bacteria. The cinnamon bark oil which contains cinnamaldehyde, has been studied to have antibacterial activity. Objective: To determine the best formula of Cinnamon bark oil nanoemulgel with good physical quality and the highest antibacterial activity against P. acnes. Method: Cinnamon bark oil was formulated as a nanoemulsion and mixed with Carbopol, a gelling agent. Nanoemulgels were produced and evaluated through organoleptic tests, pH, viscosity, antibacterial activity, and stability testing. Result: The results showed that the particle size, zeta potential, and % transmittance of the cinnamon bark oil emulsion were accurate for an ideal nanoemulsion. All three formulas produced a light yellow, transparent colour, had a thin and mild gel consistency, and cinnamon bark oil scent, and fulfilled the requirements of the best formula of Cinnamon bark oil nanoemulgel that had good physical quality and the highest antibacterial activity against P.acnes. Conclusion: The best formula that had antibacterial activity for P. acnes was Formula 3.

Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Essential Oils Against Isolated Bacteria from Milk Samples

ABSTRACT: The consumption of food contaminated with bacteria or their toxins can result in foodborne infections or illnesses. This study investigated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of essential oils against bacteria isolated from milk samples collected in Pune, Maharashtra, India. Twenty-five raw milk samples were collected from local vendors and examined for the presence of biofilm-forming microorganisms. The isolated bacteria were identified and characterized using morphological and biochemical tests, revealing that 20% of the samples were contaminated with Acinetobacter spp. and 28% with E. coli. The antibacterial activity of the essential oils was evaluated using the disc diffusion method, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using 96-well plates. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was also assessed by inoculating assay mixtures from wells exhibiting no microbial growth onto sterile nutrient agar medium. Biofilm formation and disruption were evaluated using crystal violet assay and biofilm disruption assay, respectively. The results demonstrated that the Cinnamon Bark and Oregano essential oils exhibited significant antibacterial and antibiofilm activity at the lowest MIC value of 0.02-0.04 μg/ml against the isolated bacteria. The findings suggest that essential oils could be potential natural alternatives to conventional antibiotics for controlling bacterial contamination and biofilm formation in milk and dairy products. Further research is needed to explore the practical applications of essential oils in the dairy industry and to ensure their safety and efficacy as natural antimicrobial agents.

Diversity and morpho-chemo correlations of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) bark oil from Sri Lanka

Diversity and morpho-chemo correlations of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) bark oil from Sri Lanka

Antimicrobial and antioxidative electrospun cellulose acetate-essential oils nanofibrous membranes for active food packaging to extend the shelf life of perishable fruits

Antimicrobial and antioxidative electrospun cellulose acetate-essential oils nanofibrous membranes for active food packaging to extend the shelf life of perishable fruits

The Influence of Physical Fields (Magnetic and Electric) and LASER Exposure on the Composition and Bioactivity of Cinnamon Bark, Patchouli, and Geranium Essential Oils.

In recent years, essential oils (EOs) have received increased attention from the research community, and the EOs of cinnamon, patchouli, and geranium have become highly recognized for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antioxidant effects. Due to these properties, they have become valuable and promising candidates for addressing the worldwide threat of antimicrobial resistance and other diseases. Simultaneously, studies have revealed promising new results regarding the effects of physical fields (magnetic and electric) and LASER (MEL) exposure on seed germination, plant growth, biomass accumulation, and the yield and composition of EOs. In this frame, the present study aims to investigate the influence of MEL treatments on cinnamon, patchouli, and geranium EOs, by specifically examining their composition, antimicrobial properties, and antioxidant activities. Results showed that the magnetic influence has improved the potency of patchouli EO against L. monocytogenes, S. enteritidis, and P. aeruginosa, while the antimicrobial activity of cinnamon EO against L. monocytogenes was enhanced by the electric and laser treatments. All exposures have increased the antifungal effect of geranium EO against C. albicans. The antioxidant activity was not modified by any of the treatments. These findings could potentially pave the way for a deeper understanding of the efficiency, the mechanisms of action, and the utilization of EOs, offering new insights for further exploration and application.

Cinnamon Bark Oil as an Effective Fungicide in Protecting the Surface of Wood-Based Softboards against the Development of Mold Fungi

Porous wood-based boards, like any lignocellulosic material, are susceptible to biocorrosion caused by mold fungi. Their durability can be extended by using biocides. Due to the fact that porous boards are considered an ecological material, it would be beneficial to also use natural agents to protect them. For this purpose, the surface of softboards was protected with a 30% solution of cinnamon bark oil in ethanol. Three application levels were used: 75 g/m2, 120 g/m2, and 200 g/m2 of solution. It has been shown that the cinnamon bark oil solution used at an application rate of 200 g/m2 is an effective fungicide, protecting softboards (SBs) against the development of mold fungi: T. viride and C. globosum. The dominant volatile component of cinnamon oil identified in the boards turned out to be cinnamaldehyde. Three months after treatment, this substance constituted 74% of the volatile components. The proposed treatment method allows for short-term preventive protection of boards against mold fungi.

Inhibitory Properties of Cinnamon Bark Oil against Postharvest Pathogen Penicillium digitatum In Vitro.

Penicillium digitatum is a major postharvest pathogen that threatens the global citrus fruit industry and causes great economic losses annually. In the present study, inhibitory properties of cinnamon bark oil (CBO) against P. digitatum in vitro were investigated. Results indicated that 0.03% CBO could efficiently inhibit the spore germination, germ tube elongation, mycelial growth, colonial expansion and conidial accumulation of P. digitatum. The results of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and MitoTraker Orange (MTO) staining also proved the suppression effects of CBO against P. digitatum. Meanwhile, CBO could inhibit green mold rots induced by P. digitatum in citrus fruit when the working concentration of CBO exceeded 0.06%. In addition, the expressions of 12 genes critical for the growth and virulence of P. digitatum were also significantly regulated under CBO stress. Through a transcriptomic analysis, a total of 1802 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in P. digitatum after 4 h and 8 h of CBO treatment. Most of the DEG products were associated with carbohydrate, amino acid and lipid metabolism. They directly or indirectly led to the disturbance of the membrane and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our results may deepen the understanding of antifungal properties of CBO against P. digitatum and provide the theoretical foundation to uncover the antifungal mechanism of CBO at the molecular level.

Chemical variability and insect repellent effects of lemon catnip essential oil and related phytochemicals against Cimex lectularius L

Chemical variability and insect repellent effects of lemon catnip essential oil and related phytochemicals against Cimex lectularius L

Aromatherapeutic Antibacterials: Comparative Study of 40 Essential Oils and Their Biofilm Inhibition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC9027

Growing evidence suggests that biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) results from quorum sensing, reducing bacterial sensitivity to antibiotics and fostering the development of antibiotic-resistant strains. Addressing the need for a compound that can inhibit quorum sensing signals to mitigate biofilm formation in PA, this study screened 40 essential oils for their potential as quorum sensing inhibitors against PA ATCC9027. Utilizing the agar well diffusion assay, the antibacterial activity of these essential oils was compared with levofloxacin, revealing that 25 out of 40 essential oils exhibited antibacterial activity against PA ATCC9027. The highest antibacterial activity was exhibited by essential oils from Cinnamomum burmannii (Cinnamon Bark Oil), Cananga odorata (Ylang-ylang Oil), and Eucalyptus globulus (Eucalyptus Oil), confirmed by respective MIC values of 0.09765% (v/v), 0.390625% (v/v), and 1.5625% (v/v), and MBC values of 0.09765% (v/v), > 1.5625% (v/v), and > 1.5625% (v/v). Growth curve inhibition assay followed by crystal violet biofilm formation assay revealed that only Ylang-ylang Oil exhibited biofilm formation inhibition at 1/4 MIC concentration. Docking analysis of compounds from these essential oils against quorum sensing enzymes (LasR, PqsR, and QscR) revealed that Ylang-ylang Oil compounds exhibited the highest binding affinity. In conclusion, among the 40 essential oils tested, 25 show potential as antibacterials against PA ATCC9027, with Ylang-ylang Oil standing out as a promising candidate for quorum sensing inhibitor development. The use and development of quorum sensing inhibitors from Ylang-ylang Oil compounds are expected to reduce the burden of antibiotic resistance, especially in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Phytochemical constituents of bark essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume and effects on liver tissue of rats

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume is an evergreen tropical tree belonging to the Lauraceae family; it is a useful plant in traditional and modern medicines. Essential oils of Cinnamomum zeylanicum were prepared and identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). For histological study 80 adult male rats were employed in this study. It is the same weight (30 ±5 gm) and 75 days in age. The animals were divided into 4 groups, with ten rats in each group. The results indicated that C. zeylanicum bark contained 27 different phytochemical components. The main components included Cinnamaldehyde (2-Propenal, 3-phenyl-) (46.46%), 9-Methoxybicyclo, [6.1.0] nona-2,4,6-triene (31.31%), alpha-, Muurolene (7.14%) and Copaene (1.63%). Sections of livers were examined for histological abnormalities, such as the breakdown of the liver architecture and increased inflammation, in comparison to control samples, some hepatocytes were swollen with pyknotic, large nuclei and dilated sinusoids. As well as in the rats treated with noticed sever congestion of central vein (CV), degeneration and sluggish of endothelial lining larger, Bile ducts hyperplasia and necrotic hepatocytes. It can be deduced that the main component of cinnamon bark oil is cinnamaldehyde and the liver displayed some tissue changes, including hepatocyte necrosis and the existence of steatosis foci. Histological and cellular changes in liver tissue were dramatically attenuated by C. zeylanicum essential oil.

In vitro antiviral effect of cinnamon oil, Moringa oleifera extract, Manuka honey, and Nigella sativa oil against SARS-CoV-2 compared to remdesivir

BackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is of a public health importance as it is continually evolving due to random mutations. New mutations can potentially affect the degree of infectiousness, virulence, and can increase the virus’ capability to evade adaptive immune responses of the body. Immunity is one of the key factors determining the extent of severity of SARS-CoV-2 patients. Therefore, thinking about natural remedies is the way to boost immunity, keep the body protected, and able to fight the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We aimed to make progress in the field of anti-SARS-CoV-2 nutraceuticals, thus providing a safe and natural alternative to traditional chemically manufactured medications.MethodsThe cytotoxic activity (CC50) of the natural products was tested experimentally in vitro on the VERO-E6 cells using a crystal violet assay. The cells were then treated with different concentrations of the natural products of Moringa oleifera leaves extract, cinnamon bark oil extract, Manuka honey, and Nigella sativa oil. The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) value and the CC50 value were calculated in order to measure the antiviral effect of on SARS-CoV-2 virus compared to antiviral Remdesivir drug.ResultsThe tested natural products of honey and extracts exhibited pronounced virucidal effect against one of the most challenging viruses worldwide which is the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The results showed that the highest selectivity index was the Manuka honey + 20 UMF with SI of 10.23. The second sample following Manuka honey regarding its efficiency was the mixture of the three extracts with the honey (SI = 7.12), then followed by Remdesivir antiviral drug (SI = 3.3), then Moringa oleifera leaves extract (SI = 2.1). The last two products showing the least SI were Nigella sativa oil (SI = 1.6) and cinnamon bark oil (SI = 1.08), respectively.ConclusionsManuka honey + 20 UMF alone or combined with other three extracts of Moringa oleifera, Nigella sativa, and cinnamon bark oil have a much stronger in vitro antiviral effect on SARS-CoV-2 virus than the traditional antiviral drug Remdesivir. Further research will be needed to test the effectiveness of these natural products in vivo as an antiviral remedy against SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Effect of guar gum-chitosan composites edible coating functionalized with essential oils on the postharvest shelf life of Khasi mandarin at ambient condition

In the present study, the effects of guar gum (0.7%):chitosan (0.3%) based composite edible coating functionalized with coconut oil and essential oils like clove bud oil and cinnamon bark oil were investigated on the postharvest shelf life of Khasi mandarins at ambient conditions (25±5°C, RH 75±5%) up to 20days of storage period. The postharvest characteristics such as weight loss, firmness, acidity, total soluble solids (TSS) and reducing sugar of control and treated fruits were evaluated at 5days intervals throughout the storage period. The obtained results indicated that the application of guar gum/chitosan-based composite edible coating with coconut oil, clove bud and cinnamon bark essential oil was effective in prolonging the postharvest shelf life of Khasi mandarins as compared to control fruits by minimizing the decay and loss of postharvest quality attributes. The treatment of composite such as guar gum/chitosan/coconut oil/clove oil/cinnamon oil (GGCsC-Cl-Cn) was most effective in maintaining postharvest characteristics of fruits compared to other treatments and control. The significant (p<0.05) lowest weight loss (38%) with retention of higher firmness (5.9N), titratable acidity (0.29%), and total soluble solid (10.8%) was noticed in the Khasi mandarins treated with GGCsC-Cl-Cn composite coating on 20days of storage. Furthermore, the present study confirmed the significance of the developed composite formulation in improving the shelf life of Khasi mandarin.

Analysis of the Antibacterial Properties of Compound Essential Oil and the Main Antibacterial Components of Unilateral Essential Oils.

Plant essential oils are widely used in food, medicine, cosmetics, and other fields because of their bacteriostatic properties and natural sources. However, the bacteriostatic range of unilateral essential oils is limited, and compound essential oil has become an effective way to improve the antibacterial properties of unilateral essential oils. In this study, based on the analysis of the antibacterial properties of Chinese cinnamon bark oil and oregano oil, the proportion and concentration of the compound essential oil were optimized and designed, and the antibacterial activity of the compound essential oil was studied. The results showed that the antibacterial activity of Chinese cinnamon bark oil was higher than that of oregano oil. The compound essential oil prepared by a 1:1 ratio of Chinese cinnamon bark oil and oregano oil with a concentration of 156.25 ppm showed an excellent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The GC-MS results showed that cinnamaldehyde was the main antibacterial component of Chinese cinnamon bark essential oil, and carvacrol and thymol in oregano oil were the main antibacterial components.

Synthesis of Melaleuca alternifolia &Cinnamomum zeylanicum oil microcapsules using molecular inclusion technique

Synthesis of Melaleuca alternifolia &Cinnamomum zeylanicum oil microcapsules using molecular inclusion technique

Combined Effect of Cinnamon Bark Oil and Packaging Methods on Quality of Fresh Lamb Meat Patties during Storage at 4 °C.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of adding cinnamon bark oil (CBO) on the quality of ground lamb meat, considering different packaging conditions, including modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) using Hengxian HX-300H and overwrapped packaging. The CBO was incorporated into lamb meat samples at three different levels: 0% (control), 0.025% and 0.05% (v/w). The samples were then subjected to three packaging methods: MAP1 (80% O2 + 20% CO2), MAP2 (40% O2 + 30% CO2 + 30% N2) and overwrapped packaging and stored at 4 °C for 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 days. The findings of the present study revealed that the addition of 0.025% and 0.05% CBO under MAP1 condition significantly improved the color of the meat samples after 12 days of storage at 4 °C (p < 0.05). The overwrapped samples exhibited higher levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) compared to all other treatments, starting from day 4 of storage (p < 0.05). Furthermore, microbial counts were notably higher in the overwrapped samples than in all other samples after day 8 of storage (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the combination of 0.05% CBO with MAP proved to be an effective strategy for enhancing the color stability and oxidative stability of ground lamb meat. These results suggest that CBO can be utilized as a beneficial protective agent in meat packaging processes.

Synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and oleoresins of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), clove bud (Syzygium aromaticum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and oleoresins of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), clove bud (Syzygium aromaticum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Essential Oils and Their Combination Against Microorganisms Associated With Postradiation Therapy in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer: An In Vitro Study.

Background Head and neck cancer ranks as the sixth most common cancer globally. Reduced saliva production brought on by postradiation therapy upsets the delicate balance between bacterial load and a weakened immune system. Oral hygiene is commonly neglected in patients who have undergone radiotherapy and they often develop dry mouth, mucositis due to radiation therapy, etc., as side effects. Despite being a part of the current standard, chlorhexidine carries numerous disadvantages such as taste alteration, teeth staining, and dry mouth. An extensive review of the literature demonstrates the antibacterial properties of essential oils (EOs) derived from plant materials, which may be able to prevent the development of such opportunistic microorganisms in the oral cavity. Methodology The cinnamon bark EO and Cajeput EO were procured and checked for their solubility. The final ratio at which the oils were found to be soluble was the 1:1 (w/v) ratio. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cinnamon bark oil (Cinnamomum verum) and Cajeput oil (Melaleuca leucadendron) against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis,and Candida albicans was determined by serial dilution method using Resazurin dye, and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was done by a spread plating method. The polyherbal mouthwash was subjected to cytotoxicity assay against human gingival fibroblasts. All the experiments were performed in triplicates. Results The overall results showed that cinnamon bark EO had the strongest efficacy against S. aureus (0.33 ± 0.14 mg/mL) and E. faecalis (0.41 ± 0.14 mg/mL), but not against C. albicans (2.85 ± 2.11 mg/mL). Cajeput EO showed the least efficacy against all the groups; whereas the combination of EOs proved to be the most efficacious and showed good antimicrobial activity against these most commonly encountered microorganisms in head and neck cancer postradiotherapy. Conclusions Cinnamon and Cajeput EOs in combination proved to be effective in this in vitro study against the most common microorganisms encountered in patients with head and neck cancer postradiotherapyand are comparable to 0.2% chlorhexidine.

Therapeutic effects of cinnamon bark oil on sciatic nerve injury in rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cinnamon bark essential oil (CBO) on analgesia, motor activity, balance, and coordination in rats with sciatic nerve damage. Rats were divided into three groups as simply randomized. The right sciatic nerve (RSN) of the Sham group was explored. Only vehicle solution was applied for 28 days. The RSN of the sciatic nerve injury (SNI) group was explored. Damage was created by unilateral clamping, and vehicle solution was applied for 28 days. The RSN of the sciatic nerve injury+cinnamon bark essential oil (SNI+CBO) group was explored. SNI was created by unilateral clamping and CBO was applied for 28 days. In the experiment study, motor activity, balance, and coordination measurements were made with rotarod and accelerod tests. A hot plate test was performed for analgesia measurements. Histopathology studies were carried out with the sciatic nerve tissues. In the rotarod test, there was a statistically significant difference between the SNI group and the SNI+CBO group (p<0.05). According to the accelerod test findings, there was a statistically significant difference between the SNI group with the Sham and SNI+CBO groups. In the hot plate test, there was a statistically significant difference between the SNI group with the Sham and SNI+CBO groups (p<0.05). In comparison to the Sham group and the SNI group, the SNI+CBO group was shown to have the greatest expression level of vimentin. We have concluded that CBO can be used as an adjuvant treatment in cases of SNI, increased pain, nociception, impaired balance, motor activity, and coordination. Our results will be supported by further studies.

Development and Validation of HPLC and UV Spectrophotometric Method for the Quantification of Cinnamaldehyde in Cinnamon Bark Extract

Cinnamaldehyde is the prime constituent of cinnamon bark and cassia oil. It is used as a flavoring agent. Numerous methods described the determination of cinnamaldehyde based on volumetric analysis, ultraviolet spectrometry, fluorimetry, thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. The natural absorbance of cinnamaldehyde is at 286 nm which is used as a base for its determination through spectrophotometry or a suitable derivatizing reagent is used for its estimation. Most of these methods were simultaneous estimation methods and if non-simultaneous than not sensitive. Therefore, in the present study, sensitive HPLC and UV Spectrophotometric procedures have been established for the estimation of cinnamaldehyde in Cinnamon extract. The retention time of cinnamaldehyde was 7.21 minutes and absorption maxima come out to be 282 nm. 2.55 ± 0.003 mg/ml quantity of cinnamaldehyde was present in the cinnamon extract which is detected by UV Spectrophotometric method. Accuracy information appeared in the range that gives decent recovery figures for both processes. Sensitivity data furnished LOD 0.062 μg/ml and LOQ 0.19 μg/ml for HPLC and LOD 0.104 μg/ml and LOQ 0.312 μg/ml for UV Spectrophotometric method. The developed methods were found to be rugged and robust. The repeatability, Inter-day,and Intra-day precision of cinnamaldehyde provided RSD below 2% presenting the planned process to be extremely specific. Various factors to validate HPLC and UV Spectrophotometric methods of cinnamaldehyde were estimated and both methods show no significant difference. Developed procedures were statistically checked as per ICH guidelines.