Oil Spill Research Articles

Utilizing deep learning algorithms for automated oil spill detection in medium resolution optical imagery

This study evaluates the performance of three typical convolutional neural network based deep learning algorithms for oil spill detection using medium-resolution optical satellite imagery from Sentinel-2 MSI, Landsat-8 OLI, and Landsat-9 OLI2. Oil slick training and validation dataset were created through a semi-automatic labeling approach, based on chronic and accidental oil spill cases reported worldwide. The research enhances UNet, BiSeNetV2, and DeepLabV3+ architectures by integrating attention mechanisms including the Squeeze-and-Excitation module (SE), Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM), and a Simple, parameter-free Attention Module (SimAM), analyzing the optimal model for oil spill detection. Notably, UNet integrated with CBAM, especially with sun glint as a feature, significantly outperformed others, achieving a micro-average F1 score of 88.8 %. This research highlights deep learning's potential in optical remote sensing for oil spill detection, stressing its escalating relevance with the growing deployment of medium- to high-resolution optical satellites.

Fabrication of pea protein isolate-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions with high freeze-thaw stability: Effect of high intensity ultrasonic on emulsions and interfacial protein structure

The poor freeze-thaw stability of plant protein-based emulsions posed a major challenge for their application in the cold chain foods. The present study successfully prepared oil-in-water emulsions stabilized solely with pea protein isolate (PPI) with excellent freeze-thaw stability using a facile high intensity ultrasonic (HIU)-assisted method. The optimized emulsion can endure three freeze-thaw cycles without stratification or oil leakage, maintaining oil droplet sizes at the nanometer scale. Furthermore, changes of interfacial protein structure induced by HIU were systematically investigated to reveal the stabilizing mechanism. The freeze-thaw stability of emulsions treated under varying intensities was evaluated based on changes in the appearance and oil drop size distribution. The results showed that the oil drop size of emulsions decreased from micron to nanometer and the freeze-thaw stability was significantly enhanced with the increase of HIU intensity. The emulsion exhibited optimized freeze-thaw stability under 800W. Subsequently, the effect of HIU on the structure of interfacial protein was analyzed through SDS-PAGE, –SH/S–S contents, UV spectrum, surface hydrophobicity, protein adsorption percentage, emulsifying activity and interfacial dilatational rheology. It was found that HIU triggered crosslinking of disulfide bonds among interfacial PPI molecules and enhanced the strength of the interface layer. Additionally, HIU promoted the unfolding of interfacial PPI structure, resulting in the improvement of surface hydrophobicity, emulsifying activity, and interfacial adsorption percentage of PPI. The study demonstrated the feasibility of using HIU to improve the freeze-thaw stability of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized with PPI and provided references for the fabricating of plant protein-based frozen emulsion foods.

Oil spill response strategies: A comparative conceptual study between the USA and Nigeria

Oil spill response strategies: A comparative conceptual study between the USA and Nigeria

Digitalization of Anchor Handling Tug Supply Vessels: Enhancing Efficiency and Safety in Offshore Operations

Abstract Global demand for safety and sustainable offshore operations has led to great and dynamic changes in the maritime and offshore industry in recent years. This has made the industry to witness a rapid transformation in recent times with the digitalization of vessels, and anchor handling tug supply (AHTS) vessels are no exception. The digitalization of offshore operational vessels is expected to play an important role in the future and support the analysis of the automation and instrumentation market. The AHTS vessel is a specialized offshore support vessel used in the oil and gas industry, which serves multiple functions and roles that provide support for offshore drilling and production operations. The multi-functional purpose of AHTS vessels includes anchor handling, towing, supply and cargo transportation, oil spill clean-up response, and cable and pipe laying, among others. This requires the integration of multiple functional digitalized systems to optimize vessel operations, especially in harsh arctic environments. The current study reviews the importance and potential of AHTS vessels' digitalization and discusses its benefits, opportunities, and challenges. A systematic approach is adopted to explore the potential development and dynamics of digitalization in the maritime industry, focusing on AHTS vessels. This study finds that the extent of knowledge is evolving and requires an integrated approach to maritime digitalization to enhance operational efficiency, safety, and resilience in critical offshore operations.

Vector irradiance modelling in a seawater column for assessing the detection capabilities of an oil-in-water emulsion

The possibility of tracking oil pollution in the sea has been an issue that has been analysed for a long time, and the use of light interactions with the sea polluted with various forms of oil has been the subject of numerous studies. This paper presents the results of the Monte Carlo simulations of the fate of a large number of virtual photons to demonstrate changes in the downwelling vector irradiance and upwelling vector irradiance in oil-free seawater and analogously seawater column polluted with an oil-in-water emulsion. The analyses were carried out for eight wavelengths ranging from 412 to 676 nm, upon the assumption of an oil concentration of 10 ppm, taking into account the data of absorption and scattering properties of the southern Baltic Sea. The most favourable combination of wavelengths for the detection of an oil-in-water emulsion was 555/412 for all tested depths.

Water-accommodated fractions of crude oil and its mixture with chemical dispersant impairs oxidase stress and energy metabolism disorders in Oryzias melastigma embryos

In this study, marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) embryos were exposed to different concentrations of water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) and chemically enhanced water-accommodated fractions (CEWAFs) of Oman crude oil for 14 d by semi-static exposure methods. The effects on growth and development and energy metabolism process were evaluated. Results showed that embryo survival and hatchability were decreased in a dose-dependent manner with an increase in the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon compounds, whereas the malformation exhibited a dose-dependent increase. Compared to the control, the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and Na+-K+–ATPase (NKA) activities of embryos exposed to both WAFs and CEWAFs were reduced, while intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and NADH oxidase (NOX) activities were increased. Our study demonstrated that exposure to crude oil dispersed by chemical dispersant affected the growth and development of marine medaka embryos, caused oxidative stress while produced a series of malformations in the body and dysregulation in energy metabolism. In comparison, the toxic effects of chemically dispersed crude oil might be more severe than the oil itself in the equivalent diluted concentration treatment solution. These would provide more valuable and reliable reference data for the use of chemical dispersants in oil spills.

Epigenetic Age Acceleration and Disparities in Posttraumatic Stress in Women in Southeast Louisiana

Disasters experienced by an entire community provide opportunities to understand individual differences in risk for adverse health outcomes over time. DNA methylation (DNAm) differences may help to distinguish individuals at increased risk following large-scale disasters. To examine the association of epigenetic age acceleration with probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and PTSD symptom severity in women. This prospective cohort study examined data from participants in the Women and Their Children's Health cohort, who were characterized longitudinally following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill (DHOS) in 2010 and through numerous hurricanes in the Gulf Coast region of the US. Wave 1 occurred August 6, 2012, through June 26, 2014, and wave 2 occurred September 2, 2014, through May 27, 2016. Data were analyzed between August 18 and November 4, 2023. Address-based sampling was used to recruit women aged 18 to 80 years and residing in 1 of the 7 Louisiana parishes surrounding the DHOS-affected region. Recruitment consisted of 2-stage sampling that (1) undersampled the 2 more urban parishes to maximize probability of participant oil exposure and (2) proportionally recruited participants across census tracts in the 5 other parishes closest to the spill. Posttraumatic stress subsequent to the DHOS. Epigenetic age acceleration was measured by DNAm assayed from survey wave 1 blood samples. Posttraumatic stress disorder was assessed using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 at survey wave 2, and lifetime trauma exposure was assessed using the Life Events Checklist for DSM-5. General linear models were used to examine the association between wave 1 DNAm age and wave 2 probable PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity. A total of 864 women (mean [SD] age, 47.1 [12.0] years; 328 Black [38.0%], 19 American Indian [2.2%], 486 White [56.3%], and 30 of other racial groups, including uknown or unreported [3.5%]) were included. Black and American Indian participants had a higher age acceleration at wave 1 compared with White participants (β = 1.64 [95% CI, 1.02-2.45] and 2.34 [95% CI, 0.33-4.34], respectively), and they had higher PTSD symptom severity at wave 2 (β = 7.10 [95% CI, 4.62-9.58] and 13.08 [95% CI, 4.97-21.18], respectively). Epigenetic age acceleration at wave 1 was associated with PTSD symptom severity at wave 2 after adjusting for race, smoking, body mass index, and household income (β = 0.38; 95% CI, 0.11-0.65). In this cohort study, epigenetic age acceleration was higher in minoritized racial groups and associated with future PTSD diagnosis and severity. These findings support the need for psychoeducation about traumatic responses to increase the likelihood that treatment is sought before years of distress and entrenchment of symptoms and comorbidities occur.

Hydrocarbon Degradation and Biodegraders in Oil Spillage Sites in Port Harcourt

Information on remediation of soils polluted from the activities of artisanal crude oil refining is lacking. The functional capability of the indigenous microbial community and prospects for recovery of important bio-resources has also not been explored. The aim of this study was to identify the hydrocarbon biodegrader present in oil spillage sites in Port Harcourt. Samples were taken from various sites (labelled ss1, ss2, ss3 and controls) in Port Harcourt and the samples were transported to the lab for bacteriological assessment. The samples were cultured in Nutrient agar and Basal Salt Medium (BSM). The total heterotrophic bacteria counts were enumerated by serially diluting the fluid sample. Microbial characterization was done based on morphological, physiological and biochemical tests. From the results, Pseudomonas species and Bacillus species were the probable isolated from the culture of hydrocarbon contaminated environment. The results also revealed increased compared to the control organism that maintained the same growth level throughout the 5 days of incubation, the isolated bacteria (Pseudomonas species and Bacillus species) had steady bacterial growth. This study has shown that Bacillus species and Pseudomonas aeroginosa are potential agents of bioremediation of environmental hydrocarbon pollution.

Magnetic, self-heating and superhydrophobic sponge decorated with BN and CoFe2O4 for high-efficient cleanup of crude oil spills using facile co-precipitation strategy

Accidents involving petrochemical spills have repeatedly threatened the security of the eco-environment. The leaked crude oil exhibits poor fluidity, low adsorption efficiency, and urgent issues such as potential fire risks that require immediate attention. Herein, a multifunctional superhydrophobic sponge Si@CFO@BN@PU was prepared by a simple co-precipitation strategy based on BN and CoFe2O4. The results demonstrate that Si@CFO@BN@PU exhibits excellent superhydrophobic properties, with a water contact angle of 162° and a slide angle of less than 10°, and oil adsorption capacity ranging from 32.3 to 68.4 g/g. Furthermore, the modified sponge also possesses certain magnetic properties, allowing Si@CFO@BN@PU to be moved on the water surface via an external magnetic field and effectively adsorb floating oil. Meanwhile, the modified sponge exhibits excellent photothermal properties. The whole sponge can be heated up to 80 °C in just 60 s under simulated sunlight conditions, effectively reducing the adsorption time of viscous oil by 90 %. Moreover, the cone calorimeter test results demonstrate excellent fire safety of Si@CFO@BN@PU even after adsorption of petroleum. The peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (TSR), maximum CO release rate, and maximum CO2 release rate have decreased by 37.8 %, 23.3 %, 45.4 %, and 34.1 %, respectively. Therefore, Si@CFO@BN@PU is an effective, safe and sustainable new adsorbent material with a wide range of applications in treating petrochemical spills.

Ecotoxicological assessment of nano-remediated crude oil contaminated soil using Zea mays

The germination of seedlings is hindered in soil due to the excessive presence of petroleum hydrocarbons resulting from crude oil spill. This contamination not only pollutes the environment but also renders it unsuitable for habitation, inhibits animal grazing, and results in the degradation of natural beauty and aesthetic appeal. In this work, the ecotoxicological effect of nanoremediated soil previously contaminated with crude oil was assessed. Petroleum hydrocarbons were eliminated from crude oil contaminated soil through the utilization of nanomaterial adsorbents namely: Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs), MWCNTs + IONP (Iron Oxide Nanoparticle), and P.N.C (Polymer Nanocomposite) followed by the cultivation of Zea mays seedling on the nanoremediated soils then observed over a period of seven days. Both the contaminated and treated samples were evaluated for their respective functional groups, structural morphology and elemental compositions using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (ED XRF) techniques. The seedlings were then harvested, and the lengths of their leaves, shoots, and roots were measured and recorded. Results indicated a germination rate of over 70 % achieved for seedlings cultivated in the nanoremediated soils, in contrast to a germination rate of only 40 % for seedlings grown in untreated crude oil contaminated soil. Seedlings from the soil treated with P.N.C exhibited the most favorable growth parameters, with leaf, shoot, and root lengths measuring 7.64, 4.83, and 8.04 cm respectively. In comparison, seedlings germinated in crude oil contaminated soil displayed measurements of 3.4, 2.79, and 5.32 cm for leaf, shoot, and root lengths, respectively. The pH levels of the treated soils were raised from 5.7 to 6.9, 6.3, and 6.7 for MWCNTs only, MWCNTs + IONP, and P.N.C, respectively. This augmentation had a positive impact on the uptake of nutrients through the root hairs. Additionally, it was noted that the presence of MWCNTs did not impede the germination and growth of Zea mays seedlings. This technique exhibits considerable potential for widespread adoption by farmers, oil companies, and environmental agencies as a rapid and effective nano-remediation method.

Analysis and Research on Vibration of Hydraulic System at the Three Gorges Ship Lift Chamber

The hydraulic pump station at the lower head of the Three Gorges ship lift chamber primarily controls the opening and locking of the chamber gate, the lifting and locking of the anti-collision truss, the tensioning and release of the anti-collision buffer cylinder, and the extension and retraction of the sealing frame. The chamber gate is influenced by external forces such as water flow during the opening and closing process. The anti-collision truss, being in a single-arm suspended state, is affected by external wind forces during its lifting and lowering process. The operation of these mechanisms induces significant vibrations in the hydraulic system, which can lead to oil leakage at joints and other points. Leakage in the hydraulic system can affect the operation of the chamber gate, anti-collision truss, and sealing frame, and severe leakage can directly lead to the malfunction of these mechanisms. This paper utilizes accelerometers, data acquisition systems, and handheld spectrum analyzers to analyze the vibration of the hydraulic system, aiming to reduce system vibrations and decrease oil leakage occurrences.

Risk Factors of Mariculture Supply Chain Based on Green Development: A Case Study of Changhai County in China

China is a global leader in aquaculture, and mariculture has become an important part of Chinese agriculture and one of the important growth points of the rural economy. However, environmental changes and industrial restructuring have brought new risks to the aquaculture supply chain. Recently, people have also paid more and more attention to the marine environment because a good marine environment is the foundation of the healthy development of mariculture. This study analyses the risks in the aquaculture supply chain from the perspective of the marine environment, using Changhai County, Liaoning Province, as an example. The study identified marine environmental issues such as over-sized aquaculture, irrational aquaculture structure, resource integration gaps, nuclear wastewater discharge and offshore oil pollution. Recommendations included restructuring aquaculture, professional training, establishing cooperative mechanisms, and improving seafood quality testing and marine environment monitoring. Addressing these challenges is essential to ensure the stable and healthy development of seafood markets and the sustainability of the aquaculture industry.

Marine Ecological Damage Assessment Model for Offshore Oil Extraction

<p>With the progress of society and the development of the economy, people’s awareness of environmental protection is also becoming stronger. Therefore, the damage caused by marine oil spills caused by offshore oil extraction to marine ecology is also receiving more and more attention from people. Marine ecological damage assessment involves various disciplines such as environmental chemistry, biology, toxicology, and hydrodynamics, and requires a large amount of data support, making it a challenge in the field of marine claims. To quantitatively evaluate marine oil spill accidents, the Spill Impact Model Application Package model is used as the system framework to build a marine ecological damage assessment model. The MIKE21 model is used for physical fate simulation, while the biological effects model is used for resource damage assessment of the ecological environment and aquatic organisms. The model is validated using the oil spill accident in Dongshan Bay as an example. The validation results show that the total loss of aquatic organisms under conditions 1 and 2 is 67.30 tons and 56.03 tons, respectively. Under condition 1, the ecological environment of coral and mangroves is affected by an area of 8.805km2 and 5.859km2, respectively, resulting in a loss of 19.5168 million yuan in ecological resources. Under condition 2, the ecological environment of coral and mangroves is affected by an area of 7.646 km2 and 13.515 km2, respectively, resulting in a loss of 26.322 million yuan in ecological resources. In summary, it can be seen that the research on marine ecological damage assessment models for offshore oil extraction provides certain reference value for the field of marine ecological damage assessment in China.</p>

Mercury concentrations in Seaside Sparrows and Marsh Rice Rats differ across the Mississippi River Estuary

Mercury (Hg) concentrations and their associated toxicological effects in terrestrial ecosystems of the Gulf of Mexico are largely unknown. Compounding this uncertainty, a large input of organic matter from the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill may have altered Hg cycling and bioaccumulation dynamics. To test this idea, we quantified blood concentrations of total mercury (THg) in Seaside Sparrows (Ammospiza maritima) and Marsh Rice Rats (Oryzomys palustris) in marshes west and east of the Mississippi River in 2015 and 2016. We also tested for a difference in THg concentrations between oiled and non-oiled sites. To address the potential confounding effect of diet variation on Hg transfer, we used stable nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) isotope values as proxies of trophic position and the source of primary production, respectively. Our results revealed that five to six years after the spill, THg concentrations were not higher in sites oiled by the spill compared to non-oiled sites. In both species, THg was higher at sites east of the Mississippi River compared to control and oiled sites, located west. In Seaside Sparrows but not in Marsh Rice Rats, THg increased with δ15N values, suggesting Hg trophic biomagnification. Overall, even in sites with the most elevated THg, concentrations were generally low. In Seaside Sparrows, THg concentrations were also lower than previously reported in this and other closely related passerines, with only 7% of tested birds exceeding the lowest observed effect concentration associated with toxic effects across bird species (0.2 µg/g ww). The factors associated with geographic heterogeneity in Hg exposure remain uncertain. Clarification could inform risk assessment and future restoration and management actions in a region facing vast anthropogenic changes.

The use of bioremediation as a technique to treat oil-contaminated effluents

Demographic growth has increased the demand for natural resources, especially in oil exploration, which, despite its benefits, has negative environmental and social impacts. The occurrence of environmental accidents, such as oil spills, highlights the need for effective remediation methods. Bioremediation, using microorganisms or plant products, has emerged as a promising technique for treating contaminated effluents. This study analyzes the effectiveness of the main bioremediation techniques, highlighting advantages such as low cost, easy implementation and sustainability compared to other remediation techniques, being sustainable, not causing disruption to ecosystems and aiming exclusively at the biodegradation of petroleum polluting compounds.

Determination of the Nature of Hydrocarbons in the Barents Sea (Verification of Remote Sensing Data)

Based on remote sensing data on the distribution of oil spills obtained using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery of the Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B satellites in 2016–2022 and the results of the analysis of aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHCs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bottom sediments taken in 2019–2022, the nature of oil slicks in various areas of the Barents Sea has been established. It is shown that the distribution of oil slicks in coastal areas is greatly influenced by anthropogenic hydrocarbon inflow (mainly from shipping and fishing), which is confirmed by elevated AHC concentrations in coastal sediments (up to 73 μg/g) and in the composition of Corg (up to 3.6%). In the central and northern regions of the Barents Sea (station 7105, in the coordinates 75.2–75.3 N, 31.5–31.8 E), the grouping of oil slicks is due to natural seepage of oil and gas. This is confirmed by the anomalous concentration of PAHs in the lower horizons of the obtained sediment column, and their composition (the dominance of 2-methylnaphthalene, a marker of their oil genesis). At the same time, the proportion of light homologues in the composition of alkanes increased, which may indicate their formation in the sedimentary sequence.

Fabric defects identification for textile industry with a deep learning approach

The textile and clothing industries are crucial sectors that make significant contributions to the economic growth and advancement of countries. In addition to low labor costs, the sector’s development performance is influenced by flexible production structure and defect-free products manufacturing. However, in the textile companies, the manufacture, processing, and weaving of fabric can lead to undesirable defects, which ultimately leads to a decline in both quality and cost. This study investigates the effectiveness of different deep learning frameworks to accurately classify fabric defects commonly encountered in the textile industry in Turkey. For this purpose, an innovative data set is generated as comprising fabric defects such as lines, wrinkle marks, machine oil leaks, holes, and bleaching. Furthermore, the effectiveness of Adam and Ranger optimization functions in defect identification has been evaluated using various models in connection with explainable artificial intelligence. The findings indicate that the ResNet18 + Adam model, which is very simple and shallow, obtained a notable level of success with an accuracy of 99.30%. On the other hand, the more complex EfficientNetv2m + Adam model emerged by achieving an accuracy of 99.42%. The research results suggest that deep learning algorithms can effectively replace human manual control in the task of detecting fabric defects.

Understanding the impact of marine oil spill on corporate performance for improving oil spill claims system

Marine oil spill disasters occur frequently and have serious economic impacts on coastal activities. Taking the Penglai 19–3 oil spill (PL 19–3 oil spill) event as an example, this paper employs a difference-in-difference estimation method to examine the impact of marine oil spill on corporate performance. The main results show that the PL19–3 oil spill reduces the net revenue of marine enterprises relying on the Bohai Sea and coastal resources, as high as 102.8 %. In the aftermath of the PL19–3 oil spill, there was a fluctuating and increasing trend of the negative impacts on the net profits of marine companies, indicating the long-term persistence of negative impacts. Furthermore, heterogeneity analysis reveals that the marine secondary industry is more likely to be affected by the PL19–3 oil spill than the marine primary and tertiary industries. The marine tertiary industry is the least affected. Oil spill disasters are also found to reveal great influences on non-state-owned and young enterprises. This study provides a reference for improving the scope of oil spill claimants and is conducive to further improving the mechanism for claiming compensation for damage caused by marine oil spills.

Integration of photo/magnetic responsive composite phase change materials with polyurethane sponge for sustainable and efficient cleanup of crude oil spills

The efficient remediation of viscous oil spills is still a global challenge in practice due to the poor fluidity caused by their high viscosity. The adsorbents with in situ heating characteristics are regard as potential candidate for rapid and efficient crude oil spills cleanup. Although solar-assisted heating is the cleanest and most energy-efficient way, the great variation of sunlight intensity with the season and location is an obstacle to its practical application. To promote oil adsorption and enhance energy utilization efficiency, we constructed a novel adsorbent with simultaneous photo/magnetic-thermal response, and importantly phase change materials (PCMs) as thermal energy storage unit were introduced into the adsorbents. The Co/CNTs with high graphitization as efficient sunlight absorbers can significantly improve the photothermal conversion capacity of the adsorbent, resulting in rapid oil adsorption under solar illumination. Besides, benefiting from the superior magnetic response of Co particles encapsulated in the carbon skeleton, the adsorbent also enables efficient oil adsorption under alternating magnetic field. Most importantly, thanks to the cross-connected network structure of CNTs derived from the carbonization of ZIF-67, the PEG was well anchored in the Co/CNTs particles, which allows the adsorbent to store thermal energy and release heat for sustained cleanup of the oil spills when the energy input is insufficient. The adsorbent integrates with superior photo/magnetic-thermal conversion and thermal storage functions provides an innovative solution for efficient and energy-saving remediation of crude oil spills and breaks new grounds of PCMs applications.

Regulatory Framework on Ocean Threats –Transportation Law Analysis to Multiple Oil-Spill Cases in Indonesia

This research aims to analyse the legislation pertaining to the environment and transportation as outlined in Article 1 point 1 of Law No. 22 of 2001, which deals with oil and natural gas. The Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources' Regulation No. 7 of 2019 Article 1.2 relates to the management and use of oil and gas. Articles 316, 318-322, 324-329, and 332 govern criminal offenses committed in the maritime domain. This study employs a doctrinal legal research methodology, using both conceptual approach and statutory approach. The agreement for the maritime transportation of commodities establishes rights and duties that the involved parties are required to fulfill. One of the duties and liabilities of the carrier is to maintain the security of the vessel and the merchandise it transports. The legal framework governing the transportation of commodities is established under Articles 466 to 520 of the Criminal Code. This concept is founded upon two additional ideas, i.e. strict liability and the absence of the necessity to establish the party responsible for environmental damage prior to attributing blame. The principle of strict responsibility in Indonesian national law is governed by Article 88 of Law No. 32 of 2009, which pertains to environmental protection and management. This article only focuses on the environmental degradation and marine contamination resulting from oil spills. The obligation for transportation in maritime agreements and the legal repercussions for causing marine pollution must be followed by all the sea transportations company especially carrying dangerous material.