Abstract
In this study, marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) embryos were exposed to different concentrations of water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) and chemically enhanced water-accommodated fractions (CEWAFs) of Oman crude oil for 14 d by semi-static exposure methods. The effects on growth and development and energy metabolism process were evaluated. Results showed that embryo survival and hatchability were decreased in a dose-dependent manner with an increase in the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbon compounds, whereas the malformation exhibited a dose-dependent increase. Compared to the control, the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and Na+-K+–ATPase (NKA) activities of embryos exposed to both WAFs and CEWAFs were reduced, while intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and NADH oxidase (NOX) activities were increased. Our study demonstrated that exposure to crude oil dispersed by chemical dispersant affected the growth and development of marine medaka embryos, caused oxidative stress while produced a series of malformations in the body and dysregulation in energy metabolism. In comparison, the toxic effects of chemically dispersed crude oil might be more severe than the oil itself in the equivalent diluted concentration treatment solution. These would provide more valuable and reliable reference data for the use of chemical dispersants in oil spills.
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