Oil Refinery Waste Research Articles

Spent fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst enhances pyrolysis of refinery waste activated sludge

Catalytic pyrolysis is an effective innocuity, volume reduction and resource recovery technology for petroleum refinery waste activated sludge (rWAS). However, the high cost of catalysts hinders its application. In the present study, the spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (sFCCc) was reused to catalytically pyrolyze rWAS for the first time. The pyrolytic kinetics, yields and characteristics of pyrolytic products were investigated. sFCCc reduced the low-temperature (139–390 °C) and high-temperature (390–540 °C) average activation energy by 12.9% and 6.6% compared to rWAS alone. sFCCc and metallic oxides in rWAS jointly catalyzed the decomposition of rWAS and primary vapor via a series of thermochemical reactions. sFCCc promoted the conversion of rWAS into bio-oil and non-condensable gases. The lowest yield of biochar was 40.6 wt % and the highest content of H2 in non-condensable gases was up to 38.4 vol %. sFCCc significantly improved the quality of bio-oil. The content of saturated hydrocarbons increased from 37.3 wt % to 45.7 wt % and H/C molar ratios increased from 1.4 to 1.6. The O mobility from rWAS to bio-oil decreased from 22.1 wt % to 14.9 wt %. The pyrolytic residue presented a low environmental risk and showed a catalytic potential in ozonation treatment of refractory refinery wastewater. This study provides a new “wastes-treat-wastes” method for petroleum refinery waste management with the advantages of value-added energy recovery and resources reuse.

Unravelling the Genetic and Function Diversity of Dominant Bacterial Communities Involved in Co-Composting Bioremediation of Complex Crude Oil Waste Sludge

The present study aimed at using metagenomic analysis for profiling the dominant endogenous bacterial diversity in a compost matrix throughout co-composting of crude oil waste sludge and animal manures using a static co-composting technique. A total of 280,666 good and filtered reads were obtained which was distributed into 17 phyla, 42 classes, 83 orders, 162 families and 359 genera. The dominant 4 phyla include Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Acidobacteria. At genus level both classified and unclassified, the top 12 genera’s OTUs were Sphingomonas, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia-Paraburkholderia, Microbacterium Rhodococcus, Bradyrhizobiaceae_unclassified, Sphingomonadaceae_unclassified Afipia, Methylobacterium, Bacillus, Phenylobacterium and Achromobacter. These genera have been found to be PAH-degraders because of their unique and distinct capabilities as well as vital roles they play in ex-situ and in-situ bioremediation as shown by GC/MS analysis results indicating reduction in the selected PAHs ranging from 36.52 to 99.98% over a period of 10 months of incubation and by different microbial diversity of each individual sample. With the help of metagenomics analysis, essential detailed information on the dominant bacterial diversity directly from the co-composted samples have been revealed extensively via a high-throughput Illumina sequencing application. The results indicated that the composition of the dominant bacteria community must have influenced PAH degradation. Interestingly, estimated community diversity and richness of dominant OTUs showed that co-composting of crude oil refinery waste sludge generated and harbours higher bacterial diversity as well as very important rich species for in-situ or ex-situ bioremediation. Furthermore, most OTUs for the class; Proteobacteria_unclassified, Bacteria_unclassified, Bacteroidetes_unclassified, Firmicutes_unclassified, phyla Bacteria_unclassified and genus; Bradyrhizobiaceae_unclassified, Sphingomonadaceae_unclassified, Corynebacteriales_unclassified, Enterobacteriaceae_unclassified, Rhizobiales_unclassified, Unclassified_bacteria that were identified in most of the samples have not been classified from class to genus level and this suggests that they may stand out for novel bacterial species which needs more research as well as exploration on them with regards to their capabilities in bioremediation technology.

Effect of EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) in diesel engine with multi-walled carbon nanotubes and vegetable oil refinery waste as biodiesel

In diesel engines, emissions are the main problem. To reduce the engine emission by different methods, like as, after treatment of exhaust gases, operating parameters, design parameters, in-cylinder combustion control and fuel modification are used. This study is aimed to concurrently study the use of biodiesel blends with a multi walled carbon nanotube and EGR to minimize pollution from all diesel engine governed pollutants. The experimental investigation was conducted an analysis the emission, vibration character and the impact on the engine performance by using Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) with 20% biodiesel blend (optimum blend MWCNT30ppmB20EESAO) and diesel with various EGR ratios (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). The engine vibration is measured at three different places, including Head, Crank and Bottom of the engine. The engine vibration is measured in terms of acceleration. The maximum brake thermal efficiency was 29.78% and lesser SFC 0.241 kg/kW-hr at EGR 5%. The EGR5% overall 2.2% is increased in BTE and 3.1% is decreased in SFC compare to the other EGR ratio. Similarly the emission parameter the NOx is reduced in 21.06% at EGR 20%, but other emission CO in 5.2%, HC in 6.2% and smoke density 4.34% at EGR 5%. The minimum acceleration was 219.11 m/sec2 for head, 126.13 m/sec2 for crank, and 80.54 m/sec2 for bottom in MWCNT30ppmB20EESAO blend at 20% load.

Mechanical Properties and Sustainability of Palm Kernel Shell Powder (PKSP) as a Partial Replacement of Cement

This research showed the results of experiments evaluating the use of palm kernel shell powder from palm oil refinery waste production as partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). Many researchers have studied the use of agro-waste as constituents in concrete but not as a partial replacement of cement specifically. Therefore, the objective of this research is to identify the performance of palm kernel shell powder as partial replacement of cement in the production of concrete. Palm kernel shell powder in various amounts, namely 5%,10%,15% and 20 % by volume was added as a replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The results showed that palm kernel shell powder concrete greatly improved the workability, compressive and flexural strength of concrete. All of the testing were followed the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The workability of concrete was tested by using slump test to check the consistency of freshly made concrete. For compressive strength, a total of 27 cubes with size 150mm × 150mm × 150mm were used to determine the compressive strength of concrete when replace with 5%, 10%,15% and 20% of palm kernel shell powder as a replacement of cement in concrete. The results showed that palm kernel shell powder concrete greatly improved the compressive and flexural strength of concrete. The rate of water absorption of palm kernel shell powder reduced as palm kernel shell powder filled up the existing voids while making it impermeable. However, the compressive strength of the palm kernel shell powder decreases gradually when the amount increased. It can be concluded that the optimum amount of palm kernel shell powder as partial cement replacement is 15%. In the correction, an experimental investigation of ultrasonic pulse velocity(UPV), carbonation test and rebound hammer test was undertaken to palm kernel shell powder and admixtures as partial replacement cement in concrete.

Waste Water Treatment from Petrochemical Industries: The Concept and Current Technologies-A review

Increasing consumption of oil in modern society has led to more oil refinery waste generation. The wastewater from these industries mainly contains oil, organic matter, and other compounds that need to be well managed before they can be discharged to any receiving waters. The treatment of this wastewater can be carried out by physical, biological, and chemical treatment processes. Treatment of petroleum wastewater has two stages, firstly, the pre-treatment stage reduces grease, oil, and suspended materials. Secondly, an advanced treatment stage is to degrade and decrease the pollutants to acceptable discharge values. The current review summarizes studies and investigations carried out for the treatment of petroleum industries and refineries.

Analysis on DI Diesel Engine with Combined Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes and Vegetable Oil Refinery Waste as Biodiesel

The need of alternate fuel for the reason is demand of fossil fuel and environmental degradation in all over the world. Biodiesel plays an important role because of its potential and availability in the environmental degradation and present energy crisis. The main objective of this experimental work is to reduce the emission without affecting the engine performance with alternate fuel. In this paper, the experimental analysis engine was run by B20EEGAO (20% ethyl ester of ground nut acid oil) with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) in the proportions of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 ppm. Five samples of MWCNT with B20EEGAO blend are prepared with the help of ultrasonicator. The important results smoke density of MWCNT30ppmB20EEGAO blend was 50 HSU at maximum load. The CO emission of MWCNT30ppmB20EEGAO blend is reduced in 20%, and HC emission is reduced for 15% compared to diesel. The observed results were that the brake thermal efficiency was higher in MWCNT30ppmB20EEGAO compared to biodiesel, and emission was also reduced except oxides of nitrogen. The best blend selected is MWCNT30ppmB20EEGAO compared to other blends.

Models for Oil Refinery Waste Management Using Determined and Fuzzy Conditions

This study developed models to solve problems of optimisation, production, and consumption in waste management based on methods of system analysis. Mathematical models of the problems of optimisation and sustainable waste management in deterministic conditions and in a fuzzy environment were formulated. The income from production was maximised considering environmental standards that apply to the field of macroeconomics and microeconomics. The proposed approach used MANAGER software to formalise and solve the problem of revenue optimisation with production waste management to optimise the production of oil products with waste management at a specific technological facility of the Atyrau oil refinery in Kazakhstan. Based on the combined application of the principles of maximin and Pareto optimality, a formulation of the problem of production optimisation with waste management was obtained and a heuristic algorithm for solving the formulated fuzzy optimisation problem with waste management was developed.

Estimation of atmospheric mercury emission inventory in Tehran Province

In this study, atmospheric mercury emission inventory was estimated from various anthropogenic sources of emission in Tehran province, including stationary, mobile and also natural sources. The mercury emission factors from different sources were obtained using the United Nations Environment Programme, the United States Environmental Protection Agency AP-42 and related papers. Twelve mercury emission stationary point sources including power plants, cement factories, oil refinery and municipal solid waste in Tehran province were considered, as the total amount of mercury released into the air from these sources was estimated at 405.3 kg/year. To estimate the atmospheric mercury emissions from stationary area sources, the amount of fuel consumed by the activity of power plants, cement factories and oil refinery has been deducted from the total amount of fuel consumed in Tehran province, and according to the type of fuel consumed, this amount was estimated at 97.2 kg/year. Other stationary area sources considered in this study include the brick manufacturing, the use of mercury-containing lamps, the use of mercury in dental treatment and thermometers and the total atmospheric mercury emission from these sources was estimated at 120.1 kg/year. The amount of atmospheric mercury emission from mobile sources was estimated at 46.4 kg/year. The atmospheric mercury emission from natural sources are based on the surface type, which includes impervious surfaces such as pavements and permeable surfaces such as soils, was estimated at 434.1 kg/year of mercury emitted into the air. The total atmospheric mercury emission in Tehran province was estimated at 780.1 kg/year.

Characterization of agriculture wastes based activated carbon for removal of hydrogen sulfide from petroleum refinery waste water

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (aq) is one of the most toxic pollutants in petroleum refinery waste water. It is very harmful to human health and causes environmental and economic problems. The removal of H2S (aq) from a simulated petroleum refinery waste water using activated carbons produced from agricultural by-product such as, coconut shell (CNS), palm kernel shell (PKS), and wood sawdust (WSD) were investigated. The activated carbons obtained from the CNS, PKS, and WSD were chemically activated using KOH. The prepared ACs was characterized using SEM/EDX, FTIR, BET, and TGA. Comparative studies between all the three adsorbents for the removal of H2S (aq) from the simulated waste water were carried out. The adsorption studies revealed that modified PKS-based activated carbon (ACPKS) has shown best performance for the removal of H2S (aq). It can be concluded that ACPKS has an effective adsorbent for the removal of H2S (aq) from simulated waste water.

СЖИГАНИЕ МОДЕЛЬНЫХ И РЕАЛЬНЫХ НЕФТЕШЛАМОВ В КИПЯЩЕМ СЛОЕ КАТАЛИЗАТОРА

Актуальность исследования обусловлена ежегодным образованием огромного количества нефтяных отходов (в основном нефтяных шламов и кислых гудронов). Развитие технологий переработки такого вида сырья является актуальным направлением исследования для многих научных коллективов. Несмотря на значительный вред для окружающей среды, отходы нефтепереработки заключают в себе огромный энергетический потенциал, в связи с чем необходимо создавать технологии, которые будут сочетать в себе как экологически чистую утилизацию, так и эффективное использование этого потенциала. На данный момент существует множество различных по своей природе способов утилизации рассматриваемых материалов. Основным из них является прямое сжигание отходов. Тем не менее практически все существующие подходы являются дорогостоящими и сложными в реализации. Кроме того, большинство из них не обеспечивают требуемой экологической безопасности процесса. Цель: демонстрация применимости метода сжигания в кипящем слое катализатора к процессу эффективной утилизации отходов нефтепереработки. Объекты: смеси нефть/вода различного соотношения компонентов, моделирующие отходы, образующиеся в результате процессов нефтепереработки (добычи, хранения, переработки в товарные продукты). Кроме того, исследованы образцы реальных отходов нефтепереработки – нефтешламы различного происхождения. Методы: анализ литературных источников на предмет определения основных подходов к утилизации отходов нефтепереработки, используемых на практике; физические эксперименты по определению зольности, влажности и содержания летучих компонентов в исследуемых образцах; физический эксперимент по сжиганию модельных и реальных нефтяных отходов. Результаты. Проведен анализ существующих методов термической переработки с достаточно подробным рассмотрением отдельных методов, применяемых на практике. Кроме того, была проведена серия физических экспериментов по сжиганию как модельных смесей нефть/вода в различном соотношении, так и реальных нефтяных шламов различного происхождения. Авторами работы показано, что сжигание как модельных, так и реальных нефтешламов в условиях кипящего слоя катализатора обеспечивает высокую экологическую безопасность процесса – содержание вредных выбросов (. Кроме того, исследования показали возможность реализации автотермического режима горения рассматриваемых отходов, что позволяет максимально эффективно использовать их энергетический потенциал.

Evaluation of sunflower oil refinery waste as feedstock for production of sophorolipid

Abstract Sophorolipid, a glycolipid biosurfactant, was produced by submerged fermentation using Starmerella bombicola. Sunflower acid oil, waste from a vegetable oil refinery, has been studied as a newer feedstock with glucose for production of sophorolipid. Maximum sophorolipid production was found to be 41.6 g/L at shake flask and 51.5 g/L at fermenter level after 8 days of fermentation. Acidic and lactonic forms of sophorolipid were synthesized using acid oil, with the later being abundant. Structure of purified sophorolipid confirmed with the help of HPLC, LCMS and NMR analysis. The final product was characterized for its surface activity and exhibited equivalent performance when compared with the fresh substrate (oleic acid and sunflower oil) based sophorolipid. The sunflower acid oil based sophorolipid reduced the surface tension of water to 35.5 mN/m and interfacial tension (water/n-heptane) to 0.923 mN/m whereas it reduced to 30.69 mN/m and 5.8 mN/m respectively for synthetic surfactant polysorbate 20. The sunflower acid oil based sophorolipid was also shown to have better emulsification as well as wetting property but less foamability comparatively.

Experimental researches of the effect of vegetable oil addition on the emissions during combustion of coal liquid fuels

This paper presents the findings of research into combustion of vegetable oils in the composition of coal liquid fuel. The aim of the research was to study the influence of additives of typical vegetable oils (rapeseed, olive, coconut oil, etc.) on concentrations of anthropogenic emissions during combustion of coal water slurries based on coal processing waste. In order to study the effect of different parameters on the emissions efficiency, the tests were done in different operating conditions: muffle furnace temperature, share of oil (up to 15%) in the mixtures, and oil type. The differences between the concentrations of SOx and NOx in the combustion of typical filter cakes (waste coal), as well as those of suspensions with the addition of vegetable impurities have been investigated. It is shown that the concentrations of SOx can be reduced by 5-63% and those of NOx – by 5-62% in comparison with coal liquid fuels based on oil refinery waste. Using the generalizing criterion, the paper illustrates the advantages of adding vegetable oils to enhance the prospects of slurry fuels (even based on coal processing waste) in comparison with coal that is the most dangerous in terms of environmental pollution.

Treatment of Oil refinery waste water simultaneously with Bioelectricity production in Mediator-less Microbial Fuel cell using native Gram positive Bacillus sp.

Microbial fuel cells standalone effective approach for generating electricity directly from the breakdown of waste organic matter or almost any renewable biomass using diverse metabolic activity of native electrogenic microorganisms. This communication reports effect of various factors on electricity production and efficient treatment of rice bran oil refinery wastewater used as fuel in mediator-less Microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The work represents efficacy of low-cost, simple and easy-to operate microbial fuel cells assisted with isolate WRS-6 for generating electricity to glow LED of 4V using oil refinery wastewater alone; and with combination of starch from cooked rice, sap of rotten fruit, vegetable waste from kitchen for about 10 days.

Removal of nitrate and phosphate by chitosan composited beads derived from crude oil refinery waste: Sorption and cost-benefit analysis

Abstract: A granular composite sorbent (LC-CF) was synthesized from acid-leached carbon waste using chitosan and FeCl3, and its feasibility for nitrate and phosphate removal was investigated in this study. The sorption data was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the maximum sorption capacity of LC-CF predicted by Langmuir model for nitrate and phosphate were 41.90 mg g−1 and 62.72 mg g−1, respectively. In comparison, LC-CF had a greater affinity for phosphate and exhibited a better reusability for nitrate removal during the sorption-desorption cycles. Ion exchange, electrostatic interaction, and hydrogen bond are the potential sorption mechanisms. In light of the cost-benefit analysis, the proposed treatment of carbon waste was more economically feasible as compared with existing incineration scheme. These results illuminated that synthesis of granular sorbent with carbon waste could achieve the harmless disposal of hazardous industrial waste as well as the production of value-added sorbent for water treatments.

Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Adsorption Process Using A Spent-FCC Catalyst

Adsorption is potentially an attractive technique for the treatment of wastewater containing dyes. In the present work, spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (SFCC), a petroleum refinery waste was explored as a novel adsorbent and report its adsorption capability for the first time in the literature. Batch adsorption studies were carried out to remove methylene blue (MB) dye using SFCC. The equilibrium data was modeled using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models. Also, the van’t Hoff equation was used to obtain the thermodynamic contributions of the process. Results show that the plot of intraparticle diffusion model (considering only film diffusion) has less R2 value (0.887); it seems that the plot is nonlinear. Hence, the data points were represented by a double linear set of equations (lines) considering both pore & film diffusion. In the first straight line, the sudden increase in slope signifies that the dye molecules were transported to the external surface of the adsorbent through film diffusion. The second straight line signifies that the dye molecules diffused through the pores. The portion which does not pass through the origin indicates that the pore diffusion is the only rate-determining step for the transport of MB onto SFCC.

DDT and related compounds in pore water of shallow sediments on the Palos Verdes Shelf, California, USA

Abstract For nearly two and a half decades following World War II, production wastes from the world's largest manufacturer of technical DDT (1-chloro-4-[2,2,2-trichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]benzene) were discharged into sewers of Los Angeles County. Following treatment, the wastes were released via a submarine outfall system to nearshore coastal waters where a portion accumulated in shallow sediments of the Palos Verdes Shelf (PVS). An investigation of the pore-water geochemistry of DDT-related compounds (DDX) was undertaken in an effort to understand factors controlling the rate of reductive dechlorination (RDC) of the major DDT degradate, 4,4′-DDE (1-chloro-4-[2,2-dichloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]benzene). Equilibrium matrix-solid phase microextraction (matrix-SPMEeq) combined with automated thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) was used to determine freely dissolved concentrations of ten DDX analytes in sediment cores collected from three locations on the PVS (stations 3C, 6C, 8C, which are 7 km, 2 km, and 0 km, respectively, downcurrent from the outfall system). Pore-water concentrations (pM) of the principal DDX compounds involved in RDC were: 3C-DDE: 6.0–24, DDMU (1-chloro-4-[2-chloro-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]benzene): 11–160, DDNU (1-chloro-4-[1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethenyl]benzene): 1.8–68; 6C-DDE: 5.6–170, DDMU: 5.6–177, DDNU: 1.7–87; 8C-DDE: 27–212, DDMU: 31–403, DDNU: 5.5–89. Variations in the spatial distribution of DDX analytes in pore water reflect several factors including proximity to the outfalls, RDC reaction rates, and natural variability in sedimentation and post-depositional transport processes. A comparison of pore-water data produced using matrix-SPMEeq/TD-GC/MS and whole-core squeezing/solvent extraction/liquid injection-GC/MS indicates that the majority of the DDE in the upper sediment column (≤about 10 cm) is associated with dissolved/colloidal organic matter. Below that depth, freely-dissolved DDE predominates. The principal organic geochemical phase controlling sorption of DDE in PVS sediments are residual hydrocarbons, the vast majority of which originated from petroleum refinery wastes. Organic carbon-normalized sediment-water distribution coefficients (KOC) were calculated from solid-phase and pore-water concentrations of DDX and organic carbon. Log KOC values (L/kg) were relatively invariant across the shelf and with depth in the sediment column. Shelf-wide compound-specific coefficients (log KOC) were: DDE: 7.5 ± 0.11, DDMU: 6.92 ± 0.13, DDNU: 6.37 ± 0.19. The spatial uniformity of KOC means that biological exposure and availability of the DDX compounds can, in principle, be estimated from solid-phase chemical measurements.

Effective Recovery of Vanadium from Oil Refinery Waste into Vanadium-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Carbon black waste, an oil refinery waste, contains a high concentration of vanadium(V) leftover from the processing of crude oil. For the sake of environmental sustainability, it is therefore of interest to recover the vanadium as useful products instead of disposing of it. In this work, V was recovered in the form of vanadium-based metal-organic frameworks (V-MOFs) via a novel pathway by using the leaching solution of carbon black waste instead of commercially available vanadium chemicals. Two different types of V-MOFs with high levels of crystallinity and phase purity were fabricated in very high yields (>98%) based on a coordination modulation method. The V-MOFs exhibited well-defined and controlled shapes such as nanofibers (length: > 10 μm) and nanorods (length: ∼270 nm). Furthermore, the V-MOFs showed high catalytic activities for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde, indicating the strong potential of the waste-derived V-MOFs in catalysis applications. Overall, our work offers a green synthesis pathway for the preparation of V-MOFs by using heavy metals of industrial waste as the metal source.

Template-Free Synthesis of Alkaline Earth Vanadate Nanomaterials from Leaching Solutions of Oil Refinery Waste

Currently, industrial wastes are typically combusted at incineration plants, and the resulting ashes are sent to landfill. This practice raises issues, such as potential toxicity of the leachate to the environment, as well as the loss of valuable metals left in the waste. Therefore, from both economic and environmental standpoints, it is becoming increasingly important to recover valuable metals from industrial waste. In this work, a transformative recovery of vanadium (conversion nearly 100%) from leaching solutions of carbon black waste (metal leaching efficiency > 97%) which originates from oil refineries in Singapore, has been systematically studied. Interestingly, three distinctive alkaline earth vanadate nanomaterials were successfully synthesized from the leaching solutions by a facile hydrothermal process, that is, single-crystal calcium vanadate nanorods (Ca10V6O25) oriented along the [001] direction, strontium vanadate nanorods with ellipsoid-like assembly (Sr10V6O25), and barium vanadate polyhe...

Biostimulation and bioaugmentation of native microbial community accelerated bioremediation of oil refinery sludge

Scope for developing an engineered bioremediation strategy for the treatment of hydrocarbon-rich petroleum refinery waste was investigated through biostimulation and bioaugmentation approaches. Enhanced (46–55%) total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) attenuation was achieved through phosphate, nitrate or nitrate+phosphate amendment in the sludge with increased (upto 12%) abundance of fermentative, hydrocarbon degrading, sulfate-reducing, CO2-assimilating and methanogenic microorganisms (Bacillus, Coprothermobacter, Rhodobacter, Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Desulfitobacter, Desulfosporosinus, T78, Methanobacterium, Methanosaeta, etc). Together with nutrients, bioaugmentation with biosurfactant producing and hydrocarbon utilizing indigenous Bacillus strains resulted in 57–75% TPH reduction. Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis revealed enhanced gene allocation for transporters (0.45–3.07%), ABC transporters (0.38–2.07%), methane (0.16–1.06%), fatty acid (0.018–0.15%), nitrogen (0.07–0.17%), butanoate (0.06–0.35%), propanoate (0.004–0.26%) metabolism and some xenobiotics (0.007–0.13%) degradation. This study indicated that nutrient-induced community dynamics of native microorganisms and their metabolic interplay within oil refinery sludge could be a driving force behind accelerated bioremediation.

Improving Petroleum Industrial Waste Water Quality Using Cationic Modified Rice Starch

An environmental friendly biodegradable cationic rice starch polymer was prepared from the broken rice. This natural polymer was assessed and applied in the treatment of the oil refinery waste water where it showed a noticeable improvement in the values of organic matter, turbidity, colloidal silica and chloride ions to lowest levels by applying 10 mg/l of cationic rice starch polymer alone. Also, by using (6) mg/l of that polymer together with (25) mg/l of ferric chloride, in the clarification of the waste water, showed very good clarity. Details, of scenario, methodology, and the obtained results are discussed and presented in this study.