Oil Recovery System Research Articles

Insights into the Significance of Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Between Two Rotating Disks in the Presence of Gyrotactic Microorganisms

The ecology of marine life and other biotic processes, such as septicity, are influenced by the drive of microorganism cells in the fluid. Considering the transference mechanism in nanofluids including a microbial suspension is imperative for several chemical and medical applications. This study examines the bioconvection of an Al2O3-Graphene-CNT/water ternary hybrid nanofluid between two infinitely parallel spinning disks in a porous media under the influence of heat source/sink and radiation. The Cattaneo–Christov model has been employed to inspect the transference mechanism of mass and heat. The MATLAB function “bvp4c” is used to numerically tackle the governing equations. The relationship between the most relevant variables and the motile microorganism’s density, velocity, temperature, concentration of nanoparticles and other characteristics is graphically represented. Last, figures are provided to illustrate how several important elements relate to the Nusselt and Sherwood number, and local motile microbe density number. The heat transfer rate is seen to be higher at the upper disk than at the lower disk. A rise in the volume fraction of nanoparticles causes the heat transfer rate at both disks to increase. The outcomes of this study will be useful for a wide range of architectural designs, transportation systems, oil recovery systems with microbes, medical sectors and other industries that utilize nanofluids.

Optimization Design and Performance Study of a Heat Exchanger for an Oil and Gas Recovery System in an Oil Depot

Optimization Design and Performance Study of a Heat Exchanger for an Oil and Gas Recovery System in an Oil Depot

The Role of Amphiphilic Nanosilica Fluid in Reducing Viscosity in Heavy Oil

Heavy oil accounts for a considerable proportion of the world’s petroleum resources, and its exploitation helps to mitigate reliance on conventional oil resources and diversify energy supply. However, due to the high viscosity and high adhesion characteristics of heavy oil, conventional methods such as thermal recovery, emulsification, and dilution have significant limitations and cannot meet the growing demands for heavy oil production. In this study, 3-propyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) was used to modify and graft amphiphilic surfactants (AS) onto nanosilica to prepare a salt-resistant (total mineralization > 8000 mg/L, Ca2+ + Mg2+ > 1000 mg/L) and temperature-resistant (250 °C) nanosilicon viscosity reducer (NSD). This article compares amphiphilic surfactants (AS) as conventional viscosity-reducing agents with NSD. FTIR and TEM measurements indicated successful bonding of 3-propyltrimethoxysilane to the surface of silica. Experimental results show that at a concentration of 0.2 wt% and a mineralization of 8829 mg/L, the viscosity reduction rates of thick oil (LD-1) before and after aging were 85.29% and 81.36%, respectively, from an initial viscosity of 38,700 mPa·s. Contact angle experiments demonstrated that 0.2 wt% concentration of NSD could change the surface of reservoir rock from oil-wet to water-wet. Interfacial tension experiments showed that the interfacial tension between 0.2 wt% NSD and heavy oil was 0.076 mN/m. Additionally, when the liquid-to-solid ratio was 10:1, the dynamic and static adsorption amounts of 0.2 wt% NSD were 1.328 mg/g-sand and 0.745 mg/g-sand, respectively. Furthermore, one-dimensional displacement experiments verified the oil recovery performance of NSD at different concentrations (0.1 wt%, 0.15 wt%, 0.2 wt%, 0.25 wt%) at 250 °C and compared the oil recovery efficiency of 0.2 wt% NSD with different types of demulsifiers. Experimental results indicate that the recovery rate increased with the increase in NSD concentration, and 0.2 wt% NSD could improve the recovery rate of heavy oil by 22.8% at 250 °C. The study of nano-demulsification oil recovery systems can effectively improve the development efficiency of heavy oil.

Graph neural networks for surfactant multi-property prediction

Surfactants are of high importance in different industrial sectors such as cosmetics, detergents, oil recovery and drug delivery systems. Therefore, many quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) models have been developed for surfactants. Each predictive model typically focuses on one surfactant class, mostly nonionics. Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have exhibited a great predictive performance for property prediction of ionic liquids, polymers and drugs in general. Specifically for surfactants, GNNs can successfully predict critical micelle concentration (CMC), a key surfactant property associated with micellization. A key factor in the predictive ability of QSPR and GNN models is the data available for training. Based on extensive literature search, we create the largest available CMC database with 429 molecules and the first large data collection for surface excess concentration (Γm), another surfactant property associated with foaming, with 164 molecules. Then, we develop GNN models to predict the CMC and Γm and we explore different learning approaches, i.e., single- and multi-task learning, as well as different training strategies, namely ensemble and transfer learning. We find that a multi-task GNN with ensemble learning trained on all Γm and CMC data performs best. Thus, our results show that the simultaneous use of data from highly correlated properties can improve the predictability of surfactant properties for which only a small amount of experimental data is available. Finally, we test the ability of our CMC model to generalize on industrial grade pure component surfactants. The GNN yields highly accurate predictions for CMC, showing great potential for future industrial applications.

Soret effect on stability of Darcy problem in a bidispersive porous medium with an exothermic chemical surface reaction

AbstractWe examine a saturated bidispersive porous medium undergoing an exothermic chemical reaction at its lower boundary. The fluid flow within this medium is modelled using the Darcy approach. While the Dufour effect is disregarded, the influence of the Soret effect is thoroughly explored. This problem represents a complex multiphysical phenomenon that integrates fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer, chemical kinetics and thermoelectric effects. This problem finds relevance in various scientific and engineering applications, including enhanced oil recovery, chemical engineering, environmental engineering and energy systems. We introduce a complementary energy theory alongside a linear theoretical framework for the model. The Chebyshev collocation method is employed to derive both linear and nonlinear results. Our findings reveal that the effect of enhancing the Soret coefficient on the system's stability is contingent upon the boundary conditions and the Lewis number. Specifically, an increase in the Soret coefficient generally stabilises the system during stationary convection. Conversely, in scenarios where oscillatory convection prevails, a higher Soret coefficient tends to destabilise the system.

Mutual role of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid on enhanced oil recovery and asphaltene inhibition in low salinity medium: Experimental and XDLVO study

Understanding the molecular interactions during oil recovery processes can shed light on screening new chemicals for future operations. Of particular interest are chemicals capable of providing the mutual role of asphaltene inhibition and interfacial tension reduction at liquid–liquid and rock-liquid interfaces. This study delves into the interfacial interactions between low-salinity brines, model oils containing dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, and dolomite rock surfaces. In the experimental part, the asphaltene precipitation inhibition efficacy of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid was evaluated through filtration and precipitation test, and its oil recovery performance was examined from interfacial tension reduction and wettability alteration viewpoints. The theoretical part was then followed by the implementation of the surface energy concept based on the XDLVO theory, where acid-base and Lifshitz-van der Waals interaction energies, as well as the work of cohesion/adhesion between interacting bodies in asphaltene and oil recovery systems, were considered. The results obtained from this study revealed that dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, owing to its acidic nature and the long alkyl chain in its structure, could simultaneously perform the role of asphaltene inhibitor and oil recovery agents. In particular, asphaltene particles showed less tendency to aggregate and form macrostructures in the presence of low-salinity brines formulated with magnesium chloride. The total interaction energy between asphaltene particles was almost halved by the addition of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid. The low interfacial tension of 0.16 mN/m between model oil containing 1 wt% of DBSA and low-salinity brine containing 5000 mg/L magnesium chloride and the wettability alteration of the dolomite sample toward water-wetness were also confirmed by theoretical calculations using the concept of work of adhesion.

Significance of hafnium nanoparticles in hydromagnetic non-Newtonian fluid-particle suspension model through divergent channel with uniform heat source: thermal analysis

Abstract This theoretical analysis provided the exact solution of a steady flow of Casson rheological fluid in fluid-particle suspension models through a divergent channel with consideration of porous medium, electric, and magnetic fields, and slip boundary conditions. The thermal transport analysis is also observed with the consideration of viscous dissipation and uniform heat source. The suitable transformation is used to reduce the partial differential equation into ordinary differential equations and obtain the exact solution by adopting the mathematical software MATHEMATICA 12.0. The momentum and thermal profiles are decreasing functions of the magnetic field parameter. The number of streamlines is increased and covers more parts of the channel for increasing the Darcy force and velocity slip parameters. The computational results of this study will help to understand the momentum and thermal analysis in the fluid-particle suspension model. The results of the current study are useful to increase the oil recovery system, in thermal transport energy, energy production, cooling and heating systems, etc. The current model can be useful in renewable energy to store thermal energy by using the hafnium nanoparticles. The present analysis is original and has not been submitted nor published before.

Research on hot water chemical flooding technology in Bohai heavy oil field

Introduction: The hot water chemical flooding technology effectively improves the fluidity ratio and enhances the horizontal and vertical oil displacement efficiency of the reservoir through the synergistic effect of thermal energy and chemicals, which can further enhance the recovery rate on the basis of throughput thermal recovery.Methods: Based on the geological reservoir parameters of Bohai B oilfield, an oil recovery system evaluation experiment and scheme design study were carried out. Injection parameters such as hot water temperature, chemical agent concentration, and chemical agent dosage that affect the oil recovery effect of hot water chemical flooding were optimized and designed. The development characteristics and effects of two thermal recovery technologies, namely multi thermal fluid throughput and hot water chemical flooding, were compared and analyzed.Results: The results show that with the increase of temperature, the effect of chemical agents on improving the water-oil mobility ratio and reducing the viscosity of crude oil is weakened, and the thermal energy plays a leading role in enhancing oil recovery, but when the temperature is higher than 115°C, the improvement of oil recovery is slowed down, and the comprehensive economic indicators decline rapidly. As the concentration of chemical agent increases, the enhanced oil recovery increases monotonously. When the concentration is 1500 mg/L, the comprehensive economic indicators reach the peak and then decline, indicating that the efficiency of chemical agent decreases. The total amount of chemical agent shall be controlled within 0.25 ~ 0.30 PV. The case calculation shows that hot water chemical flooding can expand the effective radius from 80 m to 400 m, more effectively use the reserves between injection and production wells, increase the oil recovery by 4.8 percentage points, and increase the oil yield by 31.7 m3/t per ton of agent.Discussion: It is suggested that Bohai B Oilfield can adopt hot water chemical flooding after the multiple thermal fluid huff and puff to continuously guarantee the oilfield production.

Kinetics of thermal decomposition of crude oils: Insights from principal component analysis and products characterization

Energy demand is souring, and fossil fuel reserves are dwindling, making heavy oil resources more attractive. In this study, thermogravimetric and Py-GC/MS analyses were conducted on Iranian crude oil samples to compare high and low API (American Petroleum Institute) crude oils. A kinetic study based on mass loss of crude oil was performed using three model-free methods and distributed activation energy model (DAEM). To do that, TG analysis carried out, the temperature was increased from room temperature to 1000 °C with heating rates of 10, 20, and 30 °C min−1. Activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (A0) were estimated from Friedman, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS), and Ozawa-Flynn–Wall (OFW) methods for oil sample. The Ea and A0 for heavy crude oil (Koroosh) pyrolysis varied between 59.85 and 193.83 kJ mol−1 and 1.34 × 105 to 4.36 × 1011 s−1, respectively. For light crude oil sample Lavan, the Ea and A0 ranged between 35.93 to 62.89 kJ mol−1 and 337.41–722.65 s−1, respectively. Pearson's correlation analysis found that the activation energy barrier increases as the reaction progresses and the temperature rises. This makes it harder to form the activated complex, which is a key step in the reaction. Principal component analysis supported these findings. Saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons were liberated at mild temperature while the resins and asphaltenes consecutively released in favorable condition for developing sustainable heavy oil recovery systems. Py/GC–MS analysis shows the evolution of saturated hydrocarbon in Koroosh-oil and aromatic hydrocarbons in Lavan-oil and demonstrates their suitability for fuel applications.

Time series forecasting of oil production in Enhanced Oil Recovery system based on a novel CNN-GRU neural network

An accurate prediction of oil production is critical for the oilfield development, and many deep learning models have been widely employed for this purpose. However, those methods show insufficiencies in extracting complex features from multivariable time series datasets, which leaves the prediction of oil production still challenging. In this study, a novel CNN-GRU model combining Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Gate Recurrent Unit (GRU) neural network was proposed to accurately predict oil production for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) performance. The CNN layer can extract the features from variables affecting oil production, and the GRU layer models temporal information using the transmitted features for prediction. The Bayesian Optimization algorithm (BO) was employed to design the optimal hyper-parameters of CNN-GRU. For evaluation purpose, two case studies were carried out with the production data from a CO2-EOR project and a waterflooding project. The prediction performance of the proposed approach was compared with typical deep learning methods and a hybrid (statistical and machine learning) method. The results of experiments and comparisons indicate that the proposed CNN-GRU model outperforms other prediction approaches. The CNN-GRU model provides future oil production of wells, enabling engineers to make informed decisions in development plan of reservoirs.

Foam Systems for Enhancing Heavy Oil Recovery by Double Improving Mobility Ratio

The recovery of heavy oil is challenging due to its high viscosity. Especially in water flooding, the high viscosity of heavy oil induces a high water/oil mobility ratio, resulting in frequent channeling and fingering. In the present work, the viscosity reduction in heavy oil caused by foaming agents is studied. Among the studied foam systems, the KX-048 foaming agent had the best oil viscosity reduction performance. It also shows excellent foaming performance, including large foam volume, long foam half-life, and high foam comprehensive index. With the reduction in oil viscosity, the KX-048 foaming agent decreases the foam/oil mobility to 0.28, which is beneficial for controlling gas channeling and fingering in foam flooding. Moreover, Foam flooding experiments in heterogeneous sand-pack models indicate that KX-048 has excellent efficiency in improving oil recovery, especially in the low-permeable tube. The chosen KX-048 foaming agent could provide a promising pathway for improving heavy oil recovery.

ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER WITH VISCOUS DISSIPATION IMPACT ON FLUID FLOW PAST A MOVING WEDGE IN A PERMEABLE DOMAIN

The problem of modelling and analysis of fluid flow in the presence of viscous dissipation over a wedge in motion is analytically and numerically addressed. As a result of the much-valued significance of this study in the aspects of technological and industrial revolution regarding aerospace, oil recovery systems, defence machineries, extrusion, moulding and polymerisation of sheets, building of war arsenal, glass whirling. However, the frontiers of several physical problems are modelled by both partial and ordinary differential equations (PDEs and ODEs). Therefore, the mathematical modelling of our present problem is not an exemption. Hence, the PDEs which models our problem under consideration becomes changed into coupled ODEs in nonlinear arrangement through the deployment of adequate and standard conversion procedure by using dimensionless variables. In line with the approach of the solution methodology, the boundary conditions governing the flow models are also transmuted. Afterwards, the well-established regular perturbation skill aided in the resolution of the problem. The solutions realised are simulated through the adoption of a software package in the Mathematica V.10 scheme for the numerical solutions. Hence, our results are embodied in form of graphs with legends. It is worthy to note that the effect of increasing rate of flow remains a function of rising values of the porosity and Grashof thermal parameters whereas the opposite behaviour of the flow field is a consequence of improving values of suction parameter. Also, the enhancement of the suction parameter and Eckert number values breeds intensification in the temperature. The Nusselt number intensifies with the rising values of the Prandtl parameter but regresses on the account of radiation factor development.

Towards sustainable shale oil recovery in Jordan: An evaluation of renewable energy sources for in-situ extraction

Oil shale (OS) can significantly enhance energy security and diversify the energy mix in countries like Jordan. However, OS extraction and utilization are always associated with negative environmental impacts. This paper investigates a novel approach of using renewable energy to further retort the OS to produce oil. In this study, Al-Lajjun and Sultani OS resources in Jordan were analyzed using a mathematical model and simulation analysis using the system advisor model (SAM) software. The study aimed for in-situ shale oil extraction from a vast shale oil reserve in Jordan, with a focus on mitigating energy usage and environmental issues. The study suggested utilizing recovered heat from the production stream along with an external source, which may include natural gas, solar thermal energy, or a combination of both, to produce the substantial amount of heat energy necessary for in situ pyrolysis of OS. The study designed five different plants using the SAM program: gas steam boiler (GB), photovoltaic (PV) with batteries, parabolic trough with thermal energy storage (TES), PV integrated with GB, and parabolic trough coupled with GB. The economic analysis, project recovery, and environmental evaluation were conducted, and the results showed that drilling wells in the Sultani area was more expensive than in the Al-Lajjun area due to the thickness of overburden. The PV with GB was the most economically advantageous option, with a total cost of $79.4 M for Al-Lajjun and $89.89 M for Sultani. However, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for Al-Lajjun and Sultani are 10.41 and 9.18 ¢ per kWh, respectively. Conversely, PV systems with batteries and the parabolic trough with TES demonstrated a higher level of environmental friendliness compared to other shale oil recovery systems. Among these, the systems incorporating PV with GB and parabolic trough with GB, both featuring an SF of 30%, consistently demonstrate CO2 emissions of 0.016 kg CO2 per kg of shale oil produced. In contrast, the system solely reliant on GB without any solar contribution, holding a 0% SF, exhibited elevated CO2 emissions of 0.023 kg CO2 per kg of shale oil produced. The study recommends the use of PV with GB as the most economically viable option, while PV with batteries is the more eco-friendly choice for extracting shale oil from the Al-Lajjun and Sultani OS reserves located in Jordan. The study outcomes can be useful for policymakers and investors interested in developing the shale oil industry in Jordan. However, further research is needed to evaluate the long-term environmental impact and sustainability of the proposed method.

Entropy generation analysis of multi-mass diffusion in a nanofluid-interfaced three-phase viscous fluid in an inclined channel

The primary aspect of the present study is to analyze the velocity and thermal slip effects on the entropy in the three-phase flow of viscous liquid amid nano liquids (NFs), hybrid nano liquids (HNFs) and tri-hybrid nano liquids (THNFs) with different shaped nanomaterials in an inclined channel. Moreover, entropy generation (EG) analysis is conducted for all three fluids i.e., viscous fluid sandwiched between Fe2O3 water NFs, viscous fluid sandwiched between Fe2O3−Cu water HNFs, and viscous fluid sandwiched between Fe2O3−Cu−MoS2 water THNFs. The uniqueness of the present study is the inclined nature of the channel as no study is present on three-phase immiscible flow in an inclined channel. In oil recovery systems, an immiscible mixture of nanofluids and viscous fluid can be used to recover the remaining oil from reservoirs. It can be used in a reservoir through an inclined channel to improve displacement efficiency. Furthermore, nanoparticles present in the above-mentioned immiscible mixture can reduce interfacial tension amid oil and injected fluid for increased oil recovery. The solution of the mathematical model (systems of PDEs) of three immiscible fluids flow is obtained via the perturbation method. The momentum and heat transport results are presented via graphical and tabular illustrations using the MATHEMATICA program. Our findings show that the velocity and heat fall when the inclination angle is varied. So, the inclined behavior of a channel can be used for a controlled flow of heat and fluid. The enhanced momentum and heat flow can be seen when we consider an immiscible mixture of Fe2O3−Cu−MoS2 water THNF and viscous fluid as compared to Fe2O3−Cu water HNF and Fe2O3 water NF. Moreover, heat flow is more significant in the case when differently shaped nanoparticles are considered as compared to the same spherical-shaped nanoparticles.

Mixed convection MHD hybrid nanofluid flow between two parallel rotating discs with joule heating and chemical reactions using bvp4c

Several characteristics of the resulting fluid are influenced by the nanoparticle suspension. Understanding the heat transfer mechanism in nanofluids is necessary for many production and manufacturing applications. The current study examines the effects of mixed convection MHD and Joule heating on the flow of ( TiO2– GO/water) hybrid nanofluid and ( TiO2/water) nanofluids in the porous media between two parallel, infinitely spinning discs when radiation occurs. Using the “bvp4c” function in MATLAB, the governing equations are numerically solved. A graphic is used to show how important parameters affect the velocity, temperature, and concentration of nanoparticles. Finally, a table depicting the interactions between several important factors and skin friction, the Nusselt number, and the Sherwood number at the upper and lower discs is created. The findings show that while the local skin fraction drops with an increase in the mixed convection parameter, the heat transmission rate at both discs increases. Additionally, the rate of heat transmission at both the top and lower discs is reduced as the radiation and magnetic parameters increase. This study’s findings will be helpful to numerous nanofluid-based medicinal applications, architectural design systems, better oil recovery systems, and transportation procedures, among other sectors.

High-dimensional CFD optimization of a low-flow coefficient S–CO2 centrifugal compressor for enhanced oil recovery systems

The design of low-flow coefficient (∼0.01) centrifugal compressors with supercritical CO2 as working fluid is still a challenge for engineers due to its increased friction losses at the impeller. However, the reinjection pressure required for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) systems is achieved by compression trains with stages of high-Pressure Ratios (PR > 3) which can only be obtained by lowering the flow coefficient of the equipment. The carbon dioxide mitigation, due to the reinjection process, also increases oil productivity and extraction lifetime. A four-staged compression system was considered and the preliminary geometry of its last stage was considered herein after a 1D optimization that decreased the total required power of the system. In order to further increase the systems' performance, a CFD model was developed and submitted to Sensitivity Analysis (SA) and parametric optimization procedure, considering polar angles, meridional profile and vaneless diffuser passage (25 variables). The assessment of the sequential SA using, Morris' screening method Design of Experiment (DoE) and SS-ANOVA for variable ranking and response surface training, has exposed the method's limitation in recognizing interaction between variables since low-quality Response Surfaces (RS) were trained. However, the Incremental Space Filler (ISF) sampling has complemented the sample space screening, guarantying adequate RS at a low computational cost. This indirect optimization strategy that increased the equipment's polytropic efficiency by 1.19%, diminishing total entropy generation by 8.5% can deliver important cost reductions to the operation of EOR compression systems. The ‘entropy-guided’ phenomenology analysis strategy combined with SA results, identified that the narrowing of the vaneless diffuser has extinguished the recirculation present in the original geometry's impeller/diffuser interface region, which was the largest difference in the entropy histogram. Moreover, the enlargement of the impeller's meridional profile has smoothed the fluid flow change of direction (from axial to radial) and displaced the swirl structures that restricted the fluid flow in the main passage.

Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Flow Containing Gyrotactic Microorganisms over Three Different Geometries with Cattaneo–Christov Model

The movement of microorganism cells in fluid influences various biotic processes, including septicity and marine life ecology. Many organic and medicinal applications need to look into the insight of mechanism in nanofluids containing a microbial suspension. The current paper concerns the bioconvection of a ternary hybrid nanofluid (Al2O3-Cu-CNT/water) flow containing motile gyrotactic microorganisms toward three different geometries (a flat plate, a wedge, and a cone) in the occurrence of natural convection, radiation, and heat source/sink. The Cattaneo–Christov theory is employed to develop the model. The equations are solved by using the “bvp4c function in MATLAB”. The influence of the crucial significant factors on the motile microorganisms’ density, velocity, temperature, nanoparticles’ concentration, microbe density gradient, and transmission rates of heat and mass is discussed. The results depict that the heat transmission rate is highest for the flow toward the cone, whereas the mass transmission rate and microbe density gradient are highest for the flow toward the wedge. In addition, the higher estimates of the thermal relaxation parameter corresponding to the Cattaneo–Christov theory act to enhance the rate of heat transmission. The results of the current study will be useful to many microbial-enhanced oil recovery systems, carriage processes, architectural design systems, medicinal fields that utilize nanofluids, and so on.

Design and Experimental Research on Centralized Lubrication and Waste Oil Recovery System for Wind Turbines

Lubrication plays a key role in increasing availability of wind turbines, extending unit life and reducing operating costs. In view of the problems of valve core lag, grease hardening and difficulty in removing waste oil in a centralized lubrication system, an improved centralized lubrication system and waste oil recovery system were designed in this study. Discharge of waste grease in the bearing cavity was simulated under different vacuum conditions. It was shown that vacuum degree of bearing cavity is proportional to oil output speed of waste grease. Performance and fatigue reliability tests of the waste grease suction and drainer device test platform were conducted over 12,000 fatigue cycles. The results show that the vacuum degree error of the waste grease suction and drainer device before and after the test is less than 5%, and the power oil pressure, oil output pressure and oil output quantity of the test product are stable, indicating that the designed waste grease suction and drainer device has excellent sealing and reliability. The waste grease suction and drainer device can eliminate grease discharge resistance in the bearing cavity, facilitating discharge of waste oil and improving wind turbine operation efficiency.

Significance of non-uniform heat source/sink and cattaneo-christov model on hybrid nanofluid flow in a Darcy-forchheimer porous medium between two parallel rotating disks

The suspension of nanoparticles in fluid influences several properties of the resulting fluid. Many production and manufacturing applications need knowledge of the heat transference mechanism in nanofluids. The current paper concerns the influence of non-uniform heat source/sink on (MoS2-Go/water flow) hybrid nanofluid flow and (Go/water flow) nanofluid flow in a Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium between two parallel and infinite spinning disks in the occurrence of radiation. The Cattaneo-Christov model is utilized to analyze heat and mass transmission. The Cattaneo-Christov model introduces the time lag factors in the process of heat and mass transmission, known as the thermal relaxation parameter and solutal relaxation parameter, respectively. The governing equations are numerically solved employing the “bvp4c function in MATLAB.” The effect of the primary relevant parameters on the velocity, temperature, nanoparticle concentration, and is graphically depicted. Finally, a table is drawn to show the relationships of various critical factors on the Nusselt number, and Sherwood number. Results reveal that an increase in the thermal relaxation parameter reduces the heat transmission rate at both the upper and lower plate. Furthermore, an increase in the nanoparticle’s volume fraction causes enhancement in thermal conduction, which increases the heat transmission rate at the upper disk. The results of this study will be helpful to many transportation processes, architectural design systems, enhanced oil recovery systems, medical fields that utilize nanofluids, and so on.

Normalize and De-Normalize of Relative Permeability Data for Mishrif Formation in WQ1: An Experimental Work

In many oil-recovery systems, relative permeabilities (kr) are essential flow factors that affect fluid dispersion and output from petroleum resources. Traditionally, taking rock samples from the reservoir and performing suitable laboratory studies is required to get these crucial reservoir properties. Despite the fact that kr is a function of fluid saturation, it is now well established that pore shape and distribution, absolute permeability, wettability, interfacial tension (IFT), and saturation history all influence kr values. These rock/fluid characteristics vary greatly from one reservoir region to the next, and it would be impossible to make kr measurements in all of them. The unsteady-state approach was used to calculate the relative permeability of five carbonate for core plugs from the Mishrif formation of WQ1. The relative permeability calculated by using Johnson, Bossler and Naumann (JBN) Correlation, which is, consider one of the unsteady-state approach where it found that the core plugs are water wet. A normalizing approach has been used to remove the effect of irreducible water and residual saturations, which would vary according on the environment. Based on their own irreducible water and trapped saturations, the relative permeabilities can subsequently be de-normalized and assigned to distinct sections (rock types) of the reservoir. The goal of this research is to normalize the relative permeability that was determined through water flooding.