Entropy generation analysis of multi-mass diffusion in a nanofluid-interfaced three-phase viscous fluid in an inclined channel

Abstract

The primary aspect of the present study is to analyze the velocity and thermal slip effects on the entropy in the three-phase flow of viscous liquid amid nano liquids (NFs), hybrid nano liquids (HNFs) and tri-hybrid nano liquids (THNFs) with different shaped nanomaterials in an inclined channel. Moreover, entropy generation (EG) analysis is conducted for all three fluids i.e., viscous fluid sandwiched between Fe2O3 water NFs, viscous fluid sandwiched between Fe2O3−Cu water HNFs, and viscous fluid sandwiched between Fe2O3−Cu−MoS2 water THNFs. The uniqueness of the present study is the inclined nature of the channel as no study is present on three-phase immiscible flow in an inclined channel. In oil recovery systems, an immiscible mixture of nanofluids and viscous fluid can be used to recover the remaining oil from reservoirs. It can be used in a reservoir through an inclined channel to improve displacement efficiency. Furthermore, nanoparticles present in the above-mentioned immiscible mixture can reduce interfacial tension amid oil and injected fluid for increased oil recovery. The solution of the mathematical model (systems of PDEs) of three immiscible fluids flow is obtained via the perturbation method. The momentum and heat transport results are presented via graphical and tabular illustrations using the MATHEMATICA program. Our findings show that the velocity and heat fall when the inclination angle is varied. So, the inclined behavior of a channel can be used for a controlled flow of heat and fluid. The enhanced momentum and heat flow can be seen when we consider an immiscible mixture of Fe2O3−Cu−MoS2 water THNF and viscous fluid as compared to Fe2O3−Cu water HNF and Fe2O3 water NF. Moreover, heat flow is more significant in the case when differently shaped nanoparticles are considered as compared to the same spherical-shaped nanoparticles.